Mechanical Engineering

Cellular Manufacturing System (CMS) is an application of Group Technology (GT) in which functionally dissimilar machines are grouped together to form a family of parts. This work gives an overview of the Back Propagation Network (BPN) based approaches to form the machine cells and component grouping for minimizing the exceptional elements and bottleneck machines. This method is applied to the known benchmark problems found in literature, and it is found to be equal or best when compared to in terms of minimizing number of exceptional elements.

As maintenance play key roles for smooth production especially in the textile industry. Nowadays the effective maintenance model is not an option but it is the necessity of industries. It aims to reduce unplanned stoppage, breakdowns accidents and losses obstructing equipment effectiveness. Therefore by implementing TPM the industries can increase their equipment effectiveness and productivity. This present research work is aimed at implementation of Total productive maintenance in Indian textile industries. In the yarn section the TPM model is first introduced and staff members are trained according to the eight pillars of TPM. The need for driving down costs, integrating every activities and available resources of a company, empowering the employee to make decision, eliminating waste generated by failure across the value adding process, shortening of production lead time and delivery of quality assured services and products have been given due attention.

The Mechanical ore handling plant in Goa, India comprises of receiving and shipping section. Receiving section deals with the unloading of ore from barge. This is accomplished by wire rope operated grab un-loader. Since the unloading is being done round the clock, frequent failure of wire rope is observed. The unloading process gets disrupted when the wire rope fails. This results in significant loss in unloading hours. Detailed investigation is carried out to reduce the down time and recommendations regarding maintenance are made in this paper. Details of the maintenance policy model and results and discussions carried out are presented in this paper.

This Magnetic Braking Systems (MBS) project summary is written to explain the importance and needs of product development of MBS for vehicle (motorcycle) and MBS Learning tools by utilizing the Project Based Learning (PjBL) via eSOLMS of producing innovative product (automotive). This concept aims to improve the braking system by using magnetic concept. Its focus on 3 aspects; 1) to producing alternative product for vehicle braking system (motocycle brake system), 2) to producing learning tools in advance automotive focus on magnetic braking system, 3) to developt self-regulation of engineering students (automotive) for producing an innovative product (MBS) focus on PjBL:eSOLMS concept. This project was focus on both automotive project development and 21 century e-learning process in nature. The product producing data was analyzed using standard engineeing forms or automotive lab sheet collection data. A total of 2 product; MBS for motocycle and MBS learning tool will intering 18-25 weeks for pilot test. The finding will shows the important and needs of product research and development of MBS in future. On the other hand, the result of lab/workshop measurement and observation on the usage for the MBS on vihacle and using MBS as learning tool hopefully effected on the development of engineering students’ self-regulation. It is hoped that the MBS concept can be further developed and implemented in the engineering advance automotive and Outcome Based Education (OBE) system of Malaysia.

This research deals with Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests for three types of polymers, polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyoxymethy (POM), and polyamide (PA). The tensile test results showed that advantage cannot be taken from u y ratio and strain hardening coefficient (n) to estimate polymers behaviour under LCF test. There was a similarity in polymers behaviour with metals in the aspect of total strain, elastic strain and plastic strain curves with total cyclic number (2N). Fatigue strength exponent (b) and fatigue ductility exponent (c) for the polymers recorded values within metals limits. POM polymer showed less softening and greater transition life (NT). PA polymer exhibits sensitivity to external stress concentration in terms of reduction of transition life (NT). Softening behaviour of PA polymer increases with lower value of the notch radius.

The double diffusive convection in a horizontal layer of a porous medium saturated with a Maxwell nanofluid is studied using linear and non-linear stability analyses. The modified Darcy-Maxwell model is used for the momentum equation. The model used for the Maxwell nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. The thermal energy equations include the diffusion and cross diffusion terms. The linear theory depends on normal mode technique and the onset criterion for stationary and oscillatory convection is derived analytically. The non-linear theory based on the representation of Fourier series method is used to find the transient behavior of heat and mass transports. We observe that the transient Nusselt numbers show oscillatory motion when time is small. However, when time becomes very large all the three transient Nusselt values approaches to their steady-state values.

Instrumented cadaveric knees were used to address the interaction between unopposed quadriceps muscle forces (QMF), ground reaction force (GRF), and strain in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) through in-vitro simulation of a vertical jump-landing process. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of unopposed QMF, low knee flexion angle, joint conformity and constant GRF on the ACL strain. Fourteen cadaveric knees were mounted in a custom made dynamic loading simulator. The strain on the anteromedial bundle of the ACL was measured using a Differential Variable Reluctance Transducers (DVRT) sensor. Also, an I-Scan pressure transducer was used to measure the contact pressure and area in the tibiofemoral joint. During landing phase, the peak pressure on the lateral compartment is very high compared with the medial compartment. During landing phase, both the contact area and pressure increases in the tibiofemoral joint. The induced joint conformity caused by contact pressure has been justified. The results show that unopposed quadriceps muscle forces coupled with ground reaction force at low knee flexion angle cannot cause ACL injury. Joint compressive loads induced by large muscle forces and GRF introduces the joint conformity, and it produces the primary restraint against anterior tibial translation at low flexion angles.

The reduction of fix and variable costs has significant impacts on proper machinery management. To measure the effects of new machinery management on fuel and oil consumption, a study was conducted using empirical data on eight Massey Ferguson 399 model agricultural tractors at Amir-Kabir agro-industry, Iran in 2011. The performance of Nano?-Diamond additive oil was compared with conventional oils. Results were shown that naturally low coefficient of friction combined with excellent chemical inertness made these additives very attractive in a wide range of applications in engine oils. Also, results shown : 21% and 25% reduction in fuel and oil consumption, respectively where Nano?-Daimond additives was applied in oil and consequently a reduction of pollution was measured on engine exhausts. The use of Nano?-Daimond oil shown a better performance for the reduction of fuel and oil on tractor engines’ costs by 14% where compared to the conventional oil.?

The AWJM is widely used to process the different materials. The material considered for the experimental study is commercial aluminum, mild steel and EN8. The operating parameters, namely pressure, cutting speed and abrasive flow rate are varied during to find its effect on metal removal rate. Attempt is made to establish relationship between operating parameters and material removal rate by using regression analysis & ANOVA. Experimental study is performed to validate the results. It is observed that pressure & abrasive flow rate are the most significant parameters that affect the material removal rate in AWJM.

The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between the Stature and Popliteal Height Sitting, PHS. 161 male occupational bus drivers were randomly selected for anthropometric characterization of Stature and PHS using standard measuring equipment. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 and Design-Expert 6.0.8. Then regression model was used to estimate PHS. The model shows that there is a linear relationship between the Stature and PHS with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.8258 (p < 0.0001). The model mitigates time required for gathering anthropometric data. Designers would find this as a huge working tool for adequate productions.

The effects of alkalinity/acidity, addition of copper and zinc, and seeding material on biogas generation using freshly voided cow dung as feedstock were investigated. Experimental set-up for seven digesters, labeled A to F, were carried out in the laboratory with varying measurements of slurry in the digesters, varying pH values for three digesters, some with seeding materials while others with addition of metals –copper and zinc separately. The study was carried out for an hydraulic retention time of 32 days during which volumes of gas generated from all digesters range from 1022cm3 to 1723cm3 with the highest gas produced from digester with the rice husk and banana peels. The results showed best yields with cow dung seeded with rice husk and banana peels, while addition of metals and an alkaline slurry solution of pH = 7 had an improving effect on biogas production.

In this study, the producing of conical parts through backward extrusion has been numerically investigated. The finite element method has been used in order to extract the deformation behavior of 7075 aluminum alloy under this process for manufacturing of conical parts. The effect of friction on the process load has been investigated. The strain distribution has been studied and it was observed that in this process, the amount of plastic strain applied to the deforming part has reached above 2, which indicates that in this process, suitable mechanical properties can be expected from the manufactured part.

In this work, an experimental study was carried to obtain the fatigue damage for aluminum alloy, 2024-T4 under rotating bending loading and stress ratio R= -1. The experiments were done at RT(room temperature) ,25oC ,and 200oC. A modified damage stress model was suggested to predict the fatigue life under elevated temperature which has been formulated to take into account the damage at different load levels. The microstructure and hardness of aluminium alloy after fatigue-creep interaction testing have been investigated. Attention has been paid to the role of the microstructure and hardness on the fatigue-creep strength of aluminum alloy. It has been shown that, there is a little effect of microstructure in the cyclic response of aluminum alloy, while the hardness has a significant effect on the fatigue-creep strength. This is described numerically.

Shot-peening is a cold-working process primarily used to improve the fatigue life and strength of metallic structural components. In this work, the shot-peening time (SPT) effect on fatigue life of 7075-T651 Al-alloy was investigating at room temperature stress ratio R=-1 and reversed bending. An increase in shot-peening time (SPT) resulted in an increase in fatigue life improvement percentage (FLI %). For 5 SPT, reducing the applied stress, increasing (FLI%) while at 10 and 15 SPT reducing the applied stress reducing the (FLI%).

Investigation of combustion properties of five selected indigenous fuel wood samples was carried out in this study. Combustion properties such as high heating value (HHV), proximate and ultimate analysis, density/specific gravity, thermal conductivity, particle size, flame temperature and porosity were obtained using standard experimental procedures for the selected wood samples. The higher heating values of the five wood samples varied from 2282.117 – 4461.9326 Kcal/kg (9.55 – 18.682 MJ/kg). These values were better than some reported values in literature. The flame temperature for the five samples ranged from 531 – 700 oC. Proximate analysis results revealed that the ash content for the five samples varied from 6.79 to 48.24 %, fixed carbon varied from 9.45 to 21.30 %, volatile matter varied from 64.23 to 66.64 %, moisture content varied from 3.01 to 5.63 %. Ultimate analysis result revealed that hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen contents also range from 3.1128 to 5.5642 %, 22.9981 to 40.6901 % and 0.3630 to 0.65221 % respectively. Some of the values of density/specific gravity, porosity, thermal conductivity, particle size obtained were within values reported by other researchers. The result of the fuel rating properties revealed that African Prosopis has the best fuel property with fuel rating of 1.68 and Quassia undulate the worst with fuel rating of 3.68 compared to the other samples.

An Automobile hydraulic jack can be easily operated by a single push button provided on the dash board. The jack will be installed on both the sides of chassis according to the weight distributions of the car. Similarly it will be installed on the other side of the car. The system operates on hydraulic drive which consists of three main parts: hydraulic pump, driven by an electric motor, hydraulic cylinder to lift the vehicle. The hydraulic jacks actuate separately for either side of car as per the breakdown condition. The car gets lifted and load gets distributed on three point i.e., plunger or ram of hydraulic cylinder and two tires opposite to side which is lifted. This jack will be very useful for all the senior citizens and especially for females (ladies) who find it extremely difficult to operate the jack manually in any breakdown condition. The motive behind using hydraulic system instead of a pneumatic system is the more power produced by the system and simple in design as compared to a pneumatic design. As the hydraulic oil is incompressible so the lifting capacity is more in comparison with the pneumatic system which operates on air which is compressible.

The Islamic civilization paid great attention to mechanical engineering during the medieval centuries. The mechanical engineers of the Islamic Empire gave outstanding attention to measurement instrumentation including balances and astrolabes. They used balances to adjust commercial activities in the society and for engineering purposes. They succeeded to use the balance in determining the specific weights of both solids and liquids, examining the purity of precious materials and examining the constituents of alloys. They developed the Greek astrolabe and discovered hundreds of applications required by their daily life. They also devised different type of astrolabes such as the planispheric, quadrant and spherical astrolabes. They wrote 100's of manuscripts explaining the design and use of the astrolabe where some of them still surviving up to now in a large number of libraries and museums around the world. The paper discusses the contribution of Islamic scientists to the development and application of balances and astrolabes.

Friction Stir Welding, a relatively new welding process, was developed in 1991 at The Welding Institute near Cambridge, England. In this process parts are mated together, rigidly fixtured, and joined in solid-state by forcing a rotating tool into the joint, and traversing that tool along the joint. This process creates weldments with properties comparable to the base metal and in most cases superior to traditional fusion welding techniques. During the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process, the forging forces under the tool plastically deform the material, “stirring” the material around the tool pin and against the tool shoulder, thus joining the mated parts together. This process induces large shear forces in the plastically deforming material, raising the temperature of the material to approximately 80% of the melting temperature. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc. play a major role in deciding the weld quality. In present investigation, the effect of processing parameters on mechanical properties of AA6082-O joints produced by friction stir welding was analyzed. Different welded specimens were produced by varying rotating speeds of the tool as 900 & 1200 rpm and by varying welding speeds as 50 & 63 mm/min. The FSW joints mechanical properties of the material such as yield strength, tensile strength and percentage of elongation were evaluated by means of tensile tests.

In this paper design special frame vertical axis wind turbine and test in the wind tunnel. This design is presented as vertical locations of the three movable vanes that create scoop shape when closed. Scoop shape of frame increases the drag factor and increase the torque, in the other side of impeller movable vanes are opened under action of wind and the air pass freely to reduce the negative torque. Fabricate two models of impeller with movable vanes and with fixed vanes model and test it in wind tunnel. The maximum power coefficient for three frames movable vanes is 0.32 and higher than the same dimensions of model with fixed vanes about 11%.

Wind energy as a power source is attractive as an alternative to fossil fuels, because it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, green, and produces no greenhouse-gas emissions. A performance improvement of the scoop-vane vertical axis wind turbine is described. To improve the performance of the power generation system design of special frame of vertical axis wind turbine which consists of three movable vanes, this uses more effectively the wind energy and depends only on the acting area of the movable vanes. The frame of the wind turbine is designed to increase the drag coefficient. The new frame design makes using the kinetic energy of the wind to increase the positive torque of our model and tested it practically in wind tunnel as well as tested by solid works software. This model shows batter performance in terms of high drag coefficient and increase torque per frame in the direction of wind.

The paper reflects, machine designed and developed by authors that suit medium sized farmer and farm industrialist holding only few acres of land. It has been designed and developed by CMERI, Durgapur, India, in collaboration with NIF(National Innovation Foundation, Ahmedabad, India). A number of crops i.e., wheat, and pulse like soybean, gram have been successfully reaped(harvested), and, concurrently the m/c is ready to undergo reliability&feasibility trial/inspection/check, desired for an Agri Machinery. It will be indigenously get checked for Nation wide R&D standard. The system is designed by inculcating years of expertise in this stream. There is a keen observation by designer to simplify assembling/disassembly and maintenance/ operations/ of picker reel, cutter link & blade, roll & push type auger and simplest possible bevel PTO. This prototype is a foolproof machine, designed with consideration of global knowhow of scientific mechanisms of this stream. The basic research work has been done thoroughly by selecting adequate technology and scientific calculations in all the assemblies and critical parts e.g. pivots, mounting bearing are analyzed through readymade CAD software as very firmness and strength is desirable. Maximum spare parts have been preferred IS standard (ready stock found vigorously). Right from selecting end support bearing of reel-the foremost unit, Pitmanless tumble and knife link of cutter unit, dowel pin of cross auger(the screw to roll&push the cut crop), and bevel gear&pinion of PTO unit, Indian standards are followed thoroughly. At each and every point while design of various devices in this machine, care has been taken for economy, simplicity and life span into consideration (the value addition). As it is a vital need of the farmers and agriculturists (farm experts), one thing has been fully kept in mind that we should confirm to reliability by judging robustness/longevity of various units, its ease and simplicity while operation and maintenance. Finally, this device could be easily fabricated by a small enterprise, as scientific knowhow is available with the authors. It has been predicted to save final labour, being minimized in the field. Maximum spares parts(more than 70%) can be found as ready stock in the market for running a medium or small scale enterprise.

In present research, acoustic signals from gearbox of Massey Ferguson 285 are used for fault diagnosis of gears. Worn tooth face gear and broken tooth gear are studied as two common faults in gear-sets. Signal processing on acquired acoustic signals are done using wavelet transform. Decomposition is made using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in four levels and using Db4 mother wavelet. Desired information from DWT decomposition is provided by applying some functions on DWT outputs. The investigated data set is fed into feed forward back-propagation neural network to classify the gears status. Two layer networks are trained and tested with separate data sets and using variable hidden layer neurons count. Results show that 100% performance is gained by a network with two neurons in hidden layer.

The manufacturing industries is becoming more competitive in recent decade, thus more concern about their operations and management, which makes industries interested in developing modern management system in order to stay competitive in managing their business operations. The present paper discusses the real time implementation of maintenance management discipline for the better performance and availability of the equipment. A particular section is selected, and analysis of OEE and maintenance discipline has shown a remarkable achievement. Six month continuous monitoring of plant by scholar has suggested implementing a maintenance management discipline for continuous performance improvement and maximum availability of equipments.

This present paper explores the way in which the cellular manufacturing can help a selected manufacturing company for a selected Machining Center, a highly flexible shop with many different customers choice and products, achieve improved performance and customer satisfaction. The environment in which the product of selected company operates today is very different from the one in which it has historically succeeded. The decline in heavy commercial vehicle spending has increased the importance of cost or affordability in a decision process which previously emphasized the incorporation of state-of-the-art technology into new products in the heavy auto industry. In addition, the heavy vehicle industry consolidation is producing fewer companies competing fiercely for a piece of a decreasing pie. Therefore, Product of demand from master companies’ success depends on its ability to exceed customers’ expectations through superior performance, by delivering high quality products in a timely manner, with shorter lead-times and lower costs.

The actual move bottom associated with rotor techniques, corresponding because helicopters, wind generators as well as propellers, includes a vortex multiply which is created by the pickup disbursement down the blades. Due to the co-action involving the vortex variables a new roll-up system adapts throughout instantly following vortex multiply is actually created, which often builds up corporation tip in addition to main vortices within the adjoining near-wake bottom your rotor. The actual roll-up system is actually centrally manipulated by the co-action legislations associated with Biot Savrt. In exceptional situations, your tip/root vortex system is actually alterable, in addition to oncoming in order to different lack of stability approaches the item by the way crumbles decrease in addition to commences small-scale disturbance in addition to downstream. The actual wake up can certainly normally possibly be alienated directly into 2 asymmetric areas, close to wake up in addition to a lot wake up. Near-wake variables tend to be accompanied on the starting up on the vortex system the spot that the living on the rotor is actually detected expressively throughout the putting your unit together on the vortex system. The actual a lot wake up is often your downstream route the spot that the wake up design no longer depends on distinct rotor capabilities as well as the spot that the move offers discontinued decrease and is particularly manipulated through small-scale disturbance. The actual start skepticism, while, are actually the best way to examine your relationship concerning near-wake design in addition to far-wake conduct. The actual design on the wake up offers used approaches with the aerodynamic conduct associated with helicopters (Bolnot 2010) in addition to wind generators (Vermeer, Sorensen & Crespo 2008) as well as pertaining to deliver propellers (Breslin & Andersen 1996).

The gas solid hydrodynamic studies of a Flat plate, Conical and partitioned concave distributor is reported. The study included hydrodynamic characteristics and moving pattern of particles in the bed. One of the objective of the present work is to investigate the influence of distributor types on the performance of fluidized bed reactors using group B particles as per Geldart D,.1972. Classification Gas - solid hydrodynamic characteristics viz ; Bubble diameter Froude no , Bubble rise velocity of partitioned concave distributor are compared with the conical and flat plate distributors commonly used. The bed void age is used as the parameter for indicating the fluidization quality in selecting the final configuration of the distributor. The bed void age arrived for partitioned concave distributor are compared with the conical and flat plate distributors and results presented.

Titanium workpiece has been machined by Electrochemical Machining in 5.0 M NaCl electrolyte. Dependence of material removal rate on current densities has been determined and compared with theoretical values. It is interesting to note that the dissolution valence decreases with increase in current density. The electrochemical reactions occurring at cathode & anode have also studied .The Electrochemical machining parameters are optimized for maximum material removal rate and better surface finish.

This paper describes the study of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of as-cast and heat treated aluminium 7075 alloys. These alloys were subjected to different aging durations. The stir casting technique is used to prepare the specimens. These specimens were machined in accordance with ASTM standards followed by heat treatment process. All the specimens were aged to different periods of 1hr, 3hr, 5hr at an aging temperature of 175 oC. Coefficient of thermal expansion tests were performed in both as-cast and heat treated conditions. In each case the coefficient of thermal expansion values were found to increase with increase in aging durations. Solution heat treatment at 530 oC followed by artificial aging at 175 oC found to increase in dimension change of every specimen tested. The coefficient of thermal expansion curves exhibited some residual strains, which were decreased with the increase in aging durations.

This analysis investigated with the boundary layer flow and heat transfer aspects of a micropoloar nanofluid over a porous shrinking sheet with thermal radiation. The boundary layer equations governed by the partial differential equations are transformed in to a set of ordinary differential equations with the help of suitable local similarity transformations. The coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations are solved by the implicit finite difference method along with the Thamous algorithm. Dual solutions of dimensionless velocity, angular velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are analyzed by the effect of various controlling flow parameters viz., Lewis number Le, thermophoresis Nt, Brownian motion parameter Nb, Radiation parameter R, Prandtl number Pr, material parameter K, mass suction parameter S, magnetic parameter M. Physical quantities such as skin frication coefficient, local heat, local mass fluxes are also computed and are shown in a table.

In the present study numerical analysis of enhancement in heat transfer characteristics in a double pipe heat exchanger is studied using a holed twisted tape. The twisted tape with a constant twist ratio is inserted in a double pipe heat exchanger. Holes of diameter 1mm, 3 mm and 5 mm were drilled at regular pitch throughout the length of the tape. Numerical modeling of a double pipe heat exchanger with the holed twisted tape was constructed considering hot fluid flowing in the inner pipe and cold fluid through the annulus. Simulation was done for varied mass flow rates of hot fluid in the turbulent condition keeping the mass flow rate of cold fluid being constant. Thermal properties like Outlet temperatures, Nusselt number overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer rate and pressure drop were determined for all the cases. Results indicated that normal twisted tape without holes performed better than the bare tube. In the tested range of mass flow rates the average Nusselt number and heat transfer rate were increased by 85% and 34% respectively. Performance of Twisted tape with holes was slightly reduced than the normal twisted tape and it deteriorated further for higher values hole diameter. Pressure drop was found to be higher for the holed twisted tape than the normal tape.

Nowadays, biodiesel is considered the most promising alternative fuel by the researchers due to its comparable properties with diesel fuel and also other socio-economic and environmental benefits .The investigation was conducted on a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine fuelled with pure diesel, B10% (5% Methanol+ 5% Rice bran oil + 90% Diesel), 20% (5% Methanol+15% Rice bran oil +80% Diesel) and 30% (5% Methanol+25% Rice bran oil+ 70% Diesel) at different loads, at different compression ratios and at different injection pressures. The water heat loss, exhaust heat loss and unaccounted heat loss decreased with the increase of biodiesel percentage in the blends. The heat balance was in respect of useful work (HBP), heat lost through cylinder jacket water (HJW), heat lost through exhaust gasses (HGas), heat carried away by the lubricating oil and other losses (Hrad). This research work provides an in-depth analysis of the engine heat losses in different subsystems of the engine. Finally, heat energy balancing of the engine has been done by showing all energy flows in and out of the engine.

The present work deals with experimental studies on heat transfer and flow characteristic for buoyancy induced flow through inclined tubes. The parameters varied during the experimentation are; tube inclination and heat supply. It was found that mass flow rate and heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in heat flux supplied. The flow rate decreases for increase in tube inclination.

Glass fiber reinforced polymer composites are finding its increased applications in variety of engineering applications such as aerospace, automobile, electronics and other industries. The main objective of this study is to optimize the process parameters with multiple machinability characteristics. The performance characteristics considered were surface roughness (Ra), Cutting force (Fz) and cutting power (P). Optimal combination of process parameters can then be determined by Taguchi method using the grey relational grade as performance index. The process parameters considered were cutting speed, feed, depth of cut and fiber orientation angle (work piece). Experiments are planned according to Taguchi’s L25 orthogonal array in the design of experiments and were carried out on an all geared lathe using carbide (K20) cutting tool insert. The experimental results reveal that the feed is the most significant process parameter on the multiple machinability characteristics, this proposed method can be effectively used to improve the machining characteristics of GFRP composites.

In the present day scenario of manufacturing industry, quality and productivity play a significant role. Surface roughness and material removal rate are indicators of quality and productivity as also interface temperature and flank wear are the indicators of tool life. Hence surface roughness, material removal rate, interface temperature and flank wear are considered as response characteristics. This article focuses on an approach based on Grey relational analysis and Desirability function analysis for optimizing the process parameters during turning of AISI D3 steel with CVD coated tool with multiple performance characteristics. Experimentation were carried out on a Conventional lathe using L9 orthogonal array based on Taguchi design of experiments. The influence of spindle speed, feed and depth of cut were analyzed on the performance of surface roughness, material removal rate, interface temperature and flank wear .The optimal turning parameters are determined by composite desirability index and grey relational grade. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) is used to determine the influence of parameters which significantly affect the responses simultaneously. From the study, it is concluded that machining performance is significantly improved.

The thermal power plants are used to generate power. The thermal power plants are designed based on required conditions, but actually inlet conditions are not as per the designed conditions. Variations in the power outputs from power plant are always a matter of disputes. So correction curves for power and heat rate are generated. In this paper, the thermodynamic analysis of 120MW thermal power plant has been done at a different inlet pressure (123.14 bar) and at different inlet temperatures (507.78°C, 517.78°C, 527.78°C, 537.78°C, 547.78°C, 557.78°C, 567.78°C). The correction curves for power and heat rate have been generated for the combined effect of inlet pressure and different inlet temperatures. These curves indicate that if inlet conditions vary then power output and heat rate also vary.

Gender differences played an important role in theoretical mechanics to influence students’ learning interests, academic interests and achievements. In order to improve teaching quality and assist students’ learning, we used SPSS to analyze the data of theoretical mechanics test, gained a comprehensive understanding of gender differences on the theoretical mechanics teaching. The findings of the study indicated that the gap of gender difference exists in theoretical mechanics learning. The test showed female students get higher points in theoretical mechanics test. The result of t-test for two groups of male and female students showed that they had significant difference in terms of mean scores obtained in choice questions, calculating questions, particle mechanics and rotating reference frame tests.

The Finite Elements Method (FEM) analysis is very helpful in solving a wide variety of engineering problems. An application of finite elements method ranges across many different fields of modern science and of the manufacturing industry. The various applications in aircraft, space, ship building, the electrical and computer industry as well as in the field of science such as material engineering, mechatronics, biochemistry and even medicine must be emphasized. FEA of simulation gives better, more accurate and wider results than experimental methods. One of the examples of FEA application is strain analysis of joints and assembly structures of vehicles of machineries. It allows the kind of stresses occurring in the vehicles and the location their occurrence to be determined. In this study, a methodology of sequentially simulating each step in the manufacturing process of an assembly is proposed. Each step of the proposed methodology is described, and a validation of the prediction capabilities is performed by making a comparison with a physically manufactured assembly. The work presented here demonstrates that by using virtual prototyping it is possible to predict the final shape of an assembled structure. The trial and error development process may be shortened by replacing most of the physical try out with finite element simulation of the manufacturing process. The automotive industry is constantly looking at ways and means of reducing costs and staying profitable while delivering on time. The common denominator in all these challenges is design. Companies investing in developing indigenous design and manufacturing technologies emerge successful in the world market and are able to sustain and innovate at a faster pace than the rest of the competition. This is possible on account of the following capabilities such as delivering products faster with up-front engineering design validation as a part of the product development process while compressing the cycle time, lean design by incorporating value engineering as a part of the design process ensuring evaluation of least cost alternatives before even the first prototype is developed and increasing reliability by design – an initiative that will eliminate hidden costs associated with product recall, re-design and/ or replacement of parts. Increasing functional complexity, predatory pricing, compulsive cost reduction commitments, aggressive deadlines, field failures, warranty costs and product recalls are all too familiar situations in the automotive sector. This leads to greater innovation, process automation, shorter development cycles, design for durability, reduced physical prototypes, improved quality and innovation.

Friction-stir welding has received a huge interest in the last few years. The many advantages of this promising process have led researchers to present different theoretical and experimental explanation of the process. The way to quantitatively and qualitatively control the different parameters of the friction-stir welding process has not been paved. In this study, a refined energy based model that estimates the energy generated due to friction and plastic deformation is presented. The effect of the plastic deformation at low energy levels is significant and hence a scale factor is introduced to control its effect. The predicted heat energy and the obtained maximum temperature using the present model are compared to the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature and a good agreement is obtained. 

In this project we will using three type of tools ,straight cylindrical , taper cylindrical and triangular tool all made of High speed steel (Wc-Co) for the friction stir welding (FSW) aluminum alloy H20 –H20 and test the mechanical properties of the welded joint by tensile test and vicker hardness test. Finally we will compare mentioned mechanical properties and make conclusion. The result will help welding parameter optimization in different type of friction stir process. Like rotational speed ,depth of welding ,travel speed ,type of material ,type of joint, work piece dimension ,joint dimension ,tool material and tool geometry .previous investigations in different types of materials work pieces ,joint type, machining parameter and preheating temperature take placed. in this investigation 3 mentioned tool types that are popular in FSW tested and the results will complete other aspects of the process .hope this paper open a new horizon in experimental investigation of mechanical properties of friction stir welded joint with other different type of tools like oval shape probe, paddle shape probe ,three flat sided probe, and three sided re-entrant probe also other materials and alloys like titanium or steel in near future.

This paper describes an approach for formulation of approximate, generalized field data based mathematical model (FDBM) for the process of PVC pipe manufacturing at some industries. The present work is aimed at establishing mathematical relationship between the responses and inputs at the operation of PVC pipe manufacturing process using single screw extruder. For this purpose various small scale PVC pipes manufacturing industries are visited. The operation of PVC pipe extrusion is studied. The study is focused on an extrusion line starting from its electric motor, extruder hopper, barrel, extruder screw up to the extruder die. First of all the various dependent variables in form of responses and the independent variables in the form of inputs are decided. The categorization of these variables are made in terms of pi terms viz. ?1 ?2 ?3 as independent and ?D1, ?D2, ?D3, ?D4 as dependent variables. Then the field observations are taken and accordingly data collection process is completed. After this step, an approximate, generalized field data based mathematical models are developed. This work presents an approach to check the reliability of models, which is executed by comparing error frequency graphs of various mathematical models formed. After that the influence of the various independent pi terms in the models are studied by analyzing the indices of the various pi terms. Through the technique of sensitivity analysis, the change in the value of a dependent pi term caused due to an introduced change in the value of independent individual pi term is evaluated. The ultimate objective of this work is not merely developing the mathematical models but to find out the best set of independent variables, which will result in maximization or minimization of the objective functions. This is achieved by applying the technique of optimization. Thus the objects of these models are tested to optimize the inputs required for satisfying the various responses. The comparative analysis is made of the outputs of the network with observed data and the data calculated from the mathematical models. This modeling and simulation approach enables entrepreneur of small scale PVC pipes manufacturing industries to get system wide view obtained by deliberately making local changes in their manufacturing system. They can predict its impact on performance of their machines. With the help of the models, one can find a method to improve the productivity of the industry. The results obtained from experiments are also analyzed by the development of different polynomial mathematical models and its related graphs. Recommendations with respect to improvement in the current operation are suggested and future changes are proposed.

As an engineer we need to solve the problems facing the present society. One among them is pollution it is very serious problem. One of the major cause for the pollution releasing of methane gas to the environment from the vehicle. To reduce this folding electrical cycle is a small effort which helps to reduce the pollution and provide more comforts to the rider. In this cycle we are arranging lithium battery to reduce the mechanical work done by the rider & folding experiences the rider more reliable,comfortable & portable to the rider

In this paper, the laser beam welding is studied and Aluminium temperature field is gained in this process. The thermal effect of laser beam that specially depends on the laser type and temperature field of it in workpiece, is the main key of analysis and optimization of this process, from which the main goal of this paper has been defined. Utilizing laser as a method to join plastic components is growing in popularity. There are two laser welding mechanisms, keyhole mode and conduction mode. Keyhole welding is widely used because it produces welds with high aspect ratios and narrow heat affected zones. However keyhole welding can be unstable, as the keyhole oscillates and closes intermittently. This intermittent closure causes porosity due to gas entrapment. Conduction welding, on the other hand, is more stable since vaporisation is minimal and hence there is no further absorption below the surface of the material. Conduction welds are usually produced using low-power focused laser beams. This results in shallow welds with a low aspect ratio. In this work, high-power CO2 and YAG lasers have been used to produce laser conduction welds on 2mm and 3mm gauge AA5083 respectively by means of defocused beams. Full penetration butt-welds of and 3mm gauge AA508 using this process have been produced. It has been observed that in this regime the penetration depth increases initially up to a maximum and then decreases with increasing spot size.

Explosion welding (EXW) is a solid state (solid-phase) process where welding is accomplished by accelerating one of the components at extremely high velocity through the use of chemical explosives. This process is most commonly utilized to clad carbon steel plate with a thin layer of corrosion resistant material (stainless steel, nickel alloy, titanium, or zirconium). Due to the nature of this process, producible geometries are very limited. They must be simple. Typical geometries produced include plates, tubing and tube sheets. Explosion welding or bonding is a solid-state welding process that is used for the metallurgical joining of dissimilar metals. The process uses the forces of controlled detonations to accelerate one metal plate into another creating an atomic bond. Explosion bonding can introduce thin, diffusion inhibiting interlayer such as tantalum and titanium, which allow conventional weld-up installation. In addition, explosive welding is considered a cold-welding process, which allows metals to be joined without losing their pre-bonded properties.

This paper reviews the current situation with regard to generation of low grade fuels and their prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, the technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from low grade fuels; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution. The calorific value of such fuels varies between 550kcal/kg-1050 kcal/kg as compared to developed countries ie1550kcal/kg to 2050kcal/kg. The combination of various low grade fuels were prepared and tested, experimental analysis amply high light the usage of these fuels as a replacement of coal. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of using low grade fuel i.e. too Agriwaste harvesting, collection, transport,economic processing and utilization of low grade fuel can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, this paper highlights the value of low grade fuels as a prospective source of electric power and thus serving the remote areas in the form of stand- alone units giving a boost to decentralized power supply. This approach and option seems to be possible in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy.

A non-linear cumulative fatigue model was developed for estimating the fatigue life of high strength aluminum alloy 7049 in high cycle fatigue (HCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) regimes with different laser surface coatings. These coatings are water laser peening and the black paint laser peening (bPLP). The results of the application the new non-liner model to the experimental data that the proposed model is quite applicable for interaction cumulative fatigue with laser coating. The paper also indicated that the fatigue limit increased by 2.59 due to bpLp while it reduced by 2.3 due to WLP.The new non linear model showed satisfactory prediction for bpLp cumulative fatigue loading.

In the work present, describes an attempt has been made to study the effect of temperature on plain fatigue behavior of polyester reinforced with woven of fiber glass manufactured as a laminate [0/90]3.Fatigue tests were carried out at constant and variable temperature environment. All fatigue tests were employed at stress ratio R=-1 and under constant fiber volume fraction (VF) of 33%. The results indicated that the tensile and the fatigue strength decreased with increasing temperature up to at 60 ⁰C. The fatigue strength reduction factor (FLRF) at 60 ^oC was (46%) compared to (RT) environment. A nonlinear fatigue damage model was proposed taking into account the effect of temperature sequence and fatigue loading. This model was calibrated against experimental data under different thermal conditions. The final conclusion which derived from this work was the verification of the model results with the experimental ones.

This paper presents the failure analysis of the turbine blade of a gas turbine engine 9E GE type, installed in a certain type of simple systems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power generator. A non-linear finite element method was utilised to determine the stress state of the blade segment under operating conditions. High stress zones were found at the region of the lower fir-tree slot, where the failure occurred. A computation was also performed with excessive rotational speed. Attention of this study is devoted to the mechanisms of damage of the turbine blade and also the critical high stress areas.

Steel tie rods are being used in load carrying components such as steering systems, suspension bridges, spokes of automotive vehicles, etc.. In steel tie rods, the bearing capacity is determined by steel tie rod body strength and also the strength of the threaded connection, which can resist force. The past literature reviewed that work has been done related to triangular and trapezoidal threads and also studied failure analysis of threads. In this paper focus to analyze the failures of different threaded shapes like acme, buttress and modified square. The material has taken for this project is mild steel is2062. The tensile rupture experiments were done to test maximum allowable axial working loads for different numbers of turns of engaged threads. By carrying out these experiments, Found that Maximum and Minimum Displacement at Ultimate Load in Tensile Test. For validating the design, the models were drawn in Catia V5 and analysis was carried using ANSYS 14.0 to find out the axial displacement, von misses stresses, and sliding distance. After careful analysis, concluded that the minimum number of turns of thread engagement to avoid the breakdown of thread connection in the tie rod.

In this paper, the composite laminates were fabricated to different weight percentage of uni-directional and stitched cross mat E-glass fibers, glass and Kevlar fiber reinforced with epoxy resins and hardener. For laminates fabrication epoxy matrix is maintained is constant weight percentage (60%) and glass fibers with different stacking sequences is added with various weight percentage. Mechanical behaviour of composites such as tensile property, flexural property & impact resistance are study in this investigation. The various geometry of E-Glass/Kevlar fiber reinforced laminates manufactured by hand lay-up method and followed by compression moulding technique. Where epoxy is constant (60%) and change the fiber percentage, specimens prepared with difference stacking sequences material are tested. The results show tensile strength and impact resistance are high to the stitched cross glass(SCM) fiber mat(40% ) .The flexural strength and natural frequency is high in order to Chopped strand (CSM) mat(10%)/Kevlar(K) fiber(30%), CSM(30%)/K(10%).

There are various types of tests which are to be carried out in wooden furniture such as Chemical Testing, Furniture Flammability testing, Furniture testing for durability and Performance, Furniture Safety Testing, CARB Certification, Children’s Furniture Testing, Furniture Inspection Services, Mattress Testing. Considering the safety aspects of the furniture which is being used from child to the senior citizens it is essential to have reliable and dependable tests to be carried out on the wooden furniture. This paper is aimed at defining the various tests to be carried out in wooden furniture.