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Training is a vital in crystallizing acceptable technological classroom practices. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to discover the perceptions of Indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers about the adoption of digital technology in the classroom. Rogers’s diffusion of innovation theory and David and Venkatesh technology of acceptance model served as theoretical precepts to understand indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers’ perceptions about the use of digital technology, perceived barriers, and the coping and adopting mechanism throughout their pedagogical practices. Ten indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers participated in this qualitative study. Semistructured, interviews were the primary data collection tool. Open coding was used to generate themes, and analyzed emergent coding. The findings of this indicated that the rate of adoption of digital technology could accelerate if (a) training is strategic, (b) reduction of institutional barriers, and (c) professional practices are aligned for educational growth. Indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers may be served well to acquire the skills and overcome the technological barriers to better prepare learners beyond the classroom. Even though internet access would facilitate indigenous Amerindians in Guyana to develop technology literacy skills and access educational resources, some preservice teachers have a low rate of technology adoption in the classroom. This study may contribute to knowledge to the field of digital technology and furthers understanding of pedagogical practices. The findings may contribute to positive social change in that professional development centers can improve skills that provide flexible learning for IAPT to integrate digital technology beyond the classroom. and serve as a catalyst to promote growth by capacity building.

In technology adoption in the educational field and school system, teacher training is imperative to increase success. In Guyana, indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers were found to lag in successful adoption. The study findings indicated that this demographic may need to prioritize acquiring the skills and overcome the technological barriers to better prepare learners beyond the classroom. Although internet access facilitates adoption, indigenous Amerindians in Guyana develop technology literacy skills and access educational resources, indigenous pre-service teachers have a low rate of technology adoption in the classroom. The purpose of this qualitative study is to discover the perceptions of indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers about the adoption of digital technology in the classroom. Rogers’s diffusion of innovation theory and David and Venkatesh technology of acceptance model constituted the underlying theoretical grounding, which served to understand indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers’ perceptions about the use of digital technology, perceived barriers, and the coping and adopting mechanism throughout their pedagogical practices. Ten indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers participated in this qualitative study. Semistructured, interviews were the primary data collection tool. Open coding was used to generate themes and analyze emergent coding. The findings showed that the rate of adoption of digital technology could accelerate if (a) training is strategic, (b) reduction of institutional barriers, and (c) professional practices are aligned for educational growth. This study may contribute knowledge to the advancement specific to the field of digital technology and pedagogical practices. The findings may have positive implications for the community at large in that professional development centers can improve skills that provide flexible learning for IAPT to integrate digital technology beyond the classroom. and serve as a catalyst to promote growth by capacity building.

Educational capabilities vary in diverse geographical regions. Training is critical to standardize and optimize educational practices for desired outcomes. In Guyana, indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers need to acquire the skills and overcome the technological barriers to better prepare learners beyond the classroom. Even though internet access would allow indigenous Amerindians in Guyana to develop technology literacy skills and access educational resources, Indigenous pre-service teachers have a low rate of technology adoption in the classroom. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to discover the perceptions of indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers on the adoption of digital technology in the classroom. Rogers’s diffusion of innovation theory and David and Venkatesh's technology of acceptance model were used to understand indigenous Amerindian preservice teacher perceptions about the use of digital technology, in respect of perceived barriers, and the coping and adopting mechanism throughout their pedagogical practices. Ten Indigenous Amerindian preservice teachers participated in this qualitative study. Semi-structured, interviews were the primary data collection tool. Open coding was used to generate themes and analyzed emergent coding. The findings from this study indicated that the rate of adoption of digital technology could accelerate if (a) training is strategic, (b) there is a reduction of institutional barriers, and (c) professional practices are aligned for educational growth. This study potentially contributes knowledge to education and leverage and adoption of digital technology, to advance understanding of learning and pedagogical best practices. The findings may contribute to positive social change in that professional development centers can improve skills that provide flexible learning for improving access to psychological therapies to integrate digital technology beyond the classroom. and serve as a catalyst to promote growth by capacity building.

To catalogue the medicinal plant wealth of Karian Shola MPCA, Coimbatore District of Tamilnadu, Southern India and to categorize the RET status and their need for conservation along with the Ethnobotanical knowledge of the medicinal plants. Field trips were made to collect the medicinal plants from Karian Shola MPCA, Anamalais, Coimbatore District, Tamilnadu during January 1994 to December 1995. A total of 300 species of angiosperms, of which 6 are additions to the Flora of Tamilnadu, 50 endemic plants, 15 Red listed taxa, 20 highly traded medicinal plants and 27 ethno-medicinal Plants were documented from the study area. The study emphasized the need for in situ conservation along with the wild plants used by the Malasars and Kadars were also provided.

Two field experiments were carried out at Arab El-Awammer Research Station, Agric. Res. Center Assiut Governorate during winter seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015. The present study assessed the effect of crop sequence and nitrogen fertilization on productivity of wheat. The experimental treatments were four crop sequences with three nitrogen fertilizer rates. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment 3×4 based on a RCBD with four replications. These results suggest that the sequence of cowpea / clover / wheat and the sequence of cowpea + maize / clover / wheat produced the maximum yield and its components of wheat as compared with the other sequences. Naturally Occurring Biological Control Agents (NOBCA) the maximum number of agents was existed in the sequences of cowpea / clover / wheat and cowpea + maize / clover / wheat. The lowest number was existed in the sequence of maize / wheat. The present research proved that the two promising sequences contributed so much in increasing the cropping area. Therefore, the cropping index was increased to be 2.87 or 3.39 in the year for the two sequences of cowpea / clover / wheat and cowpea + maize / clover / wheat, respectively. These values are considered to be more than the traditional index in Egypt which is 1.73. The net return from the sequence of cowpea + maize / clover / wheat was the highest when compared with the other sequences. Thus increasing the cropping area which increased the cropping index caused an increase in the net return.

The motion of an infinitesimal body with variable mass is studied. The equations of motion of the restricted three body problem with infinitesimal body of variable mass are introduced. The Jeans' law of mass change is applied. To tackle the dynamical problem, the Hamiltonian of the problem is formed with the time as independent variable. The solution of the equations of motion is formulated based on Lie series developments. Numerical representation of coordinates and momenta are given.

There are many examples for co-orbital motion in the Solar system, including temporary co-orbital companions of the Earth, raising many interesting questions. The problem of co-orbital motion is formulated in the Hamiltonian form when the larger primary is an oblate body. Different forms of the disturbing function are outlined; the relevant form is developed in terms of Laplace’s coefficients. The Hamiltonian of the problem is formed in Delaunay-like canonical elements. The ratio of the primaries’masses is considered as a small parameter of the first order while the leading oblateness term of the first primary is considered of second order. Finally, the short-period terms are eliminated from the Hamiltonian using the procedure based on Lie series and Lie transform, leaving the Hamiltonian as a function of only the secular and critical (resonant) terms.

The apparent and thermodynamic parameters (pKa, pKb, Ka, Kb) are among the most common used physical parameters and their determinations are of interest to a broad range of research. It is apparent that hypersaline hydrochemical environment in concentrated salt lake brines has a profound modifying influence on parameters such as Ka, pKa's and buffer capacities. This study presents chemical parameters (Ka, pKa and buffer capacities) at typical high ionic strength salt lake brines, which were evaluated at 25 oC and have revealed both pKa1 and pKa2 to decrease as ionic strength of the solution increases. The apparent dissociation constant Ka for HF is increasing as the ionic strength increases and thermodynamic Ka = 7.46 x 10-4 found is in good agreement with the values reported in the literature. The phosphate buffer capacity in the target Rift Valley Salt Lake systems is observed to exceed that of pure water by a factor of 36 to 1000.

Child care has become an essential component of life in our society .Quality child care can make a significant difference in child’s development .Here we consider some regulations in favour of lower child staff ratio ,higher educational standards for care givers and smaller group size . In this paper we present a methods for fuzzy risk analysis based on, child- staff ratio group size and care giver ability. We obtain the expected number of children in queue needing attention at any time by using both function principle and Graded Mean Integration method. Furthermore we calculate the proportion of time that a child would spend engaged by using both function principle and Graded Mean Integration method. The model presented in this paper can be applied to other educational services also

This study investigated microbial load and sensory quality of locally produced tigernut-based composite flour. Microbial quality such as total viable count (TVC), presence of yeast and mold, E. coli, Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus were determined. These were compared to the microbiological specification for composite flours. The sensory quality of the composite powders such as colour, taste, aroma, mouthfeel and overall acceptability were also determined. These properties are considered to be very important in the attempt to formulate composite flours. Mean counts of the TVC and Staphylococcus aureus counts ranged between 3.31 to 3.22 and 2.21-2.58 log10 cfu/g respectively. Salmonella, E. coli and yeast and molds were not detected in any of the samples analyzed. Mean sensory scores ranged between 3.2±1.32-1.8±0.63 for colour, 3.1±1.10-2.4±0.52 for taste, 3.2±1.32-2.3±1.06 mouthfeel, 3.1±0.99-2.1±0.57 for aroma and 5.5±1.96-3.5±2.17 for preference. Significant differences were observed between the samples in terms of colour, aroma and preference. The microbial quality of the tigernut-based composite flour falls within the acceptable standard, hence guarantying the safety of the consumer. The use of composite flour would help to improve the nutritional value of food at presumably cheaper cost since all the raw materials are locally available and does not require special skill for the preparation.

The objective of this study was to determine the internal and external quality characteristics of quail eggs and the effect of egg weight and body size on these traits. For this investigation, one hundred thirty-two eggs were obtained from 120 Japanese quails grown on a deep litter system. Egg Weight (EW), Egg Length (EL), Egg Width (EWT), Yolk Height (YH), Yolk Diameter (YD), Albumen Length (AL), Albumen Height (AH), Yolk Weight (YW), Shell Weight (SW), Shell Thickness (ST), and Albumen Diameter (AD) were all measured, and Egg Surface Area (ESA), Unit Surface Shell Weight (USW), Egg Index (EI), Shell Ratio (SR). According to the findings, age significantly affected egg weight, body weight, yolk diameter, shell weight, egg surface area, and unit surface shell weight (P<0.05). However, all other parameters were not affected by age (P>0.05). Furthermore, increasing egg weight had a negative effect on egg shape index and egg yolk ratio. Most of the internal egg quality traits studied were negatively affected by increasing the eggshell ratio.

This study aimed to determine the haematological values as well as the phenotypic correlation among the parameters of haematology. One hundred and twenty (120) Japanese quails were raised on a deep litter system. Two experimental diets (starter diet and layers diet) were given to the birds. Blood samples were taken from the birds at six (6) weeks for haematological analysis. According to the result obtained, sex did not have any significant (P> 0.05) effect on any of the haematological parameter. Meanwhile, it was also observed that increment in body weight was found supportive of the haematological parameters.

A simple high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of dorzolamide hydrochloride and timolol maleate in eye drops formulation is presented. The HPLC separation was undertaken on a Eurospher 100 C-18 25*4.6 (5µm) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution,(15:3:82 v/v). System suitability was assessed through measurement of factors affecting column efficiency i.e. peak symmetry, capacity factor and resolution. Analytes concentrations were calculated utilizing peak area and peak height. The linearity range (r value > 0.99) was 120-480 µg/ml and 360-1440 µg/ml for timolol maleate and dorzolamide hydrochloride respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for timolol maleate were 5.95µg/ml and 18.03µg/ml. The corresponding values for dorzolamide hydrochloride were 25.18µg/ml and 76.31µg/ml.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality that is characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy and hepato-splenomegaly. Hepatic toxicity greatly contributes to VL morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate liver damage in Sudanese patients with VL as evidenced by apoptosis and lipid metabolism derangement. In a prospective analytical, hospital-based and case-controlled study and following informed consent, eighty patients with parasitologically confirmed visceral leishmaniasis and eighty apparently healthy age and sex unmatched volunteers [comparators] were enrolled in the study. Serum cytochrome C was measured by ELISA while serum lipids were measured using BioSystems A15 Chemistry Auto-analyzer. Cytochrome C concentrations in VL patients were significantly higher compared to apparently healthy volunteers with no significant difference between pre and post-treatment samples. Patients with VL showed marked hypo-cholestereamia, very low serum levels of LDL and HDL with most patients showing markedly increased triglycerides levels. Deranged lipid metabolism in VL patients could be due to hepatotoxicity or sequestration and/or degradation of lipoproteins in enlarged livers and spleens. In conclusion, hypocholestereamia, low levels of LDL/HDL, high triglycerides levels and increased serum cytochrome C are important features of hepatotoxicity in VL. Increased serum cytochrome C level is probably an important surrogate marker of hepatocytes apoptosis.

Chang et al proposed an integrated inventory model with an order-size-dependent trade credit. However, quality issues were not discussed in their model. It is unrealistic for a production system to produce 100 percent good products. This paper extends Chang et al. model and studies an integrated supplier-retailer inventory model where trade credit and defective items are considered. Therefore, to incorporate the concept of supplier – retailer integration and order-size-dependent trade credit, we present a stylized model to determine the optimal strategy for an integrated supplier -retailer inventory system under the condition of trade credit linked to the order quantity, where the demand rate is considered to be a decreasing function of the retail price. In this paper, we propose an integrated supplier–retailer inventory model in which both supplier and retailer have adopted trade credit policies, and the retailer receives an arriving lot containing some defective items. An attempt is made to characterize the preservation technology for deteriorating items to reduce the deterioration rate. Moreover, we consider the capital investment in quality improvement. The objective of our analysis is to determine the optimal ordering, shipping, and quality improvement policies to maximize joint total profit per unit time. Results have been validated with relevant examples.

In this paper we analyse that how the firms manage carbon footprints in inventory management under the carbon emission trading scheme. Today’s modern world the carbon emission is one of the main sources for the global warming, so every mankind have the responsibility for reducing the carbon emission to mitigate global warming. It is generally accepted that carbon emission trading is one of the most effective market based mechanism to prohibit the amount of carbon emission. AmulyaGurtu, Mohammed Y.Jaber discussed the following result in their model paper “Impact of fuel price and carbon emission on inventory policies” [App.Mathematical Modelling, 39(2015) 1202-12016]. In that paper they mentioned that the order cost and lot sizes are affected by changes in fuel price, emission tax, fuel consumption, distance travelled. Now we expanded the above paper by introducing the emission minimizing policies such as a cap and trade system in the two level supply chain.Under the cap and trade system we explain about the carbon price and transfer quantity of carbon emission. We also provide the numerical example for better understanding.

This paper contemplates a single vendor single buyer integrated production inventory problem with stochastic demand and transportation cost. Instead of constant lead time, it is assumed to be proportional to the size of vendor’s batch in each cycle. That is, lead time is composed of a lot size dependent run time and constant delay times such as moving, waiting and setup times. Transportation takes a crucial part in the manipulation of supply chain. The operation of transportation determines the efficiency of moving products. The problem is to find the number of shipments m, shipment size Q, safety factor k and the reorder point r. The objective is to minimize the joint total relevant cost incurred in the supply chain. A solution procedure is mentioned for solving the proposed model. Finally a numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed model.

In the changing market scenario, the study of the supply chain model in a fuzzy environment is gaining phenomenal importance around the globe. In such a scenario, it is the need of the hour that a real supply chain is operated in an uncertain environment and the omission of any effects of uncertainty leads to inferior supply chain designs. This work presents a fuzzy possibilistic linear programming approach to make strategic resource – planning decisions in multi-product and multi-time period two-echelon supply chains. In this model, demand rate, holding cost, transportation cost, packing charge and toll fees are considered as triangular fuzzy numbers. The objective of the proposed model is to provide an optimal inventory level for the warehouses and distribution centers and also, minimizing the total cost related to transportation, inventory carrying, packing and toll fees of the entire supply chain for a finite planning horizon. An industrial case demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed model to real world problem in a two-echelon supply chain under uncertain environment. In addition to that, if the efficiency of the transportation will be increased by using the light weight eco-friendly plastic pail rather than the traditional one, then the reduction of the total cost in the supply chain is also analyzed.

This paper develops a heuristic algorithm for the multi-index fixed charge transportation problem. The efficiency of this algorithm for solving the multi-index fixed charge transportation problem has been proved by comparing the results obtained by using this algorithm with the existing exact method of solving multi-index fixed charge transportation problem. Further the proposed algorithm is extended to multi-index fixed charge fuzzy transportation problem in which all the parameters are considered as trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed method.

A thorough understanding of adolescence in today’s society depends on information from various perspectives, most importantly from the areas of psychology, biology, history, sociology, education and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, it is safe to say that adolescence is viewed as a transitional period whose chief purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. During this transition period, adolescence people are facing many challenges due to the incredible changes in physically, mentally, emotionally, intellectually and psychologically. Due to the gender, adolescent girls’ challenges in the above aspects are higher only. The present study investigates almost all the relevant factors that are acting as the challenges faced by adolescent girls in the present social and educational scenario. A cognitive map shows a representation of how humans think about a particular issue, by analyzing, arranging the problems and graphically mapping concepts that all interconnected. In addition, it identifies causes and effects and explains causal links with exact degree [1]. As the problems of adolescents’ belong to an unsupervised data, the most suitable tool is Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) which is the cognitive map with fuzzy degree. Hence analyzing the problems of adolescent girls by giving structured and organized outline of the appropriate factors and revealing the most important and other impactful factors is the objective of this study. In this manner, this study guarantees that its results are much more useful for psychologists, physiologists, educationists, adolescent girls and their parents to understand the problems that adolescent girls really facing in the present scenario.

Today the world is at the risk of environmental disarray. The main reason is population explosion. The result of the uncontrollable population, forces us to maintain the inventory of all products at a higher level. The suppliers are comparatively lesser than buyers. To retain the confidence of the buyers, the suppliers seek logistics and packaging for the deliverance of the goods to the customers at the right time and in the right manner respectively. This paper deals with an Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) which associates the package cost along with the costs of ordering, purchasing and holding. The need for packaging and the impact of its inclusion in the classical EOQ model together with transportation cost are discussed.

Environment Pollution is assuming dangerous proportions all through the globe. This is the gift of modern living industrialization and urbanization. Transportation is a non-separable part of any society. It exhibits a very close relation to the style of life, the range and location of activities and the goods and services which will be available for consumption. Costs and benefits have mirror image relationship. A cost can be defined as a reduction in benefits and a benefit can be defined as a reduction in costs. Transportation benefits are often measured in terms reduced Transportation costs. Calculating costs is therefore the basis for calculating benefits. This paper deals with an Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) which associates the vehicle cost, Damage cost, Parking cost, Environmental cost along with the costs of ordering, Purchasing and holding. This paper also investigates the attributing factors of the Environmental impacts which could be minimized to build a healthy society.

In modern competitive business environment, it is essential to continuously work on improving the performance of their supply chains with high customer satisfaction. Inventory management is affected by the imperfect production process. So it is contemporary for the vendor to improve quality of the product/service where customer’s loyalty will be the by-product. In this paper vendor invests money to reduce the number of defective items produced. Also in many transactions regarding selling and buying, a specified delay of payment is offered or accepted by the vendor. This can be viewed as a kind of discount and has potential consequences for the order size. Differently from the existing literature this paper extends the model with the inclusion of stochastic demand, stock out cost and delay in payments. Numerical studies explore the beneficial of the vendor investment.

This paper introduces manufacturer consumer supply chain model to investigate pricing and advertising decision when price discounts and credit facilities for certain period are offered by the manufacturer. In this supply chain, the manufacturer is the supreme power to decide the level of price discount, advertising, brand name investment and has the power to introduce the credit period facility. For the first case when the manufacturer proposes price discount, we found that as there is no contribution of retailer in the supply chain, the manufacturer only utilises the entire profits and through the intensive marketing strategies, the manufacturer can equilibrium their consumers. For the second case, when the manufacturer introduces the credit period facilities to attract more number of consumers in wide range, we found that both the manufacturer and consumer have substantial benefits which lead to augment of profit margin and derive fulfilment respectively. Numerical examples were given to illustrate the optimal profit margins in the manufacturer consumer supply chain.

Traditional economic production / order quantity (EPQ/EOQ) models make various simplifying assumptions in order to arrive at a closed form solution for the optimal lotsize in a production facility. The assumption of fixed unit cost in EOQ / EPQ models has also been tackled by many researchers. For example, Cheng (1991) formulated a problem where production cost is affected by both the product’s demand and the process reliability. Lee (1994), by formulating the unit cost on a function of the order quantity, took the economies of scale into account. Quality level of the product and specifications of the adopted manufacturing process also affect the unit product’s cost. Therefore, in this paper we consider a profit maximizing firm who wants to jointly determine the optimal lotsizing, pricing and marketing decisions along with manufacturing requirements in terms of flexibility and reliability of the process. The objective is to determine the optimal order lotsize to maximize the total profit by employing the type of fuzzy numbers which are triangular. We propose two fuzzy inventory model in which first model with fuzzy reliability level and second model with fuzzy reliability level and second model with fuzzy reliability and fuzzy economic production quantity (EPQ) is presented. For ech case we employ the signed distance, a ranking method for fuzzy numbers, to find the estimate of total profit per unit time in the fuzzy sense and then derive the corresponding optimal lotsize. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results of proposed models.

Obesity is now a common childhood disease and is widely acknowledged as having become a global epidemic. There are well-recognized health consequences of childhood obesity, both during childhood and adulthood, affecting health and psychological welfare. Childhood obesity is a risk factor for adult morbidity and mortality, independent of body mass index (BMI) in adulthood, family history of cardiovascular disease or cancer, and smoking. The present study was designed with the objectives to study contributing factors of childhood obesity like genetic, environmental, behavioral, metabolic, biochemical and social factors and its relationship. Hence, this research investigates the most contributing / impactful factor of childhood obesity using Induced Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (IFCMs). IFCMs are a fuzzy-graph modeling approach based on expert’s opinion. This is the non-statistical approach to study the problems with imprecise information.

Prior researches found several methods to construct 1- factorization using Steiner triple systems [1], the staircase method of Bileski [2], and etc. But not given any method of constructing 1- factors in complete graphs. In our previous work, we briefly explained this construction and published in an Abstract form in the iPURSE 2017. Generalization of that work is given in this paper. For complete graphs whose number of vertices is a multiple of 2, we implement our finding using Java program

The land use activities along River Nzoia Drainage Basin include intensive agricultural practices such as cultivation along the river banks, over grazing, deforestation and draining of wetlands for crop production. These activities have an impact on plant species richness. We quantified the effects of land use practices on plant species richness in Nzoia River Drainage Basin in Bungoma East District. Land use practices along the drainage basin were identified by actual surveying. Plant species were identified through quadrat method. Simpson's diversity index was then used to determine the plant species richness and species richness in each sample plot. Data was subjected to Analysis of Variance to test for the difference between treatment means at 5% level of significance and correlations analysis performed for significant land use practices and plant species richness. Land use practices identified included cultivation and grazing. Undisturbed sites were treated as control sites in the study. A total of 119 plant species from 27 families were recorded. Herbaceous plant species belonging to the following families; Asteraceae, Poaceae, Convolvulaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Commelinaceae and Moraceae comprised more than 65% of the total flora. Cultivation had a significant influence on species richness with a mean value of - 0.07929. Cultivation had negative correlation on plant species richness.

The Government reform agenda, was to try and address how GoEs can attain self-sufficiency to ease the burden of overreliance on subsidies, through introduction of new government guidelines, policies and strategies designed at improving their financial sustainability. However reviews have shown that despites all these improvements, the GoEs often do not operate optimally for sustainability, attributing to either internal or external factors. Even though various studies have been done on financial sustainability, limited research have been carried out on financial sustainability of GoEs hence there is limited information on GoEs in the MOALF. This study sought to identify financial sustainability basics. The study focused on resource utilization as a determinant. A causal research design was adopted and with 27 organizations responding positively, giving a sample size of 134. The study used both primary and secondary sources of data. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires and interview guides. The secondary data involved review of published information on Financial Statements of GoEs in MOALF. Data was obtained for a period of 7 years from 2009/2010 to 2014/15 financial years and analyzed using SPPS version 21 statistical software, fitted into a multi linear regression model and t-statistic. From the study it was evident that, management of working capital was key factor that influenced financial sustainability of the GoEs. Working capital had a positive correlated to financial sustainability with investment opportunities being inversely related to financial suitability hence lack of proper policies on Investment and strategies affects financial sustainability. The study recommends that prioritized resource utilization should be given more emphasis as a means to ensure that institutional goals are set in line with the availability of funds. There should be proper projects evaluation and prioritization before allocation of resources is done to the most profitable project, bottom up resource management should be adopted, thereby keeping expenditure within the approved levels is also key. GoEs should endeavour to adopt hybrid model of management that incorporates both public and private interface. Policies on investment should be developed, Investment in green finance and adoption of climatic finance that significantly reduce effects on the environment enhancing sustainability. They should also adopt a holistic evaluation model not limited to financial evaluation through innovative accounting that encompassing the key goals and objectives of their existence and adoption of risk assessment framework. The Ministry should set limits with the set frameworks for the Key ratios used to measure Financial Sustainability.

The determination of heavy metal ions are limited by two difficulties, very low concentration of heavy metal ions which may be lower than the detection limit of many traditional analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, colorimetric, and voltametry. And the interfering effects of the matrix. Calcium silicate (CS) is obtained as mentioned in the literature, This synthesized material, which have many applications in various walks of life will be under study in this research. In a new area of the most important areas of life and the environment, a water treatment and removal of some heavy ions such as Mn+2 and Fe+3 ions present in waste water and underground water were efficiently removed by (CS).

This paper presents an embedded modeling approach for estimating the crack size in a rotating beam by predicting the vibrations of the cracked beam. The model embeds a non-linear switching function into a finite element model of the beam to characterize the effect of crack breathing on the local stiffness of the beam. Solving the model enables the prediction of the vibrations of the cracked beam and the evaluation of the modal frequencies of the vibrating signal using Chirp-z transform. Inputs to the model include the vibrations of the un-cracked beam to calibrate the model at the beginning, i.e., no need for run-to-fail tests. The model is validated and refined utilizing experimental data.

Energy as electromagnetic waves has primary and secondary effects. Certain shapes have affect the secondary effect either positively or negatively. BioGeometry is dealing with shapes which affect positively on energy. BioGeometry has principles of designs which used during design shapes. Fashion designs also have elements and principles which used during clothing designs. The human body has an open energy system that is in instant exchange on the subtle energy level just as it is in other levels. The first boundary between the body's energy system and environment is on the level of what we aware, as a bounday our clothes affect the energy exchange in both directions. The object of this research is to study how this boundary can affect the quality of energy exchange in order to bring harmony within the human subtle energy system and have positive effect on the vitality, emotional and mental levels. In this research fashion design sketches were drawn. Their energy determined qualitatively, one sketch selected and modified by BioGeometry design principles and then , ten creative fashion designs applied which principles and elements of both BioGeometry and fashion design are analyized. Further studies needed to complete full observation.

The kidney transplant is above all a social project, based on a gift of generosity and solidarity. The specific activity of kidney transplantation from a living donor requires close collaboration between clinicians and biologists.Living-donor renal transplants are further characterized as genetically related (living-related) or non-related (living-unrelated) transplants, depending on whether a biological relationship exists between the donor and recipient.It’s the interest of this review with in the last part the path of the donor and the recipient for a possible kidney transplant with a donor living in the renal transplant department at the military hospital of Rabat.

Cardiac involvement is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including cardiac arrhythmias that increase the risk of sudden death. The purpose of our work is to study the prevalence of heart complications in this population and to propose better cardiac and nephrological management.A total of 92 patients with CKD participated in the study, in the Department of Renal Dialysis and Renal Transplantation the Mohammed V Military Training Hospital in Rabat, the mean age of the patients was 50 years ± 16.55 with extremes ranging from 34 to 76 years, sex ratio was 1.1(H / F). Causal nephropathy is indeterminate in 48% of cases, 58% of our patients are hypertensive; 64% had cardiac arrhythmias; the electrical abnormalities were respectively: left ventricular hypertrophy in 41,4% of cases, left atrial hypertrophy in 9,2 % of cases, atrial fibrillation in 5,5 % of cases and repolarization disorders respectivelyin 12 % of cases.

Physical inactivity is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease and is associated with poor physical functioning. Patients with end-stage renal disease are inactive even compared to sedentary individuals without kidney disease. We sought to analyze the level of physical activity in our chronic hemodialysis patients and to identify patient barriers to physical activity. Adult patients on hemodialysis in the Department of Renal Dialysis and Renal Transplantation at the Mohammed V Military Training Hospital in Rabat were recruited and asked to complete the update Baecke physical activity questionnaire in French named AQAP (Physical Activity Self-Questionnaire) A total of 52 patients participated in the study, the mean age of the patients was 50 years ± 16.55 with extremes ranging from 24 to 76 years, sex ratio (H / F) was 1.1. The majority of participants strongly agreed that a sedentary lifestyle was a health risk and that increasing exercise was a benefit. 23% report having no physical activity. 74% of patients report difficulty in performing significant physical exertion. 17 % of patients report having a regular physical activity and sport. However, 49% of participants reported at least one barrier to physical activity. The most commonly reported barriers were fatigue on dialysis days shortness of breath and depression. Exercise provides beneficial effects in end stage renal disease, our study identified a number of barriers to physical activity that can be addressed in studies aimed at increasing levels of physical activity.

Two tetradentate Schiff base ligands, N,N´-bis(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyacetophenone) ethylenediimine (MaenH₂) and N,N´-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone) ethylenediimine(MbenH₂) were formed by 1:2 molar condensation of ethylenediamine with 2-hydroxy-5-methoxyacetophenone and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone respectively. These Schiff base ligands formed complexes (1:1 molar ratio) with Copper, Nickel, Cobalt and Oxovanadium ions. The complexes were characterized by Infrared, Electronic Spectra and elemental analysis. The spectra data of the ligands and their complexes were discussed based on the structural changes which occur due to complexation. The results suggest that the metal is bonded to the ligand through the phenolic oxygen and the imino nitrogen.

This study was conducted to investigate the learning environment through the perception of prospective science teachers (PSTs) and science teacher educators (STEs) in teacher training institutions of Pakistan. Instrument used was extracted from a valid and reliable scale entitled “what is happening in the class” for both samples and it covered three aspects of learning environment: Cooperation, Instructor’s Support and Investigation. For data collection, two samples consisting of 410 Prospective Science Teachers (PSTs) and 38 Science Teacher Educators (STEs) were randomly selected from eight training institutions located in three states of Pakistan. Findings of study revealed that in some aspects of the learning environment, the teacher training institutions were rated poor while in various aspects these were perceived average and in a few aspects these were rated as good. The perception of PSTs and STEs was different about some characteristics of institutional learning environment while it was almost same about some other fact regarding learning environment.

In the crystal structure of [2,6-(C2H5)2C6H3NH3]2(HSO4)2.3H2O, inorganic entities form corrugated layers parallel to ab plane between which organic groups are located. This structure is characterised by the existence of two groups HSO4- crystallographically independent which form dimmers (H2S2O8)2-. These dimers are interconnected by water molecules via strong H-bonds (dO...O < 2.73 Å).

Leadership is the ability through which people follow a leader at their own will. Leaders do not exert any influence upon others; instead they give a vision and have a clear picture and prerequisite skills of how to achieve it. Educational leadership is the process of directing the potentialities and energies of teachers, students, parents and all the stakeholders towards the achievement of shared educational goals. It has become evident through researches that leadership is that ability which is genderless. Comparative studies related to gender in school administration has proved that under female leadership the performance level and learning achievement of students was higher. The prime responsibility of educational leaders is to convert teaching institutions into learning institutions. The gender differences in leadership styles are observable but it is not proved that men are better leaders as compared to women. Both of them can excel in effective educational leadership if they show the prerequisite qualities.

Present study was carried out to develop and validate an instrument for measuring different factors affecting upon students’ success at higher educational level. Focus group discussions and extensive literature review was done in order to generate an item pool for the instrument. Initially 75 items were generated under ten dimensions namely: motivation, intellectual abilities, personality brought up, institutional environment, socio- economic background, family participation, peer group, influence of siblings, awareness about future goals and awareness about current trends in the subject. After qualitative item analysis, the items were reduced to 60 as 15 were found to be repetitive in nature. These 60 item statements were administered to 100 graduating students of public universities in Islamabad region. The data thus obtained was subjected to factor analysis. As a result ten subscales containing 45 items in total were constructed with Eigen value above 2.83. Split half reliability for both halves was expressed at .78 and .89. Psychometric properties demonstrate that SSHL is a valid and reliable instrument to be used in research studies related to students’ academic success at higher level.

In this paper we work on Frechet distribution with Bayesian paradigm. Posterior distribution is obtained by using Uniform, Jeffreys and generalization of non-informative priors. We use the quadrature numerical integration to solve the posterior distribution. Bayes estimator and their risk have been obtaining four loss functions. The performances of Bayes estimators are compared by using Monte Carlo simulation study.

This paper describes an experimental investigation to clarify flexural cracking behavior of reinforced concrete beams. The effects of thickness of concrete cover of tension reinforcement on the crack width were carefully investigated. It was found that flexural crack width proportionally increases with increase in thickness of concrete cover. To control these crack widths and to enhance durability, different codes prescribes limiting crack width based on environment in which the structure exists. The latest revision of the Indian code stresses the importance of durability and has introduced formulae to calculate the crack widths. A simple formula involving the clear cover and calculated stress in reinforcement at service load has been included in latest revision of ACI code. A total six under reinforced beams with varying concrete cover (25 mm and 30mm) were fabricated and tested. Data presented include the deflection characteristics and cracking behavior. The experiment results compare reasonably well with the current codes of practice. It was observed that a beam with less concrete cove (25mm) reduces the flexural crack width.

The present work deals with the results of experimental investigations on steel fiber reinforced self compacting concrete. Effects of these fibers on various strengths of concrete were studied with varied fiber content from 0.5 to 3% at a specific interval with weight of cement. Strengths considered for investigation were compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile and bond strength and tests on fresh concrete were also conducted. Ductility of concrete is found to increase in the fiber reinforced self compacting concrete as observed from the load deflection study. The Poisson’s ratio is found to vary within the specified limits with static modulus of concrete relation between flexural shear strength and all other strengths are developed. A comparison result of steel fiber reinforced self compacting concrete and that of normal self compacting concrete shows the significant improvement in the results of various strengths.

Due to ongoing COVID 19 pandemic, higher educational institutions around the world have moved towards e-learning system. Determining the positive attitudes and difficulties facing students during the use of e-learning in times of crisis, helps teachers and the institution in taking new steps appropriate to the needs of students in such difficult circumstances. So, this study aimed to analyse the attitudes and challenges facing Al-Istiqlal University (PASS) students towards e-learning. Samples of this study consisted of 280 students who were chosen in a simple random method from PASS students between April and June of 2020. Descriptive study method was adopted, and a well-designed and pre-tested online questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Results indicated that PASS participants own a positive attitude towards e-learning and their attitude results are significantly deferent with their gender, level of computer skills, academic grade, collage and availability of computer with permanent internet. Furthermore, students face a number of challenges while using the e-learning system, and a significant difference was found between the challenges of computer skills level, gender, computer availability with permanent internet connection and academic grade of the participant students. The study showed that the learners’ perception on e-learning reveals that it is valid in the time of COVID-19 pandemic and they understood that e-learning is very useful during crisis. In light of these findings, the study came up with a number of recommendations and suitable suggestions are given to overcome students’ challenges towards e-learning system.

This paper aims to examine how the extra-curricular activities affect the social skills of students. Social skills to be implemented here is communication skills and students; self-confidence. Student participation in co-curricular activities helps to promote students’ social skills in order to enter any field for the future prospect to produce skilled human capital in terms of academics and character. Mastering social skills is vital as it gives a good impact in generating positive relationships of a particular student. Active student participation in extra-curricular activities outside the classroom environment allows the students to interact with teachers and friends and to some extent act as a catalyst for social skills development of a student. In addition, through extra-curricular activities, the production of excellent human capital from the physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual aspect can be developed. Involvement in leisure activities also leads to the interaction of students with environment, social and learning inside or outside of the classroom in order to produce excellent human capital development. It will also encourage the development of talent, creativity and students potential to the maximum level. Therefore, the direction of this concept paper seeks to unravel the relationship between extra-curricular activities and their impact on social skills because it could act as a catalyst for the development of students social skills. Therefore, extra-curricular activities should be given the ‘right’ in Malaysia education system.

Co-curricular activities can form the development of intellectual, emotional, social and moral of the students. Skill of communication skill also can be honed through the involvement of students in co-curricular activities. Therefore, the study is about the influence of co-curricular activities on student’s communication skill. The result of the study is from the analysis of data that was got from reading material like journals of previous researches and books.

This study was to investigate perceptions of selected International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) students’ regarding the definition and manifestation of Comprehensive Excellence in the university’s vision and mission statement of Integration, Internationalization, Islamization, and Comprehensive Excellence (Triple ICE) – irrespective of gender, nationality or academic achievement. Individual interview sessions lasting between 45 minutes to 55 minutes were conducted on selected IIUM students at separate venues and times. Each dimension was transcribed from the interview questions and decoded into a template. Main ideas were extracted from the template to answer the research questions within the purpose of the study. Two selected co-raters were identified to evaluate the main ideas of the researcher’s template in order to assure its reliability and validity. A percentage range of 96% to 100% showed that the items were highly reliable and valid. The results showed that Comprehensive Excellence was understood by a selected group of students only, thus more students need to be exposed to the conception of Comprehensive Excellence and other components of Triple ICE of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). This study may aid IIUM to compete and excel with other universities – locally and/or internationally as well as to prepare employable and marketable graduates.

Invasive Salmonella Typhimurium infection is in a flux in resource poor settings in Kenya. However, sequence analysis of the strains in the study areas have not been determined. This study aimed to determine the distribution and genetic diversity of S.Typhimurium. Single locus sequence typing (SLST) based on fliC gene indicated S.Typhimurium isolates exhibited geographic restriction in addition to intraspecies diversity. The dominant strain isolated belonged to S.Typhimurium strain UK-1 lineage in both study areas. Data on genetic diversity is vital in monitoring the disease in the study areas.

Salmonellosis causes substantial morbidity and mortality in Sub Saharan Africa. This warranted the appraisal of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical Salmonella isolates from the study catchment area. The study aimed to determine in vitro antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella species isolated from stool samples. Kirby Bauer and MIC results indicated significant resistance to antimicrobial agents(p<0.001). One isolate exhibited resistance to ten antibiograms tested and the resistance phenotype was; Ampicillin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamycin, sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and ciproflaxin (AmpTCotStKGmSxCNaCip). Routine surveillance of local system is vital to monitor emerging resistance trends in study area.

Salmonellosis, a water and foodborne infection is a major cause of high morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. Its prevalence and mortality has been associated with antibiotic resistance related strains that calls for specific strain identification. Data on prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella in Nandi County of Rift Valley is scarce despite the scourging effect of the disease. 200 stool samples were collected from patients treated for diarrhoea at Kapsabet District hospital between (February – November, 2011). 84%(n=168) were positive for various bacteria isolates as determined by standard microbiological culture techniques. 29%(n=48) were Salmonella. The distribution was; S.typhimurium 56%(n=27),S. enteritidis 29%(n=14),S.paratyphi C 6%(n=3), S. paratyphi A 4%(n=2), S.gallinarum 2%(n=1),S. dublin 2%(n=1). Isolates were confirmed by API 20E biochemical system in addition to invA gene sequencing. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin, (19%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole .Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol was (6%).All ampicillin resistant isolates possessed blaTEM gene while sulfamethoxazole resistant isolates had sul2 gene both genes are associated with class1 integrons. The findings indicated a low antimicrobial resistance in relation to other regions within the country. This situation should be encouraged. Additional safety measures should include training in personal hygiene, sanitation and ensuring water quality.