Mechanical Engineering

The Present research has focused on mechanical behaviour of aluminium oxide reinforced aluminium metal matrix composites. Aluminium metal matrix composites are fabricated using stir casting process by varying the reinforcement percentage volumes between 0 and 10, with 30 ?m particles size. To study the mechanical behaviour through the effect of weight percentage of aluminium oxide, the fabricated specimens are tested for the mechanical and physical properties such as tensile strength, hardness and density and these values are compared with theoretical values which are obtained through the rule of mixtures. The mechanical properties of the composites are found to be greatly influenced with increasing the percentage volume of the reinforcement. Also it was observed that the experimental values of mechanical behaviour of AMMCs are nearer to the theoretical values.

The torque of the continuously variable transmission system with friction drive mechanism is transmitted by contacting roller with input and output disks. For the higher transmitted torque, it is necessary to apply large load in order to get higher friction force, which in turn generates severe high stress on the contact surfaces of roller and disks. The ‘Toroidal’ type CVT system has simple component arrays that have three contact points between roller and each input or output disk to get the torque transmitted. This work documents a successfully developed experimental model of a ‘Toroidal’ continuously variable transmission (CVT) by adjusting its geometrical configuration of CVT design and compared the experimental results of speed, torque and power delivered at the output disc with those obtained by a theoretical.

In the present work experimental setup is planned, designed and fabricated for the study on jet impingement heat transfer on flat and curved surfaces of radius of curvature 0.5, 0.725, 1.3. Experiment was conducted for the varying Reynolds number of 3500, 5500 and 9000. The heat transfer characteristics of a slot jet obtained from nozzle designed is impinged on concave and flat surfaces with constant heat flux have been analyzed experimentally. The effects of surface curvature R/L, the dimensionless nozzle to surface distance and Reynolds number on average Nusselt number of plate is obtained. It is found that Reynolds number has greater influence on heat transfer from the plates as the H/W ratio varies. The findings of the present study can be utilized to investigate the curvature of the blade for which heat transfer is more and to optimize the cooling rates in the surfaces for the better design of the gas turbine blades.

The rapid growth in the energy consumption at individual level has given rise to a dramatic increase in both air and water pollution problems. The automobile is probably the most notorious source of atmospheric air pollution on a total mass basis. Under the Indian Conditions two and four wheelers have become the most popular mode of transport. In the present work catalytic converter was chosen for SI engine emission control, to reduce CO, HC and NOx emission. A catalytic converter has to be designed and introduced in the exhaust line of the SI engine. In the present work Maruthi omni engine is chosen for emission control study using an electrically heated catalytic converter. The objective of the electrically heated catalytic converter is to reduce the cold start emission of CO, HC and NOx in the exhaust gas of the engine. The catalytic converter is made of stainless steel plate. The plate is coated with copper, Nickel and Chromium catalytic materials. These emission levels will be measured using the AVL exhaust gas analyzer and the results will be analyzed.

Laser machining operation is a thermal, separation process, well suitable for several engineering industrial applications. High cutting speed, superior cut quality and low machining costs made laser cutting to become competitive to existing methods of contour cutting. Austenitic stainless steel is a significant engineering metal and it is complex to cut by oxy–fuel formed oxides and high melting point. So, austenitic stainless steel is mostly appropriate to be cut by laser. The cutting process parameters are highly affects the laser cut quality. In this research 1.9 mm austenitic stainless steel is cut with co2 laser. Laser power, cutting speed, gas pressure and focal distance are to be varied. The goal of this research is to narrate these conditions to formations of burr and surface roughness of cut edge. These relationships are engendered and approved with a mathematical model, which is used to forecast and reduce burr height and minimizing the cut edge surface roughness.

Thermal performance of shell-and-heat-pipe heat exchanger (S-HPHE) and shell-and baffled heat-pipe heat exchanger (S-BHPHE) have been experimentally investigated. Methanol (CH3OH) has been used as working fluid of heat pipe. The mass flow rate of water on the shell side was varied from 30 lph to 60 lph, while on the condenser side it has been varied from 10 lph to 60 lph for all mass flow rate of hot water on the shell side of the heat pipe heat exchanger with baffles and without baffles. Heat input to the heat exchanger has been varied by varying the power input in the range of 1kW to 4kW. The results showed that, based on the shell-side flow rate and temperature of hot water, the effectiveness of heat-pipe heat exchanger with rectangular baffles is higher than that of the heat exchanger without baffles. The performance of heat-pipe heat exchanger with rectangular baffles with 1:1 ratio of mass flow rate of hot and cold water has shown minimum effectiveness. The shell and baffled heat-pipe heat exchanger (S-BHPHE) with 1:0.5 ratio of mass flow of hot and cold water shows the best performance.

In this work the combined effect of injector orientation and nozzle hole geometry on performance, emissions and combustion were analyzed. Experiments were carried out on a single cylinder DI diesel engine for different orientation of injector located nearer to intake and exhaust valve in the combustion chamber. Effects of increase in injector opening pressure and injection timing advance were also analyzed. Experiments were carried out by plugging one of the two injector mounting holes. It was observed that for the injector located nearer to the exhaust valve, the combination of static injection timing 26o BTDC and injector opening pressure of 230 bar was found effective in reducing NOx levels with no significant drop in performance. Advancing the injection timing to 29° BTDC with 230 bar injector opening pressure resulted in marginal increase in performance and reduction in Smoke levels by 0.4 Bosch Smoke Unit Number (BSN). NOx emissions were slightly higher than that of baseline. Drop in brake thermal efficiency and increase in smoke emission levels observed for the injector located nearer to intake valve. Performance and smoke levels are inferior to that of conventional baseline reading even after the injection timing advance. Increase of smoke by 1.6 Bosch Smoke Number (BSN) is observed at full load for the injection timing of 29° BTDC. Significant increase in Hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide emissions were also observed. In general it is observed that the injector location nearer to the exhaust valve has a very good potential for reducing Oxides of Nitrogen emissions without affecting the performance.

In recent days most of the automotive parts are manufactured with different materials which will increase the weight of the vehicle and the materials also cannot be recycled. But with the European union and Asian countries stringent norms on automotive end life i.e the parts should be recycled. This made the researchers to use natural fibers in composite materials. With their low cost, low density, stiffness, high specific strength and biodegradable characteristics, they are considered as perfect replacement for conventional fibers. This has resulted in creation of more awareness about the use of natural fibers based materials mainly composites. The properties of the composites mainly depend on the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and the fibers. The present study aims at the mechanical properties namely tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of the composites. In the present work the composite is produced with good compressive strength (Egg shell) and tensile strength (coconut coir) materials and is further tested for various mechanical properties. The results indicated that these composites are very good for automotive applications.

Machining is the most important of the manufacturing processes which involves the process of removing material from a workpiece in the form of chips. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required. Being such an important process in manufacturing industry, a machining process is considered for investigation in the present work. This paper presents the experimental investigations on the effects of cutting variables like Spindle speed, Feed and Depth of cut on the Material removal rate and tool wear. The experiments were conducted on AISI SI steel grade on a CNC turning machine using ceramic insert. The experiments were conducted as per the design of experiments. Initial trial experiments were conducted to fix the ranges for the control parameters. After conducting the experiments the MRR and Tool wear were measured and recorded. The effects were studied after plotting the graphs between the Input process parameters versus the responses using Design expert software. The results obtained in this study can by further used for optimizing the process parameters there by the optimized results help the operator to enhance the quality as well as machining rate

The mechanical advantage of using composite is high strength to weight ratios which increases their capabilities for aerospace, structural and automobile applications. The epoxy-coated reinforcement (ECR) has gained mainstream acceptance to extend the useful life of highway structures. The volume fraction of reinforcement affects the overall strength a composite and the orientation of fibers in matrix plays a significant role in determining the debonding behavior. The present work focuses on the determination of compressive strength and debonding behavior of steel reinforced epoxy composite with different orientation angles of fibers. The results revealed that among different orientations of fibers, reinforcement at 0° angles shows maximum compressive strength and least debonding than 45° and 90° angle of reinforcement.

The need for eco friendly alternatives to conventional cutting fluids arises because usage of conventional cutting fluids poses threat to ecology and health of workers. The present work focuses on performance of nano solid lubricant suspensions in vegetable oils in turning of AISI1040 steel in minimum quantity lubrication(MQL). Soyabean, canola and coconut oils are taken as base lubricants with suspensions of 100nm sized boric acid particles. These particles are characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and particle size analyzer to confirm their purity and particle size. Variation of basic properties like thermal conductivity, specific heat and heat transfer coefficient are evaluated from empirical relations, to check the viability of nano lubricants in machining. Variation of cutting tool temperatures, average tool flank wear and surface roughness of the machined surface with cutting speed and feed are studied with the prepared nano lubricants. Results are encouraging and coconut oil seems to be more advantageous compared to other vegetable oils.

For some specific applications quality of the hole is much of the need and it is defined by its dimensional accuracy at entrance and exit of hole. Laser drilling is an advanced technology in drilling process, known for its accuracy, fastness and cleanliness in material removal to get the accurate hole diameters to the range of 5 microns. It gives the feasibility to drill the holes of very small aspect ratio. Nd: YAG Laser drilling process is an economical and easily regulated conventional drilling process compared to that of WEDM, punching, broaching and other prevalent destructive processes. This laser drilling technology is equipped with advanced features, provides ease of regulating the different input parameters. Some of the many input parameters that are involved in this operation are power, lamp current, pulse width, wavelength, pulse frequency etc., every input parameter has got its influence on output responses. With this consideration, experimentation is carried out selecting austenitic stainless steel known for its wide applications based on central composite design to examine the effect of laser input parameters particularly lamp current, pulse frequency, gas pressure and pulse width, on the quality of drilled holes. In total 31 experimental trials were conducted to get output responses. With response surface methodology (RSM) technique models were simulated for output responses and then compared with adequacy test. It is found that the response surface methodology predicted models are in close agreement with that of experimental values, further using evolutionary algorithms these models can be used for optimization of process parameters. Results are also useful to automate the laser drilling process.

This paper reports the results of the investigation carried out on a single cylinder DI diesel engine for the effects of fuel injection pressure (FIP) on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics. The experiments were conducted at constant speed (1500rpm) with four different FIPs Viz., 200, 400, 600 and 800 bar are used for the injection of fuel with a fixed start of fuel injection. With increased injection pressure the heat release rate increases and also the peak point is advanced in time. The results reveal that with increase in pressure at the full load condition the brake thermal efficiency increases by 11.8%, smoke density reduces from 86HSU to 70HSU. The HC emissions are reduced from 100 ppm to 50 ppm while the oxides of nitrogen emission increase from 960 ppm to 1160 ppm. The Carbon Monoxide emissions are reduced from 0.21 % by volume to 0.16 while the Carbon-di-Oxide reduced by 5.26 %. The brake thermal efficiency is increased by 12% with apparent reduction in smoke reduction by 18%. The cylinder pressure increases from 64 to 80 bar while Heat release rate increases from 112 to 148 kJ/m3 deg. This investigation establishes that switching to higher injection pressure improves fuel economy of diesel engines.

Geothermal heat pumps (GSHPs), or direct expansion (DX) ground source heat pumps, are a highly efficient renewable energy technology, which uses the earth, groundwater or surface water as a heat source when operating in heating mode or as a heat sink when operating in a cooling mode. It is receiving increasing interest because of its potential to reduce primary energy consumption and thus reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs). The main concept of this technology is that it utilises the lower temperature of the ground (approximately <32°C), which remains relatively stable throughout the year, to provide space heating, cooling and domestic hot water inside the building area. The main goal of this study is to stimulate the uptake of the GSHPs. Recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings has emphasised the utilisation of the ambient energy from ground source and other renewable energy sources. The purpose of this study, however, is to examine the means of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, identify GSHPs as an environmental friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using GSHPs applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling, and to present typical applications and recent advances of the DX GSHPs. The study highlighted the potential energy saving that could be achieved through the use of ground energy sources. It also focuses on the optimisation and improvement of the operation conditions of the heat cycle and performance of the DX GSHP. It is concluded that the direct expansion of the GSHP, combined with the ground heat exchanger in foundation piles and the seasonal thermal energy storage from solar thermal collectors, is extendable to more comprehensive applications.

This paper discusses the performance characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine using lean coconut biodiesel blended with diesel fuel. The experiments were carried out for the various biodiesel-diesel blends i.e., B5, B10, B15, and B20. Results were compared with the neat diesel. The blended biodiesel is being injected to cylinder and tested up to 20% blended biodiesel. The experiment ensures that up to 20% biodiesel blended with diesel can be used without any modification in the diesel engine and enhancement of combustion, FC, BSFC, efficiency and the overall performance of the engine.

A Multi Hole pressure Probes (MHP) with five holes and conically shaped was designed for Air craft data sensors for calibrating the total pressure, static pressure, flow angle and flow speed. The main principle of five-hole probe is based on the notion that Mach number, pressure and directionality of the incoming stream may correlated with the combination of pressure readings. The general aspects of the five-hole conical probe were studied by various research papers and concluded with the final design of conical probe with 600 included angles which is applicable Air craft data sensors and also for both subsonic and supersonic wind tunnel test sections. Numerical calibration using ANSYS FLUENT 14.0 is done.

This paper gives the brief out line about the worldwide production cottonseed & its oil, Cotton Seed Oil (CSO) properties, its comparison with diesel and Jatropha biodiesel. It investigates the performance of a diesel engine using diesel fuel and cottonseed oil (CSO) biodiesel in terms of brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency for conventional diesel, cottonseed oil, as well as for Jatropha oil. For this aim, A Single Cylinder, 4-stroke vertical, water-cooled, self-governed diesel engine developing 5 HP at 1500 rpm (Rope brake dynamometer with spring balances and loading screw. Brake drum diameter = 0.400 m.) engine is selected for the testing with diesel fuel and neat bio-diesel, which is cottonseed oil methyl ester, at full load conditions. The evaluation of theoretical data showed that the brake thermal efficiency and indicated thermal efficiency of CSO biodiesel was slightly higher than that of diesel fuel and Jatropha oil. This study reveals that the use of cottonseed oil biodiesel improves the performance parameters of CI engine compared to conventional diesel fuel.

This paper deals with the performance analysis and optimization of working parameters of a flat plate solar cavity collector. Cavity type configuration is an improved version of a flat plate collector. It is evident that every solar gadget need a little bit of improvement in order to perform well. Various experiments both theoretical and experimental are going on in various countries to achieve better performance of flat plate collector. Hence the better choice for the improvement of flat plate collector is the cavity collector. Usually the cavity type configuration is utilized for focusing, solar tower and Fresnel lens collectors. But it was experimented for the flat plate improvement and hence it is proved to be a one of the alternate solution for the flat plate collector. It also works more efficiently even at low radiation source for a certain period of time and at part cloudy days. Solar Cavity Collector (SCC) has been experimented with various working parameters like change of receiver material (Copper and Aluminum), various L/D ratio, change of inclination angle, change of mode of flow (parallel and serpentine), collector packed with pebble bed and metal chips to enhance the heat transfer phenomena in the collector, by increasing the number of cavities and Collector with end plates. End plates were welded at entry and exit of the receiver pipes to stagnate the water for a while inside the collector.

In the world, day to day increases consumption of energy with increase the production rate of automobile. With the current consumption rate if it has been quoted that there will be great shortage of petroleum products in upcoming decades. For this reason research is going on alternative fuels. It is better to develop the engine which can work on bio diesel and one can add methanol in the bio diesel and use the blends of that. For this purpose, it is necessary to check the performance characteristics of the blends with the conventional diesel fuels.In this investigation, rice bran methyl ester was used in four stroke, single cylinder variable compression ratio type diesel engine. Tests were carried out at different injection pressures with various blends of rice bran methyl ester. The results proved that the use of bio diesel (produced from rice bran oil) in compression ignition engine is a viable alternative to diesel.

In this work, an experimental study to obtain the fatigue endurance limit for an aluminum alloy7075-T651 were carried out at stress ratio R=-1 and rotary bending tests. The fatigue tests were performed at RT and 250 °C in order to establish the S–N curve equations. The fatigue endurance limits for the alloy at different temperature conditions were calculated at 107 cycles from the empirical S-N curve equations. It was found that the fatigue endurance limit decrease with increasing the temperature. Also The effect of shot peening on the rotating bending fatigue behavior of 7075-T651 was studied. The fatigue strength of specimens tested at250oC at 107cycles is reduced about 12%. The fatigue strength of specimens tested at250oC prior to (10 min.) SP at 107cycles is increased by 7.2%. The roughness of the samples increases after shot peening which leads to the deterioration of the fatigue strength, because the surface of the samples become prone to nucleation of cracks.

Gas carburizing is the most widely used surface hardening process for number of automobile and other heavy duty machinery components made up of ferrous material. Itis a complex process and many literatures shows that the defects are due to shape distortion and volume change. This work attempts to minimize the extent of those defects in gas carburized automobile parts through Taguchi’s DOE approach. The optimum combination of parameters which will alleviate the distortion problems are obtained through the response graph method. The results are compared with that obtained from S/N ratio method. The studies are validated through experiments. In addition the present study shows that the introduction of optimal conditions and elimination of straightening operation saves time and money.

Air conditioning system is essential for maintaining thermal comfort in indoor environments, especially for hot and humid climates. Today, air conditioning, comprising cooling and dehumidification, has become a necessity in commercial and residential buildings and many of the industrial processes. It accounts for a major share of the electric energy consumption. Therefore, there is tremendous potential to improve the overall efficiency of the air-conditioning systems in buildings to reduce the uses of energy. In this present research work, begins with a review of the type of losses especially conduction loss, recent novel devices that enhances the energy efficiency. Lastly, the research presents efficient cooling strategies and R-factor of building material with minimization of conduction losses that reduce the primary energy utilization for cooling.

In this study an exergy analysis of 75 MW gas turbine is carried out. Exergy analysis based on second law was applied to the gas cycle and individual components through an off design point modeling approach. The analysis shows that the highest exergy destruction occurs in the combustion chamber (CC), and the gas turbine is significantly affected by the ambient temperature; increase in temperature leads to decrease in GT power output. The compressor has the largest exergy efficiency of 99% as compared to the other components (combustion chamber – 76%, Turbine – 95%). The highest destruction in exergy was recorded in the combustion chamber. As a result of this destruction, 2.23kJ of energy is lost in every 1MW output of power produced by the plant.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are surrounded by the most common work-related problem in India. In an Indian manufacturing industry most of the work is still carried out manually hence issues of work related musculoskeletal disorders and injury in different sites of the body are prominent. Postural analysis using Rapid entire body assessment (REBA), Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) indicates that the workers are working above the secure limit. The presents study is focused on posture analysis of the workers working in small scale manufacturing industry. The study was conducted on 15 workers engaged in small scale manufacturing industry Wardha (Maharashtra, India). Video tape on different activities of the workers was done and then images were cropped from it for the analysis. This study presents assessment of work posture of worker engaged in different activities of small scale manufacturing industry. Posture analysis tools REBA and RULA method both software as well as worksheet were used. The results of REBA showed that some of the workers were under lower levels and majority at high risk levels. Further the results of RULA showed that majority of the workers were under high risk levels and required immediate change. It was concluded that; there is a lack of ergonomics social contact and understanding in small scale manufacturing industries (SSMIs). Postural analysis using REBA, RULA indicates that the workers are working above the secure limit. A major quantity of the workers is working in awkward postures. Thus the workers are under moderate to high risk of Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).

It has been found that the solar tree produces more energy than a conventional flat rooftop arrangement of solar PV system or modules. The solar energy converts the sunlight energy directly into electrical energy by making use of photo -voltaic or concentrated solar power. The energy demand is increasing with each period, as a result the grid electric supply unit prices are also increasing day by day. For example, with the supply of oil the quantity of oil is decreasing and the prices are increasing. Similarly in case of coal which is abundantly for the production of electricity is available for few more hundred years. So in order to fulfill the increasing demand of energy we must have some alternative sources of nonconventional sources of energy. The energy from the sun is the best alternative among all the renewable sources of energies. It is available free of cost, inexhaustible, non-polluting, eco-friendly and continuously. The main drawback of solar panels is the land requirement for the installation of solar panels. The developed solar artifact requires only 1% of the land compared to the flat rooftop to produce same amount of energy. A single converting cell or more generally known as a photo voltaic cell, but a combination of cells in series or parallel designed to increase the power output is called solar module or solar array. In this article the load capacity or energy requirement of a small house in India is estimated to 1.74kWhr/day [6]. All the calculations are done considering solar radiation data at Durgapur, West Bengal. As per experimentation it is found that tracking system can be easily employed in solar artifact, hence its performance will be better than flat solar PV system. The solar cells are mounted in a phyllotaxy pattern to avoid any obstruction from the others. Keywords: Solar artifact, phyllotaxy pattern, PV system, Solar module, manual tracking.

This paper presents an embedded modeling approach for estimating the crack size in a rotating beam by predicting the vibrations of the cracked beam. The model embeds a non-linear switching function into a finite element model of the beam to characterize the effect of crack breathing on the local stiffness of the beam. Solving the model enables the prediction of the vibrations of the cracked beam and the evaluation of the modal frequencies of the vibrating signal using Chirp-z transform. Inputs to the model include the vibrations of the un-cracked beam to calibrate the model at the beginning, i.e., no need for run-to-fail tests. The model is validated and refined utilizing experimental data.

The accusative of this field of study is to build up a more effective research to obtain and to understand the effects and the relation between/on the process parameters depth of cut, spindle speed and cutting feed rate on the surface roughness and to build a multiple regression model and predict the surface roughness values of machining parameters in the end-milling process. By the settling of experiments is to be designed and begin the enactment of surface quality and surface finish for the end-milling process have been performed. This set of experiments can provide brainstorm into the troubles of operating and controlling the finish of machined surfaces when the machining process parameters are aligned to obtain a certain surface finish. The set of experiments and the model, which includes the effect of depth of cut, spindle speed and cutting feed rate, and the interaction between any two-variable, which predict the surface roughness values with an accuracy of about 5.22 %.

In this paper analytically investigated the effects of water–Al2O3 nanofluid on the entropy generation through a coiled tube heat exchanger under uniform wall temperature condition in laminar regime. Nanofluid thermo-physical properties are obtained from literature or calculated from suitable correlations. It is found that adding nanoparticles improves the thermal performance of water-Al2O3 flow and with increasing volume constriction of nanoparticle, total entropy generation at fixed Reynolds number, decreases. By increasing , entropy generation decreases, also with increasing , total entropy generation increases.

It will impossible to attain competitiveness capability without using IT and communications; thus enterprises require redefining what they are as regards this technology and finding a new architecture for their own organization. The country's auto part manufacturing industry needs a model whereby various aspects of enterprise architecture are appropriately expanded and upon which suitable strategies for implementing an integrated system is created. This paper seeks to offer a reference model for preparing and formulating an appropriate enterprise architecture regarding the implementation of integrated systems in auto parts manufacturing firms. To design model, principles of Axiomatic designing and generalized enterprise reference architecture and methods are applied. With the identification of 120 pieces of requirements and conversion of them to business capabilities, the recommended reference model, based on a service-oriented architecture consists of 6 layers of architecture, 17 components and 71 business capabilities.

The increased demand for the development of certain materials to be used in aerospace, military and medical industries justifies the execution of an extensive investigation to enhance the properties of such materials, especially the shape memory alloys (SMAs). Copper based SMAs are constantly receiving wide attention due to their low cost and important applications. This work is an attempt to enhance the fatigue life of CuZnAl shape memory alloys. A powder metallurgy technique was adopted to prepare samples. Alloying elements such as vanadium, nickel and germanium were used to improve the mechanical properties. Porosity, SEM, EDS, microhardness, compression and fatigue tests were conducted. Alloying with (0.4%wt.V) results in a significant increase in ultimate compressive strength of (33.6 %) in comparison with the reference sample. The reference (control) sample in this work has a substantial increase in ultimate compressive strength (100%) in comparison with a previously reported value in the literature. A microhardness test supports the ultimate compressive strength result and yields an improvement of (39%). These improvements are reflected positively on the fatigue behavior. The endurance limit of alloyed sample was improved by a factor of (23.3 %) in comparison with the reference sample.

An electrochemical pulse technique have been used to make micro holes on conducting stainless steel substrate. The method is based on the application of ultra short nanosecond voltage pulses where electrochemical reactions are locally confined with sub micrometer precision. Due to gentle removal of the material the grain structure of the material is revealed without any chemical and mechanical modifications. Electrochemical micro machining is based on the finite charging time of the electrochemical double layer capacity on the electrode surfaces due to the finite electrolyte resistance. The machining precision depends upon the electrochemical reactions and related to the pulse length. The design and fabrication of a unique electrochemical machining production system capable of micro and nano scale drilling have been presented for conducting stainless surface. Benchmarking prototype tool against existing micro and nano fabrication tool have been designed. The optimization of the process parameters, electrolyte concentration and solution conductivity have been presented.

This is innovative idea to produce electricity. Now a day’s world mostly depends up on the electricity, why means all industry machinery are run by source of electricity. In summer time don’t get the wind and water energy properly. So this time electricity demand are occur .so this kind of problem 50% satisfied the project. This system produces two outputs give one input. The system consists two circuits are primary and secondary circuits. To give input energy to the primary circuits and produced mechanical energy. This Mechanical Energy applied to the secondary circuit. The secondary circuits produce the two output energy. The two output energy is work and electrical energy. Finally DC generator produce 2kw and also work are done. This project using small scale industry means get many profits.

The objective is to determine blend which gives less emission and good performance characteristics, comparing emissions and performance characteristics between blends and pure gasoline fuel at different speeds, different compression ratios and different loads and carry out the test on VCR engine at full throttle valve opening without modification and without knocking at, different gasoline-ethanol blends (E5,E10,E15) and pure gasoline, different compression ratios (8,9,10) and different speeds (1600,1700,1800 in rpm) where, performance characteristics are volumetric efficiency, brake power, brake thermal efficiency and emissions of CO, CO2, HC.

In this study, the entropy generation of a fully developed laminar flow in circular segment ducts with constant wall heat flux is investigated. Entropy generation is obtained for various segment angels (2?), various wall heat flux and various Reynolds number. It is concluded that segment angel and wall heat flux have considerable effect on entropy generation. For the increasing value of these parameters, both entropy generation and pumping power ratio are increased at fixed Reynolds number.

Field experiment conducted to measured Slippage, Effective field capacity, Field Efficiency, Soil Volume Disturbed and Specific Productivity Tillage in silt clay loam soil with depth 18 cm in Baghdad- Iraq. Split – split plot design under randomized complete block design with three replications using Least Significant Design 5 % was used. Three factor used in this experiment included Two types of plows included Chisel and Disk plows which represented main plot , Three Tires Inflation Pressure was second factor included 1.1 ,1.8 and 2.7 Bar, and Three forward speeds of the tillage was third factor included 2.35 , 4.25 and 6.50 km/hr. Result show chisel plow recorded best parameters performance.

This paper analytically examines the effects of adding nanoparticles on the exergy destruction of water– Al₂O₃ nanofluid flow through a circular duct under constant wall heat flux for thermally and hydrodynamic laminar regime. The single phase model is employed to simulate the nanofluid convection, taking into account appropriate thermophysical properties. Particles are assumed spherical with a diameter equal to 13 nm and are easily fluidized. In this approach, nanofluid can be treated as a pure fluid. Results show that with increasing the volume concentration of particles, the values of both of exergy transfer and heat transfer rate, decreases, especially for lower values of Reynolds number. These results indicate that along the duct at a fixed volume concentration, exergy destruction, decreases.

This paper describes the study of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of as-cast and heat treated aluminium 7075/ SiC composites. These composites were subjected to different aging durations. The stir casting technique is used to prepare the castings. Castings were machined in accordance with ASTM standards followed by heat treatment process. All the castings were aged to different periods of 1hr, 3hr, 5hr at an aging temperature of 175 oC. Coefficient of thermal expansion tests were performed in both as-cast and heat treated conditions. In each case the coefficient of thermal expansion values were found to increase with increase in aging durations. Solution heat treatment at 530 oC followed by artificial aging at 175 oC found to increase in dimension change of every specimen tested. The coefficient of thermal expansion curves exhibited some residual strains, which were decreased with the increase in aging durations.

Electric discharge machine (EDM) is a modern machining process with various advantages, as a result of which, its use is becoming more and more widespread.Thispaperconcernswith the influence of EDM input parameters (type of electrodes, peak current, pulse-on time and powder mixing concentration) on the induced surface residual stresses. The silicon carbide powder is mixed with the kerosene dielectric in powder mixing EDM (PMEDM) process. The experimental work was designed by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used and regression models were built to predict the surface residual stresses as a response of the process for AISI D2 die steel.Empirical equationswereobtained for predicting the performance of the process.Two type of electrodes were used, the copper and graphite electrodes.The results showed that the minimum tensile surface residual stresses obtained when using the copper electrodeswith pulse current (22 A) and pulse on duration (120 µs). It is concluded that the use of graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone induced minimum residual stresses with pulse current (22 A) and pulse on duration (40 µs) and with(120 µs) when using the kerosene dielectric with SiC powder mixing. The copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone induced residual stresses about (5%) lower than when using kerosene dielectric with 5g/l SiC powder and about (14%) lower than with graphite electrodes and (8%) when using the kerosene dielectric alone and with SiC powder, respectively.

Mechanical Properties such as tensile strength, yield strength Impact strength etc and microstructure of weldment of various steels are too much affected by the shielding gases. Shielding gases play an important role during the welding process.it cannot be over look. In this review paper an attempt has to be made to explain the effect of shielding gases on the mechanical properties and metallurgical properties of a weldment. The coarse-grained weld microstructure, higher heat-affected zone, and lower penetration together with higher reinforcement reduce the weld service life in continuous mode gas metal arc welding (GMAW). It is observed that weld bead geometry and penetration is too much affected by the use of shielding gas. This brief review illustrates the effect of shielding gases on weld quality

The effect of penstock diameter on shaft power was studied as part of an ongoing development of a simplified pico-hydropower system with water recycling. The speeds of the turbine and alternator shafts and volume of water displaced were measured for each penstock diameter and nozzle area ratio. The shaft power, flow rate and efficiency of the turbine were computed. The mean efficiencies were 0.776 and 0.510 for penstocks diameters 0.0762 and 0.0381 m respectively. Hence, larger penstock diameters with small nozzle area ratios favor optimal system operation. The results show that the system can potentially impact Nigeria’s energy mix positively

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of laser shock peening (LSP) on fatigue life of aluminum alloy (3003-H18) by using different (LSP), single spot, 2-spots with 50% overlap and 3-spots 100% full overlap on the surface to be treated. The effect of laser shock peening (LSP) on the fatigue life were investigated with constant amplitude stress at stress ratio R=-1 at room temperature. The results showed that the fatigue life increment over the life of samples without (LSP) in range (12%) for 1-spot LSP, (18%) for 2-spors LSP and (77%) for 3-spots LSP for aluminum alloy 3003-H18 at 100MPa amplitude stress. Also the results show that the highest fatigue strength was for samples with 3-spots LSP.

In the present work the effect of heat treatment on wear behavior of AISI310, AISI253ma and AISI410 Silicon steels are investigated. The chosen materials were heat treated at 8500C and kept at this temperature for a soaking period of 60 minutes, cooled by quenching in air until the room temperature is attained. As-cast materials were also taken for tests for comparison. The wear tests were carried out on above three materials with three parameters viz., velocity, load & time by keeping two of the parameters as constant and varying the other one in each test.

This work focused on the effect of groundnut paste fineness modulus on the quantity of oil extractable. Three samples of peeled roasted groundnut seeds A, B, and C weighing 14kg each were ground at different machine speeds of 310rpm, 250rpm, and 230rpm respectively. The energy expended in the extraction process using the IAR kneader was found to be 923J, 1043J, and 203J for samples A, B,and C respectively. Results revealed that the extraction efficiency increases as the value of fineness modulus decreases. The results also revealed that the energy requirement decreases as the fineness modulus value decreases.

Since ages, copper and its alloys have found extensive applications in manufacture of bushes and bearings, heat transfer conductors, high conductivity electrical contactors and so on. However, currently, in all these applications, there is a significant enhancement in the service loads, wear resistance, conductivity and thus forcing the material researchers to develop a newer class of copper based advanced materials. In this direction, researchers have focused their attention on improving the strength and the tribological properties copper. The present investigation aims to evaluate the effect of deformation and heat treatment on the sliding wear and friction behavior of copper using a pin-on-disc wear testing machine, giving emphasis on the parameters such as wear rate and coefficient of friction as a function of sliding distance (0– 2000 m) at constant applied Pressure of 0.2 MPa and at a fixed sliding speed of 3.35 m/s, characterizing the deformed and heat treated copper samples in terms of microstructure, micro hardness and wear surface analysis through scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that the highly deformed copper exhibited superior wear resistance properties than the as received copper, while the coefficient of friction followed an opposite trend. Moreover, the wear rate of the copper, heat treated at above recrystallisation temperature is noted to be invariant to the sliding distance and decreased with increasing degree of deformation. Microstructure of as received copper shows fairly uniaxial grains in the matrix where as highly deformed copper shows elongated grains in the structure. The wear mechanism of the investigated materials was studied through worn surfaces examination of the developed wear tracks.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of cutting angle for locally assembly motorized vibration cutter on some operational characteristic used for date palm frond cutting. An implement was fabricated to cut the fronds around the date palm tree trunk. Three cutting angles included 45,60 and 90° was used in this study .One frond cutting time, One palm frond cutting time, cutting level, noise level, vibration ,productivity and efficiency was measured in this experiment . Complete block design with three replications was used in this study. Least significant differences (L.S.D) under 0.05 level was used to compeer the mean of treatment.The results showed that 45° cutting angle gave a lower time in cutting one frond and one palm fronds stood 2.65 sec and 2.40 min respectively, also gave less differences in surface cutting level, level of noising and vibration stood 5.28 mm,79.37 db and 5.22 m.sec-2 respectively . Also it gave the same amount of productivity with 60° cutting angle stood 8.01 palm /h. 45° cutting angle gave a high efficiency it got 80.23%, using a manufacturing equipment for cutting date palm frond was successfully done.

A computational study on performance and emission characteristics of single cylinder, four stroke SI engine operating on ethanol-gasoline blends was carried out on AVL BOOST at different compression ratios. In this paper Vibe two zone model was selected for the study of combustion analysis and simulation were carried out for different blends of ethanol and gasoline i.e. from 0% to 30% of ethanol by volume with the increment of 10. The computational results show that gasoline fuel produces more power and torque than E10, E20 and E30. Whereas there is a considerable decrease in the emission of HC and CO but NOX increases with increase in ethanol content.

Epoxy/Unsaturated polyester (UP) blend is prepared with varying montmorillonite (MMT) clay (viz. 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% by weight) content. The chemical resistance of these nanocomposites to some acids, alkalis and solvents is studied. The hardness property of these nanocomposites is determined. The nanocomposites showed good resistance to acids and alkalis, but showed minimal resistance to solvents. The nanocomposite blend indicated better hardness at 3% clay when compared to other combinations considered in this study. The homogeneous morphologies of the UP toughened epoxy and epoxy/UP/clay nanocomposite systems are ascertained using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies. The above studies indicate that the Epoxy/UP/MMT clay nanocomposite can be used in applications like aerospace, automobiles and marine systems. The main objective of the study is to identify a low-cost, light-weight, eco-friendly and high-strength composite material that can be used for various engineering and commercial applications.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the optimum operating temperature of a compression ignition (CI) engine that will operate with the minimum level of exhaust emissions. The blends of jatropha with diesel in varying proportions (B10, B20 and B40) are prepared and are investigated in CI engine test rig. The result of engine emissions like CO2, CO, HC and NOx of pure diesel and biodiesel and their blends are shown by various graphical representations with respect to the engine coolant temperature at different engine loads. From the present study, it can be inferred that it is preferable to operate the engine at temperature 65?C-80?C.

For efficient heating with lesser fuel consumption and a quick way of heating, oxyfuel has been clearly shown to produce very low emissions of CO2 and NOX as compared to air-fuel for 15 years. Among oxyfuels, flameless oxyfuels can be even more economical and technically superior for higher production rates, excellent uniform heating and very low NOX emissions. In the present study, our casting centres have accommodated a number of reheating furnaces along with preheating stands working on flameless oxyfuel to 1 tonne capacity of smallest size ladles. Flameless oxyfuel has improved to a greater uniformity in heat distribution and decreased fuel consumption approximately by 30-65% compared to air-fuel mixture. It also falls to low NOX emission during high levels of ingress air, which is essential for economical use. In this work it lowered scaling losses, refractory wear during reheating and ladle preheating respectively by improving the steel quality to be produced during casting. It is also seen that for low calorific value (below 7-7.5 MJ/Nm3) gases such as top gas released from the furnace, use of oxyfuel combustion is an absolute requirement. With the advances in today’s technology, combining air-fuel and flameless oxyfuel can create semi-flameless combustion without replacing the air-fuel burners. The paper highlights the working of flameless oxyfuel and its application and also presents the results that have been achieved in controlling pollution and consumption.

Domain Moderator (DM13) was developed by Che Ghani Che Kob in year 2013 as a part of his Education Doctorate (EdD) research instrument to evaluate engineering students learning and lecturers teaching domains. Domain Moderator is an education instrument to measure the domains of Engineering Learning & Teaching Domains (ELTD). The ELTD model comes out to enhance the whole process of Education Measurement & Evaluation Methods. The data’s of pilot survey among 26 lecturers by using DM13 shown that among engineering lecturer are (61.5% ) at active domain,(38.5%) at reflective domain, (73.1%) at sensing domain, (26.9%) at intuitive domain, (92.3%) at visual domain, (7.7%) at verbal domain, (61.5%) at sequential, and (38.5%) at global domain. This data’s collection hopes can be use as a moderator among engineering lecturers to success in Outcome Based Education (OBE) at Polytechnics & College Community, KPM, MALAYSIA.