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The aim of this paper is to present a modern model for optimization of relative efficiency of congeneric units benefiting from Imperialist competitive algorithm. The Imperialist competitive algorithm, which is regarded as a method in the realm of evolutionary calculations, dealing with finding an optimized reply to various problems of optimization, presents a social-political algorithmic evolution process for solving mathematical problems of optimization through mathematical modeling. Through accompany of data envelopment analysis method with this algorithm, herein this paper, a model has been proposed for optimization of relative efficiency of congeneric units. Experimental results obtained from execution of the proposed algorithm reveal that the said model has succeeded and also showed that the proposed algorithm has most convergence speed, compared to primary Imperialist algorithm.

Despite all the "talk" of lean production, it is obvious that many manufacturers have yet to grasp the full benefits of this philosophy, the strong weapon what Japanese used it to overcome American (and the other strong economies) giant organizations. So many organizations like to know their organization how far from lean standard benchmark system, and fill these gaps. The main goal of this research that is a competitive benchmarking, is introduction a simple mathematical model to shows positions of an Iranian automaker relative to Toyota, and helps them to calculate the size of their gaps between them and lean benchmark (Toyota).

The higher the position of manager in management level, the more his complex decisions frequency and the broader the scope and intensity of positive or negative effects. Management laboratory is a tool for development of managers’ decision making skills in simulated or virtual space which allows provision of rapid, scientific and instructive feedback while allowing making different decisions without worry about its consequences. Use of this method in the well known faculties of management in the world (especially Harvard Commercial School) is expanding. The present research studies functions and patterns of management laboratory. In study of functions, effect of management laboratory shows reinforcement of public section in Johari window through education and feedback and self openness. In Webber Theory, manager’s power source reinforces three legal, reward and punishment and specialized sources of managers and provides tools for realizing meritocracy and manager election in ideal bureaucracy pattern. In patterns section, five patterns of physical simulation, virtual simulation, physical games, computer games and temporary organizational rotation have been studied and case study of three successful global experiences and two Iranians experiences has been done. All of these studies show increasing application of management laboratory in the world and necessity of performing more researches on its requirements and challenges.

In this paper, one of the artificial intelligence techniques called networks for prediction of reliability of the tire is neuro-fuzzy network. At first key indices which are effective on reliability of tire are identified and then some rules have been designed and applied for system training with use of experts’ views. ANFIS system implements Takagi –Sugno fuzzy system as a system and inference and deduction of the system are mixed and an efficient tool is provided for simulating a nonlinear mapping. In the performed simulations, some 4-input networks are different with membership functions and have been studied in different iterations for prediction and finally the model which had high predictability was selected as optimal model.

Biotechnology is one of the new and strategic technologies which have been regarded as a suitable and powerful tool for access to sustainable development. For this reason, some countries have made long-term investments and planning for utilization of its potential. In Iran, many efforts have been made to progress biotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnological projects have been transferred to the country. But requirement of a suitable technology transfer to the country is transfer of this technology based on a compiled and conscious plan. In this article, three objectives have been considered: The first objective is views of the experts about essential questions including barriers to technology transfer in pharmaceutical biotechnology, methods of technology transfer and the used models for transfer. The second objective is study of technology transfer process in projects transferred to the country. In this regard, different phases of technology transfer were specified and the specialists were asked to answer this question to specify weak and strong points in technology transfer. The third objective is study of factors effective on technology transfer in pharmaceutical biotechnology. In this regard, important elements in technology transfer process which can cause to progress this industry in the country were specified by coordination with specialists and experts and such indices were studied with use of DEMATEL technique to specify what elements are effective on technology transfer process and which elements are affected in technology transfer process which can play important role in decision of the authorities.

Although electronic commerce has a lot of advantages it suffers from technological and non-technological limitations as well which have hindered its growth and acceptation. The imagination of insecurity and the lack of internationally accepted standards for quality, security and reliability are among the most important technological and non-technological obstacles facing electronic commerce. The insecure imagination of this technology has led to carrying out financial transactions by customers using traditional methods. Now, the question is raised that how the security of electronic financial transactions can be guaranteed for customers? Secure electronic transaction (SET) is one of the most important security protocols and guarantees the security of transactions of any kind. The present article explains the use of this protocol and the method of applying it in Telemedicine. Also, advantages and disadvantages of using SET will be discussed.

One of the factors effective on success of the organizations is their human resources which has direct effect on productivity of the organizations. For this reason, performance of human resources is very important. In this paper, efficiency of personnel of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Sciences and Research Branch has been studied with approach of human resources. For efficiency analysis and ranking, two combined models of DEA and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were used. At first, analytical results of two models were compared with DEA and then two trained network models were compared with each others. Results of this research show that training method of the second model compared to the first model show potential of neural networks in identification of model, estimation of function, prediction allow to use it in order to assess the organizations with decision making branches, therefore, it can be presented as top model.

Mobile banking system plays a major role in mobile commerce. As wireless networks are existed, today new generation of electronic commerce applications are emerged and expanded, that are known as mobile commerce. In this field one of services that served in bank industry with cell phones is mobile banking. Although many studies have been conducted to assess users’ satisfaction with mobile applications, none has focused on ranking the effective alternatives. So the goal of this article is to extract the effective alternatives of user’s satisfaction and rank them with VIKOR. The research extract 42 alternatives based on Delone and McLean’s Revised Model and chooses 21 effective alternatives by expert’s ideas and then ranking them. VIKOR shows that data accuracy and security are ranked as first and second alternatives.

Today, one of the problems of managers is information security in the organizations and ways of struggling with those penetrating into the organization. Social engineering technique is one of the ways of access to organizational information through vulnerable behaviors of human beings. This article tries to determine the most important criteria by assessing effective social engineering criteria in the organization in DEMATEL method. At first, views of the experts have been used in order to select effective criteria and then a structure based on theory of graphs was formulated on the basis of experts’ judges and a mathematical model has been obtained with regard to relations, manner and intensity of effect and their interactions. Finally, determination of criteria importance helps the managers make decisions and do correct management in the organization.

One of the pressures of human population on the planet is the rapid and unbridled growth of cities. In the cities, the concepts of sustainability and sustainable urban development are on the basis of ecological, economic and socio-political, cultural, and spatial dimensions and contrast of these dimensions. In recent decades, many indicators have been developed to investigate the stability of the cities and one of the best indicators in this field, is the ecological footprint. The purpose of this study is to evaluate sustainable transportation of Tehran applying ecological footprint model and Compare the ecological footprint of urban subway and road transport system. The results of the study showed that the ecological footprint of Tehran transportation is equal to 3348734.16 global hectares while Tehran's biological capacity to absorb the carbon released in the transport sector is equal to 9664.2(gha). Also, the carbon footprint of metro transit system is equal to 12,428 global hectares and the carbon footprint of road system transportation is equal to 3,323,152 global hectares and the produced carbon in road transport system, per kilometer, is 85 times larger than the produced carbon in the Metro system. The ecological footprint of Tehran transportation points to the deterioration of the current situation and it is clear that the policies of transport development are unsustainable and the current transport patterns will make Tehran uninhabitable in the near future. In such conditions, for the development of sustainable transport system based on environmental criteria, a low-carbon transport, transit-oriented development (TOD), and the creation of Green corridor could be some tools for sustainable development in the transportation sector of Tehran.

This study examined the relationship between EFL learners’ attributions for success and failure in learning a foreign language and their self-perceived communication competence. To this end, having homogenized the learners via the Interchange Objective Placement Test (IOPT), the Causal Dimension Scale (CDS-II) and the Language Achievement Attribution Scale (LAAS) were administered to 72 EFL learners studying at two English language institutes in Iran. Six causal attributions (ability, effort, task difficulty, mood, luck, and teacher) together with four attributional properties (locus of causality, stability, personal control, and external control) were compared with learners’ self-perceived communication competence. To see whether there is any significant relationship between learners’ attributions and their self-perceived communication competence, Pearson product-moment correlation was applied to the data. The results showed significant correlations between some of the LAAS, but not CDS-II, subscales and learners’ scores on the SPCC scale. Results from Regression Analysis (using LAAS) revealed that task difficulty attribution was the best predictor for low SPCC scores, indicating that students who attributed the outcome of their test to the difficulty of the task received lower grades on the SPCC scale. Finally, statistical results were discussed, and implications for English language teaching were suggested.

The design and optimization of broadband, beam steering and high gain traveling wave slotted waveguide array antenna using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is discussed in this paper. The antenna has been designed on Rogers 5880 with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and height of 0.762 mm. The functional frequency range is from 13.5 - 15.5 GHz and the gain is about 14 dB at 15.5 GHz. The proposed antenna radiation beam steers from -330 at 13.5 GHz to 50 at 15.5 GHz in elevation plane. This antenna possesses the benefits of low profile, low weight, low cost and it can be used for Ku band applications.

The fish subsector is considered one of the most important sectors in many Arab countries and due to the challenges facing the sector, this research aimed at investigating the inter-trade and the economic indicators in the Arab countries. Data from the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development was computed to estimate the relative importance, coverage rate, trade exchange rate, exports share, commodity concentration coefficient, economic exposure and propensity to import and export. The comparative advantage is shown to be high only in Yemen and Mauritania based on the locations on coasts. Egypt has shown a good have high comparative advantages while Egypt has shown a higher production from aquacultures than all the rest of the countries. In general, Mauritania, Bahrain, Oman and Morocco have shown higher marginal propensity to export and other export-related indicators. Meanwhile, Bahrain, Kuwait and UAE have shown tendency to import. A great potential for economic integration between the Arab countries have been determined and it’s highly recommended that the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development develop and lead a strategy for fish value chain improvement and integration.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect furrow opener (ridge), operation speed and samples depth from furrow on soil physical properties and maize yield during the summer growing season of 2013 in the experimental at fields of Faculty Agricultural University of Baghdad in silt clay soil. The experimental treatments were arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design with three replicates. The main plots were assigned to the machinery unit speeds (3.69, 4.23, 6.27 and11.17 km h-1), whereas sample depth of furrows was assigned to the sub plots included top of furrow (0.00-0.15 m) and bottom of furrow (0.00-0.25 m). Grains of corn (synthetic cv. Maize 5018) were sowing was done on August 18th; harvest was done on December 10th. Irrigation were scheduled when soil water content in the root zone was depleted by the crop to specific fraction of available water (irrigation was imposed at 55% depletion of available water). Soil samples from furrow were taken from each experimental unit of depth 0.0 -0.15 and 0.0 -0.25 m after month of planting, middle season and after harvest to determine soil bulk density and the same samples measured saturated hydraulic conductivity and calculated mean weight diameter (MWD), geo-metric diameter (GMD). At harvest time, two central rows in each plot were harvested to determining grain yield and then; grain yield per hectare was calculated. The results the operating speeds significantly affected the soil bulk density and hydraulic conductivity values. As the operating speed increased, soil bulk density increased and hydraulic conductivity decreased. An increase operating speeds from 3.69 t0 4.23 and 11.17 km.h-1 decreased hydraulic conductivity and increased soil bulk density values for all planting growth stages (after month of planting, middle season and after harvest) except the speed 6.27 km.h-1. Different operating speeds and depth were significantly for mean weight diameter (MWD) and geo metric diameter (GMD) for all planting growth stages.

Approaches and methods of teaching and learning ( P & P ) are constantly changing . Recent developments show that the learning -oriented students are prime dvelopmention with a major radikal. Duties of an instructor or teacher is to facilitate students' learning . To fulfill this task , the instructor or teacher should not only be able to provide an excellent learning environment and harmonious , but they also create effective teaching . This means that teachers should create a learning environment that can stimulate student interest and always think about the welfare and needs. In the learning sessions, teachers are often faced with students who differ in their abilities. This requires the expertise of teachers to identify teaching and learning strategies. This means that the teacher can determine the approach, choosing methods and set specific techniques appropriate to the development and abilities of students. The chosen strategy, as well as potential influenced students to learn actively, it should also be able to help to analyze the concept or idea and be able to impress students and can produce a meaningful learning. Teachers teaching is the most important agent in determining the level of student achievement. This study focused on the type and method of teaching and its impact on student achievement in the subject Living Skills of the Form Two students of SMK Sri Gading. Questionnaires were used as instruments in this study. In this study, Spearman correlation test is used to measure the association between teaching approach with student achievement. Results of this study show that teachers of Form Two Life Skills teaching approach problem solving in the process of teaching and learning. The results also showed that they are also engaged in an inductive approach to teaching. The mean value is at a high valuation. However, in terms of comparison of the two approaches, a small difference in making sense of the process of teaching and learning Two Living Skills teacher at SMK Sri Gading, Batu Pahat, Johor, the two approaches used in classroom teaching.

The National Radioactive Waste Management Centre (NRWMC) of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission undertakes routine monthly radiation monitoring in and around the vicinity of its storage facility. In collaboration with the government of the United States of America, the Ghana Atomic energy Commission (GAEC) upgraded and intensified the safety and security systems at the radioactive waste storage facility located at the main site of the GAEC. Additional storage/decay rooms were built with more enriched and thicker concrete blocks to be able to contain the radiation. The sources were transferred from the old block to the new re-enforced block. Radiation levels were measured for a period of six months before and after the transfer of the sources and the results compared. An average dose rates of 0.13 nSv/y and 0.02 nSv/y were recorded around walls of the storage facility before and after the transfer of the sources, respectively. The reduction in the dose rate was attributed to the increased thickness of the walls of the new storage block providing enough shielding to the radiation. Comparing the results with the IAEA safety standard on dose limit of 1.0 mSv/y to the public and 20 mSv/y for the radiation worker, it was concluded that the radiation levels emanating from the facility are low and within the allowable limits.

Geothermal heat pumps (GSHPs), or direct expansion (DX) ground source heat pumps, are a highly efficient renewable energy technology, which uses the earth, groundwater or surface water as a heat source when operating in heating mode or as a heat sink when operating in a cooling mode. It is receiving increasing interest because of its potential to reduce primary energy consumption and thus reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases (GHGs). The main concept of this technology is that it utilises the lower temperature of the ground (approximately <32°C), which remains relatively stable throughout the year, to provide space heating, cooling and domestic hot water inside the building area. The main goal of this study is to stimulate the uptake of the GSHPs. Recent attempts to stimulate alternative energy sources for heating and cooling of buildings has emphasised the utilisation of the ambient energy from ground source and other renewable energy sources. The purpose of this study, however, is to examine the means of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, identify GSHPs as an environmental friendly technology able to provide efficient utilisation of energy in the buildings sector, promote using GSHPs applications as an optimum means of heating and cooling, and to present typical applications and recent advances of the DX GSHPs. The study highlighted the potential energy saving that could be achieved through the use of ground energy sources. It also focuses on the optimisation and improvement of the operation conditions of the heat cycle and performance of the DX GSHP. It is concluded that the direct expansion of the GSHP, combined with the ground heat exchanger in foundation piles and the seasonal thermal energy storage from solar thermal collectors, is extendable to more comprehensive applications.

Over the years, all parts of a commercial refrigerator, such as the compressor, heat exchangers, refrigerant, and packaging, have been improved considerably due to the extensive research and development efforts carried out by academia and industry. However, the achieved and anticipated improvement in conventional refrigeration technology are incremental since this technology is already nearing its fundamentals limit of energy efficiency is described is ‘magnetic refrigeration’ which is an evolving cooling technology. The word ‘green’ designates more than a colour. It is a way of life, one that is becoming more and more common throughout the world. An interesting topic on ‘sustainable technologies for a greener world’ details about what each technology is and how it achieves green goals. Recently, conventional chillers using absorption technology consume energy for hot water generator but absorption chillers carry no energy saving. With the aim of providing a single point solution for this dual purpose application, a product is launched but can provide simultaneous chilling and heating using its vapour absorption technology with 40% saving in heating energy. Using energy efficiency and managing customer energy use has become an integral and valuable exercise. The reason for this is green technology helps to sustain life on earth. This not only applies to humans but to plants, animals and the rest of the ecosystem. Energy prices and consumption will always be on an upward trajectory. In fact, energy costs have steadily risen over last decade and are expected to carry on doing so as consumption grows. This article discusses the potential for such integrated systems in the stationary and portable power market in response to the critical need for a cleaner energy technology for communities. Throughout the theme several issues relating to renewable energies, environment and sustainable development are examined from both current and future perspectives.

number of thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, and 1,2,4-triazine derivatives were obtained via interaction of 3-Oxo-N-{4-[(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl-amino)sulphonyl]phenyl} butanamide (1) with different reagents. The new synthesized compounds were confirmed by their infrared, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analyses, and further screened for antimicrobial activity.

The Falcon SB-40 concentrator is an enhanced-gravity separator used in mineral beneficiation, as their superior gravity field enables them to separate particles within narrow classes of density and size. The process of cutting and finishing garnet mineral produces industrial waste as a fine powder mixture of garnet with a few percent of titanium carbide which is derived from titanium blades. This study aims to shed light on the Falcon concentrator’s ability to separate particles within density ranges lower than usual. Specific gravity of the fractions is 3.7 and 4.9 gm/cm3. Various operating conditions such as bowl speed (G force), water pressure, pulp solid ratio and pulp feed rate were investigated. It was shown that under optimized conditions the Falcon SB-40 concentrator can produce an excellent titanium concentrate with titanium carbide of 92.2 % from a feed waste of about 5% titanium carbide with total recovery of 97%.

In this paper we introduce some properties and definition of the new integral transform, called ZZ transform. Farther, we use ZZ transform to solve systems of ordinary differential equations. The results indicate these methods to be very effective and simple.

This work was carried out in order to optimize the friction phase parameters, of friction welding of M2 high speed steel, to AISI 1040 medium carbon steel, namely; rotational speed, friction pressure and friction time. The experiments were designed as per Taguchi method. The optimization of the experimentally obtained results was carried out by trying three mathematical models, namely; a multiple linear regression model without interaction effect, a multiple linear regression model with interactions effect, and a second-order polynomial regression model. The three models were evaluated using the experimental data, the coefficient of multiple determination R2, and Standard error of the regression (S), were used as the evaluation criteria of the models. The polynomial model was chosen, and optimized using a Genetic Algorithm. The optimal value of the joint strength of 411 MPa was obtained at the highest value of the time ( 44.9 sec.) and the pressure of 112 MPs and the speed of 1349 r.p.m.

Pulmonary sequestration is a rare congenital malformation that receives its blood supply from a systemic artery. We report a case of pulmonary sequestration initially diagnosed as a hydatid cyst of the lung, surgical findings revealed an abscessed collection related to a pulmonary sequestration of the left lower lobe. Pulmonary sequestration remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Benign tracheoesophageal fistula is a rare clinical entity and a rare complication of prolonged intubation and tracheostomy, we report the case of 20-year-old woman with a tracheoesophageal fistula secondary to mechanical ventilation. Ventilation difficulties and the recurrent lung infections were the mean symptoms, Early diagnosis was confirmed by bronchoscopy then the patient underwent a surgical repair of the fistula and interposition of a muscle flap. Acquired nonmalignant tracheoesophageal fistula is a preventable disease but this complication can still occur. The surgical treatment remains the best option.

In this article, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and Kamal transform are introduced for obtaining the approximate analytical solution of the Linear and Nonlinear Schrodinger Equations. The proposed method is an elegant combination of the new integral transform “Kamal Transform” and the homotopy perturbation method.

In this paper we apply a new integral transform '' Kamal transform'' to solve ordinary differential equation with non-constants coefficients without resorting to a new frequency domain.

The goal of this study is to suggest a new triple Kamal integral transform. We outline its essential properties and proved some important results, including existence theorem, triple convolution theorem and derivatives properties. Moreover, the proposed new transform is utilized to solve Mboctara partial differential equations.

Soluble and conducting block copolymer (PANI-PEO) nanocomposite was prepared by oxidative polymerization of aniline in non acid media and in different weight percentages in the presence of ecologic catalyst layered called (Maghnite-H+) and reactive polymer stabilizer such as poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO2000, Mn = 2000).The morphology, structure, solubility and electrical properties of PANI-PEO copolymer nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR,Uv-vis,1H-NMR spectroscopy, dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).It was found that structue, solubility an conductivity of resulting PANI-PEO nanocomposite depended on the amount of catalyst, molecular weight and functionality of the reactive stabilizer (PEO) and molar ratio of monomers (PANI-PEO). The formation of the hydrogen bonding between PANI and PEO copolymer was predicted by the FT-IR spectra. DSC analysis showed only one (Tg=16°C) for the blend copolymer implying compatibility of the two components

In this work, the zinc oxide (ZnO) and dioxide titanium (TiO?) thin film were prepared by using the method of spry pyrolsis chemical with different thickness on glass substrate at temperature of 60º C. Thees different thickness of the deposited films were measured by using mass approximations weighting different method. The thickness for Tio? films are (3.1, 0.24, 0.12)?m and for ZnO films (3.5, 4)?m. The samples coated have been irradiated by gamma ray to 21.5 kGy dose from Co-60 source. The optical properties such as the absorbance spectrum, transmittance, reflectance, and optical constant (absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refraction index and coefficient finesse with different thickness as function wave length of films but energy gap and urbach energy as function photon energy) were studied before and after irradiation dose. From experimental work show that the color of these films were changed after irradiated, at the result all optical properties spectra thin films changed with different thicknesses. The absorption, reflectance absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, coefficient finesse are increases after irradiation but the transmission, urbach energy and energy gap decreases after dose for all thicness of TiO2 films. Whereas absorption and absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient increases after irradiation for thiknsss of ZnO thin films but reflectance, transmission, refractive index, coefficient finesse urbach energy and energy gap decreases after dose for Zno. These effect of optical properties may be due to change of structure properties for Tio2, Zno thin films after irradiated.

Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine producing tumors arising mostly from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. The prevalence of the tumor is 0.1%-0.6% in the hypertensive population, It has been called 'the great mimic’, capable of presenting itself as many other medical conditions. The most common clinical presentation is hypertension, mainly in the form of paroxysmal episodes. Cardiovascular manifestations include malignant arrhythmia and catecholamine cardiomyopathy, mimicking acute coronary syndromes and acute heart failure. We report a case of pheochromocytoma revealed by angina, and acute myocardial infarction without coronary artery disease (CAD).

Urachal cyst is one of a spectrum of urachal abnormalities most commonly found in children. But it is a rare pathologic disease entity in the adult, which may present only with abdominal pain. We describe a case of a 49 year old male who presented with abdominal pain, fever and dysuria. Diagnosis of an infected urachal cyst was confirmed on Computed tomography of the pelvis. He was treated initially with broad spectrum antibiotics in order to allow sepsis to resolve prior to surgical excision of the cyst and fibrous tract. Histology of the excised specimen showed chronic inflammation with no evidence of malignancy. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. Urachal abnormalities are rare in adults. Clinical presentation is non-specific and must be considered as a rare differential for abdominal pain, when diagnosed, surgical excision is advised because of the risk of malignant transformation.

Background: The parity is the number of times that she has given birth to a fetus with a gestational age of (24) weeks or more, regardless of whether the child was born alive or was stillborn. The aim of this study is to shed more like on the role of effect parity on fibrinogen level. Objectives: study the effect of parity on the plasma fibrinogen in normal pregnant Sudanese women, and determination of levels of plasma fibrinogen in pregnant women Material and method: cross- sectional study was conducted at Algazera& Khartoum states during October to November 2015. (120) normal pregnant women with age ranging (20 – 42) years, classified as (60) non pregnant women (nullparas) as control group, (30) multiparae and (30) grand multipara’s. Results: The concentration of fibrinogen in the multiparae mean (6.20) as compared to (8.52) mg/dl in the control group (P.value 0.266) was insignificant, Grand multipara mean (3.77) as compared to (8.52) mg/dl in the control group (P.value 0.015) were significantly decreased compared to control.Conclusion: Normal pregnant multipara and grand multipara women fibrinogen levels are lower than in aged matched with non pregnant women. These changes are not directly associated with lipid metabolism during pregnancy (8).

Foot surgery is characterized by intense postoperative pain, difficult to control even when using balanced multimodal analgesia associating paracetamol, anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. Ankle blocks were all but abandoned. Complications are rare using regional anesthesia for postoperative analgesia even after extensive foot surgery, however the consequences of motoric or sensory deficits can be extremely devastating as it impacts mobility.Revival of ankle blocks are a perfect example of the high impact of new technological advances in improving ambulatory surgical care after foot surgery.

The aim of this paper, is to use a more realistic model which incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and the thermophoresis of nanoparticles for studying the effect of some control parameters on the onset of convective instability in a rotating Hele-Shaw cell filled of a Newtonian nanofluid layer and heated from below, this layer is assumed to have a low concentration of nanoparticles. The linear study which was achieved in this investigation shows that the thermal stability of Newtonian nanofluids depends of the Coriolis force generated by the rotation of the system, the Hele-Shaw cell parameter, the Brownian motion, the thermophoresis of nanoparticles, the buoyancy forces and other thermo-physical properties of nanoparticles. The studied problem will be solved analytically by converting our boundary value problem to an initial value problem, after this step we will approach numerically the searched solutions by polynomials of high degree to obtain a fifth-order-accurate solution.

Using MCNP6 to determine axial and radial neutron fluxes of the seven channels irradiation sites of 3 mCi of radium is tended for physics experiments on artificial radioactivity and irradiation facility in nuclear physics laboratory at (FSDM-USMBA) Fez Morocco. Ra-Be source in the interior of the shielded laboratory is sealed emanation-tight into a brazed nickel and it’s eccentrically off the axis of the lead cylinder. Lead thickness and distance shield are so designed that the gamma-dose rate from the source remains small enough in all directions. The seven irradiation channels are arranged vertically within the paraffin block.

Somalia is a country that has experienced excessive amounts of political instability during the past decade. Somalia, like most other countries in Africa, was colonized by European nations during the late 1800s (Roth, Somalia a country in turmoil , 2004). According to United nation Development Program (UNDP), the prolonged fighting in Somalia led to massive loss of property, lives and destruction of the society (UNDP 2008). Political instability contributed to massive suffering and poverty in Somalia, there has been massive unemployment and migration of people from the country. The study guided by the following objectives, to find out whether quality education affects economic development of Somalia, to ascertain how the gross domestic product affects economic development of Somalia, to determine the extent to which investments affects economic development. This study was descriptive in nature and it will utilize cross-sectional data collected through a standard questionnaire. This study will be conducted in Mogadishu City, the capital of Somalia. The target populations of this study will be114348 residents of Hodan District (UNFPA, 2014). In order to provide valid estimates, 384 respondents will be selected with Simple random sampling and only those present at that time will be chosen. The findings it shows that quality education plays a significant role in the economic development of the country. The study showed that a large percentage of the respondents in Somalia agree that it through offering quality education to the people of Somalia that productivity of the country will improve and economic development. The correlation analysis between the independent variable indicated strong relationship between the independent variables. This indicates that the independent variables were significant enough to impact the dependent variable. There is a strong relation between higher GDP and good quality education indicated by 57.8 percent. The relationship between Higher GDP and Savings is the only way we can increase economic growth indicated by 51.9 was significant enough to influence the dependent variable. The government of Somalia should strive for education quality improvement through renovating the teacher education and training system, improving teachers' quality and teacher status, reform and adaptation of curriculum at all levels The study established that savings and investment is the only way a country can increase economic growth, for any country to achieve economic growth there must be significant savings first.Investment means an increase in capital spending, e.g. buying new machines, building bigger factories and education. For example, investing in skills and education can increase labor productivity. Investment in new technology and capital can increase the productive capacity of the economy.

This study was investigated the factors influencing Somali women in political participation in Mogadishu, Somalia. The main objectives of the study was to determine the influence of culture on women?s political participation in Mogadishu, Somalia, to find out the influence of economic resources on women?s political participation in Mogadishu, Somali, to determine the influence of religious beliefs on women?s political participation in Mogadishu, Somali. To achieve the objective of the study, case study was employed as research design, the target population of this study was Somalia women those involve political activities; therefore, the total target population of this study was stand 147. This study concern Somali women on political participation in Mogadishu, Somalia. The sample size of the study was 129. The sampling procedure of this study was non-probability sampling procedure particularly purposive sampling to select the respondents based on these criteria. The questionnaire was used for collecting data. The frequency and percentage distribution was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The mean and standard deviations was applied for the levels of Somali Women and small Political participation. The main finding of the study was that the cultural factors are the main causes of stereotypes influencing women?s political participation. Also finding revealed that economic resources are obstacles that influencing women?s political participation. Finally the study revealed that religious misperception hold women back to participation political activities. The study recommended government and the judiciary should ensure the enactment of family law and enforcing any other law intended for women?s political participation and emancipation.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to take part in the Government of his/her country. The empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of women's social, economic and political status is essential for the achievement of both transparent and accountable government and administration and sustainable development in all areas of life. The power relations that prevent women from leading fulfilling lives operate at many levels of society, from the most personal to the highly public. Across the world, women are treated unequally and less value is placed on their lives because of their gender. Women?s differential access to power and control of resources is central to this discrimination in all institutional spheres that is the household, community, market, and state. Discrimination against women has resulted in violence and brutality on many women. In Somali, women are systematically discriminated against and subordinated. They face limited inclusion in decision making structures and leadership roles, limited access to reproductive health, higher rates of stigmatization from HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, denial of due process rights, abuse of women's rights in divorce cases, denial of custody of children and denial of women's rights of property ownership and inheritance under customary law.

An ideal business needs sufficient resources to keep it going and ensures that such resources are maximally utilized to enhance its performance and overall profitability. Cash is the most liquid of assets and it represents the lifeblood for growth and investment and it is essential to survive because of its effects on a firm’s performance and risk reduction, and consequently its value (Smith, 1980). This study seeks to investigate the effect of cash flow management on the financial performance of SME’s in Mogadishu –Somalia. I want to understand the effect of cash flow management on financial performance and also My Objectives cash planning and cash controlling and liquidity management. The methodology will center on the research techniques adopted and used for this study with the aim of achieving the research objectives. A research design is clear as and generally plan for research undertaking. Research design provides the join that holds the research project together. Descriptive research design was adopted in this study. The research population is 360 individuals were Owners/managers of selected small and medium enterprises in Mogadishu-Somalia. There are many sectors of small and medium enterprises as, service sector, cosmetics, trade sector. The sampling Technique is descriptive to the strategies and researcher use to select respondents from target population. The respondents will be categorized into different where each group will have homogenous characteristics such as; owners/managers and employees. Since in most SMEs owners and managers can‘t be separated, one was selected from each business and my sample was 78. The instrument is a survey, questionnaire or tool designed to measure the variable(s), characteristic(s), or information of interest, often a behavioral or psychological characteristic. Research instruments can be helpful tools to your research study,. Because the information needed can be easily and quickly gathered from the respondents, and also it can target respondents in widely dispersed locations, in questionnaire development. Linear Regression analysis is used in this study to figure out the extent that independent variable (cash control, cash planning and liquidity management ) can influence the dependent variable (Financial Performance of SME’s ), while all other factors are constant. The table below shows regression analysis of variables cash flow management and business performance. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between the dependent Variable (Financial Performance of Small media enterprise) and the independent variables (Cash flow management) and to test the research. The regression results presented in above table indicate that cash control, cash planning and liquidity management were significant at 5 percent level. The coefficient of cash control showed 0.232 with a p-value 0.020, which is less than 5%, the coefficient of cash planning was 0.313, with a p-value of 0.003, which is less than 0.05. And the liquidity management was -0.065, with a p-value of 0.602 which is greater than 0.05 so that indicates there was statistically positive relationship between cash control and cash planning on financial performance of small Media Enterprise in Mogadishu and while the remaining variable was negative relationship between Liquidity management on financial performance of SME’s and statistical is insignificant.

Immunization is an important public health intervention aimed at reducing child mortality and morbidity in line with the fourth goal of the Millennium Development Goals. It is an important means for controlling six vaccine-preventable diseases, namely, Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus, Polio, and Measles. World Health Organization recommends that all children should receive full immunization by the age of two years to boost their immunity. Although immunization coverage has improved significantly over the past four decades, about one-fifth of the world?s children still fail to receive full doses of the standard antigens, majority of who are natives of the African region. In Somalia, empirical studies on immunization coverage do not provide detailed information about immunization coverage and key determinants at the community level and within specific groups such as pastoralists. The main objective of this study was to determine barriers to full immunization coverage among under-five years children within Benadir region. The study applied a cross-sectional survey design, with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Primary data will was sourced from under-five children, service providers in selected health facilities, public health officers and community health workers. A mixture of probability and non-probability sampling procedures were applied to select participants in each category. Fisher?s formula for sample size determination from large populations will be used to select a representative sample of the under five years children. The study applied a survey questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions, as well as Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant Interview guides. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were applied to process, analyze, and interpret the data.

The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diversification of the financial performance in Somalia with specific focus of the industrial small businesses in bakara market. This study investigated to ascertain how liquidity, risk diversification and mergers and acquisition affects financial performance of an organization in small businesses bakara market in Mogadishu. The study employed a survey research design in data collection.This research employed quantitative data collection method whereby data was gathered by the use of closed ended questionnaires which were self-administered. Factor analysis was used to assess the validity and Cronbach alpha to assess reliability of the questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis (standard and step wise) were conducted to determine the effects between the effect of diversification determinants and financial performance. Results confirm the varying importance of diversification determinants in the small businesses processing in Bakara market Mogadishu-Somalia. In general, the results reveal that risk diversification and marchers acquisition have significant and positive effects on financial performance, liquidity and risk diversification have insignificant effects on financial performance in the small businesses in bakara market Mogadishu-Somalia. The study recommends that to improve financial performance in the small businesses in bakar market Mogadishu-Somalia, managers of the small businesses in bakara market Mogadishu-somalia should nurture and develop market Competition and financial performance. Based on the findings of the study, it is essential to give recommendations in order to gather more gains from diversification. It is recommended that; 4 Management should in still discipline upon itself by ensuring good financial performance, promote technological progress and increase it?s paid up capital regardless of the statutory requirements so that the continued existence of the firm is not jeopardized after undergoing diversification. Management should not only undertake diversification in order to improve operation and sustain failing businesses but also improve their competitiveness and financial performance. Management should come up with a sound strategy towards liquidity and risk diversification management so as to avert the problem of mismatching investments and also the quality of liquidity should be enhanced. Management should put into consideration the degree of transferability and marketability of liquidity invested in so that these assets can provide liquidity to the firm with ease.

Over two decades, Somalia has been intense fighting, population displacement, food insecurity, humanitarian crisis and generalized lack of centralized governance structures. Somalia has been lacking a functioning state since the overthrow of the military government. However, personal interests, power and economic ambitions of warlords caused the rebel factions to fail in the formation of inclusive government to settle the country from what was perceived by them as social, economic and political injustices committed by the military regime. Somalia civil war went through different phases and caused the death of hundreds of thousands of Somalis in different ways, while many others left the country to get peace and life in other countries. Throughout the lawlessness of the country, warlords and clan militias fought for the control of power and resources. That situation affects peaceful, co-existence and the attainment of sustainable development goals of the people and country at large. Political instability mainly resulted of the inability of government to perform and the weakness of national institutions and competency of rule of law in the country. The general objective of this study was to assess the factors influencing the political stability in Somalia by measuring strategic leadership, corruption and government policies. The researcher used descriptive statistics research design both in qualitative and quantitative. The target population of this study were the members of Parliaments and Cabinet of the Federal Government of Somalia and selected 80 people as sample size using Slovene?s formula. Data was collected through questionnaire and finally processed and analyzed the result using computer SPSS. During the study found that the examined factors have a significant influence on political stability. It was obtained that strategic leadership and government policies have a positive significant influence on political stability while corruption has negative significant influence on political stability. Interpretation is to mean that the above variables are very important to overall the political stability issues in Somalia. The study by (Kew 2006), (Harriman, 2006), (Adejumobi, 2004) and (Adejimi, 2005) is partially supports by the findings of this study. Also indicates that strategic leadership and government policies are the most effective and enhanced factors of political stability of Somalia and but corruption influences negatively with stability which causes instability. This researcher recommends on two issues; corruption and leadership which meant to address policy makers those willing to make a positive change in attainment political stability.

Population growth and increase need greater utilization of resources such as food, water, soil, energy, machinery, manpower and other inputs lead to use them more than last era for earn more production. And better management methods; minimize operational cost to reach maximum profitability more attention is placed on agricultural systems. Since sugar cane is one of the major plants under cultivation in the septet agro industry reach to 84000 hectares in Khuzestan province and a case study is Karun agro industry that has total area 40000 hectare which currently 25000 hectare is arable. On the other hand one of the most expenses in each agricultural production systems is machinery cost, increase in efficiency of farm machinery can affect on production costs. As regards in most cases manager of agricultural mechanization unit don’t know exactly how can use the machinery in different farm operation (tillage, planting, intercultural and harvest) at optimum condition and detect factors that lead to decrease in field efficiency. So consideration of farm machinery field efficiency is necessary. Between farm Operation, sugar cane harvesting is more important because have high volume of work. The purpose of this article is to show how Global Positioning Systems, or GPS data, can provide very useful information about the efficiency of sugarcane harvester. In the past, calculation of field efficiency was very difficult, time consuming, and required someone with a stopwatch on-site during operation. But now by combining GPS data in other software like: Garmin Map source, Google earth and Arch map can be used to produce maps of navigation and obtain farm machinery management factors like field efficiency, material capacity and field index that were calculate for this study 69%, 51.5 ton/hour and 63% respectively.

Sugarcane is one of the most important major economic plants under cultivation in Iran. Heavy equipment and the intensive use of machinery can cause to soil compaction in sugarcane fields. In order to studying quantity of compaction in soil depth in two ages of ratoon 3rd and 6th, cone penetrometer was used for soil resistance measurements was conducted in 45 km south of Khuzestan province Amir kabir Agro-industry (31º03´N, 48º14´E) which has total area 12000 hectare which most of time 9500 hectare is under cultivation. Values were determined by using variograms maps of variable produced by kriging technique. Geostatistical software (GS+5.1, 2001; Gamma Design Software) was used to construct semivariograms and spatial structure analysis for variables fields. results showed differences were found both in soil depth and percentage of soil penetrometer resistance values ? 2 MPa and results shows differences between 61-80cm soil depth in furrows of 3rd and 6th ratoon are very obvious than 0-61cm of soil depth. In 61-80 cm of soil depth resistance in both ratoon field have increased and usage of mechanical loosening techniques subsoiling to remove soil compaction is necessary. In general combination of geostatics data with primary analysis can assist agricultural mechanization studies field and scientists through a previous identification of degraded zones within the field (e.g. block kriging) and management methods involved in slightly areas.

The principle of respecting human dignity plays a vital role in fundamental ethical norms related to human rights. In the first glace and through scrutiny in Iranian laws, we face with a kind of challenge in the context. For instance, some punishment such as retaliation, stoning to death, rigid body, amputation are wrong attributed to human dignity but what are the views of opponents and proponents of such punishments? On the same basis, present paper provides a brief explanation on human dignity and studies one of these punishments (retaliation).

This paper sets out to compare Immanuel Emanuel Wallerstein concept of globalization and Anthony Giddens. To believe Wallerstein, capitalism system has result of emergence of the bourgeoisie and expansion it, extension of global trade, innovation of new product methods, mass products, possibility of capital accumulation, and globalization this of process the facilitate for countries but to make dependent of the peripheral societies to core countries and so has continues of colonialism to new form. Giddens’ discuss on the modernity global and him known globalization as an unavoidable alternative for modernism and results of expansionism capitalism has lead to new forms in the different countries of world. The modernism view is along with a cultural sub-structure, and aims at creating fundamental economic, social and political changes in developing countries. Giddens says’ that globalization is colonialism reverse and is necessary for development and growth of the global societies. Both they are special look of nation-state role in the process of globalization particularly it’s of effects on life aspects and so quality of life for people of societies.

This paper investigates modernism, postmodernism and globalization concepts. It emphasizes relations between these entities in the process of development and evolutions of societies and views this process as an unavoidable fact. Modernism and postmodernism are both directly related to the globalization process. In general, modernism is considered as an artistic and literary movement accompanied by the lack of homogeneity and conformity that developed within the mainstream of scientific realms and structuralism. Postmodernism, which is inspired by post-structuralism, means changing modern policies and functions into more developed ones. But, globalization is moving ahead, inspired by modernism and postmodernism toward fundamental changes in social life. The modernism and postmodernism views come along with a cultural sub-structure, and aims at creating fundamental economic, social and political changes in developing countries and advance. These changes are in line with development and improvement aims and interests the countries. Globalization should be seen as a continuation of modernism and postmodernism periods.

This article is an attempt to answer this question that; does globalization process increase the income levels a country like Iran? And the impacts of economic globalization on human development index and its levels? Output generated from data’s of Iran revealed a rise of income in national levels (GDP), so a relativity improvement in HDI and also in two indices viz, means education and health index. Whereas, per income index of Iran to had improvement in the past three decades, but in comparison to per revolution (1979) there was no improvement. So, this study explored the poverty and inequality hasn’t decreased to scale of considerable in Iran.

In recent years according to the increase of the organizational justice and the effects of the that in results of the organizational systems in case of the reaching the goals and keeping the systems, it took different models and patterns and created new challenging system in order to prevent failing and collapsing and keep system away from dangers which are caused by fast environmental alters, though recent experiments are about checking the effect of the understandings from the organized justice based on the publican fund of the Tejarat Bank’s employees . for this experiment about 4 theories are designed which are in case of the gathering information and ideas from Fernandez questionnaire 2006 and Publican fund questionnaire 1390 which in the end a 46 questions in form of a questionnaire has been formed and given among the Tejarat Bank employees which according to the normal grade of the alters and independency of mistakes and fouls from regression for experiments of theories and from analyzing experiment and toki in grading of organized justice alters in SPSS19 software as results showed up that organized justice and it’s alters which conclude distributive justice , has positive and useful effects on the publican fund of the employees and also grading the organized justice alters showed up that distributive justice comes in the first place and procedural justice comes after it means the second place and in the end interactional justice took the third place of our grading system .

Since nerve compatibility - can be - the result of two cases of confrontation with a variety of random actuators or, stimuli and, facing the sources of sensory data and, schizophrenics, when faced with these conditions they are unable to understand and, interpret this conditions true basically; and this creates a vicious circle without learning exterior experiences and low self-esteem for them; that its result is low or, lack of self-confidence; then, learning-compatible with brain as a tool to understand the intrinsic actions of the brain with motivation is very effective and, useful for their understanding and, interpretation modification. The method used in this research is a library analysis; therefore, after collecting information and data from the sources, using the library method, according to the subject and the problem of the present study, after the critique, the information and, data have been analyzed in order to explain the research problem. By using and, application of exact awareness and, knowledge on “enriched” environments besides knowing “why” these environments are enrichment give us “Practical Components” for ((intrinsic motivate brain operations)) in neurological adjustment. For reaching to this point; it is necessary that neurological adjustment occurs in cellular base and, by doing this, (mental processes) will be done and, cognitive interpretations, attitudes and, other related process will have modified and, the result (s) of these cases are modification in behavior.