Mechanical Engineering

Metal-joining plays an important role in the industry and virtually all servicing and manufacturing concerns, directly and indirectly, benefit from it. However, not all kinds of joining processes are suitable for thin metals and light works due to the sensitivity of light metals to heavy heat, rapid corrosion of most metals at high temperatures and very high quantities of heat energy needed to fuse parts. It has been observed that the heat energy required to melt and establish continuity across parts is even higher with welding and brazing-which utilize fillers of high tensile strengths and melting points-such as iron (0.8% steel-800 MNM-e 1535oc), copper (210 MNM-z 10-83oc) and silver (125MNM-e 961oc). In this study, therefore the cold-brazing Joining technique which does not utilize heat in its operation, was studied using experimental designs. Light copper wires of about 0.01mm diameter, zinc electrode and concentrated zinc tetraoxosulphate (vi) solution (Zn2So4) were used and, results from the investigation and calculations show that thin metals and light parts can be easily joined using cold-Brazing joining technique with energy consumption for depositing a zinc filler of 1kg using high temperature process and the same amount of zinc filler using cold-Bracing, in the ratio of 71:269 KJ. Thus, it is certain that other electrolytically depositable metals with higher tensile strengths and melting points than silver-solders and brass, such as copper, can be used with this technique. And if fully made better, the present innovation will not only rival, but surpass most joining methods.

Generally medicines must be stored and handled in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines in order to maintain the quality of the product. Storage outside the recommended temperature range can result in chemical and physical changes to the product which may lead to a loss of efficacy and may cause harm to the patients. In order to maintain such recommended temperatures we generally use vapour compression refrigeration systems. The main drawback is emission of CFC compounds (refrigerants) like R22 upon leakage which could produce harmful effects on environment like ozone depletion. This work aims at developing alternate system for producing refrigeration effect called Thermo Electric Refrigeration. Thermoelectric cooling devices utilize the Peltier effect, whereby the passage of a direct electric current through the junction of two dissimilar conducting materials causes the junction to either cool down (absorbing heat) or warm up (rejecting heat), depending on the direction of the current. Finally using this thermoelectric principle a cold storage is fabricated for preserving the medicines and tested. The minimum cooling temperatures obtained are 10°C at 36°C ambient temperature in 210 minutes that is 3 hours 30 minutes.

The concept of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) in machine tool evolved at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA between the year 1947 to 1952 for the manufacture of complex & accurate helicopter blades. Since then, this technology has been applied to many different types of machines & machine tools. Now a days the CNC machines have found adoption of by many industries. They have become virtually indispensible in many manufacturing industries because of their many advantages and easy management & reliability. In the face of stiff competition, higher cost of labour & higher rejection of parts, CNC machines proved to be a boon for any manufacturing industry, be it a metal cutting industry, metal forming industry & any other manufacturing industry. Now a days no industrialist can think of putting up an industry without CNC machines, such are their importance & advantages. Talking of Cellular Manufacturing Systems, where a cell of machine tools & other facilities like job movement arrangement etc are created to process a machine part or component from the input of raw material to the finished part. One cannot think of designing such a cell without any CNC machine . CNC machines are part & parcel of Cellular Manufacturing Systems. Rather, they form the backbone of Cellular Manufacturing Sytems.

The paper presents a new approach to the classification of rolling element bearing faults by implementing Artificial Neural Network. Diagnostics of rolling element bearing faults actually represents the problem of pattern classification and recognition, where the key step is feature extraction from the vibration signal. Characterization of each recorded vibration signal is performed by a combination of signal's time-varying statistical parameters and characteristic rolling element bearing fault frequency components obtained through the frequency spectrum analysis method. The experimental data is collected for four bearings at three different speeds. The sensor is located at three different positions for each bearing. Both time domain and frequency domain signals were measured. Thus the data was three time spectrums and three frequency spectrums for each speed for a bearing. The entire data set comprised of 72 (6 x 3 x 4) data. The time domain signal was comprised of 8192 samples and extracting these features from a huge data set was difficult. To overcome this difficulty the 8192 samples were split into 32 bins each containing 256 samples. The entire process of splitting and evaluating the seven features was coded in MATLAB. From these seven features the most suitable features for explaining the intensity of the defect is discussed.

A numerical study is presented on the effects of chemical reaction and magnetic field on the unsteady free convection flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics in a viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting fluid past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate embedded in a porous medium by taking into account the heat due to viscous dissipation. The problem is governed by coupled non-linear partial differential equations. The dimensionless equations of the problem have been solved numerically by the implicit finite difference method of Crank – Nicolson’s type. The effects of governing parameters on the flow variables are discussed quantitatively with the aid of graphs for the flow field, temperature field, concentration field, skin-friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number. It is found that under the influence of chemical reaction, the flow velocity as well as concentration distributions reduce, while the velocity reduces as porous medium increases. Viscous dissipation parameter leads to increase the temperature.

In this paper experimental investigation has been carried out on kevlar/glass angle ply hybrid composites to characterize interlaminar shear strength. With the aim of determining the influence that the structure, a reinforcement type and a sort of resin exert upon the interlaminar strength. Hybrid composites are considered materials of great potential for engineering applications. One advantage of hybrid composite materials for the designer is that the properties of a composite can be controlled to a considerable extent by the choice of fibers and matrix and by adjusting the orientation of the fiber. The scope for this tailoring of the properties of the material is much greater, however, when different kinds of fiber orientations are incorporated in the same resin matrix. Three orientations viz 0?/90?, ±45?and 60?/30? were considered for studies. Mechanical properties such as interlaminar strength, interlaminar stiffness, & peak load of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. Vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of hybrid specimens. It was observed that orientation at 0?/90?showed significant increase in ILSS properties as compared to other orientation.

This paper presents the characterization of solid state sintering schedule for near-net shaping of warm formed metal powder compacts. Iron ASC 100.29 powder was used as main powder constituent during this investigation.  The feedstock was prepared by mechanically mixed iron powder with 0.4 wt% zinc stearate as admixed lubricant. The powder mass was then formed as solid cylinder at 180ºC.  The defect-free green compacts were sintered in an argon gas fired furnace at different sintering schedule. The sintered products were characterized through dimensional measurement, and mechanical testing. The results revealed that sintering schedule plays an important role in manufacturing near-net shape yet high strength components.

The study focused on the modelling of a candle flame using CFD modelling technique. Governing equation which formed the basis of a CFD modelling using SolidWorks flow simulation was developed, and the simulation result was compared with an existing experimental result. Modelling results show that the heat flux is maximum at the wick base and minimum at a distance of 0.1m from the wick tip, where it maintains averagely a constant value of 55.23kW/m2. This implies that the heat flux generated by a typical candle is large enough to ignite secondary objects such as wood materials located even 100 mm above the wick of the candle as they are capable of auto-ignition at heat flux above 40kW/m2. However, nearby objects that are not directly over the candle base can also be ignited, but must be located much closer for ignition to occur.

In this paper, a helical coil tube in tube heat exchanger was designed and used in carbon dioxide solar assisted heat pump system (SAHP) to provide hot water for domestic applications and to operate an air gap membrane desalination (AGMD) unit. Both theoretical and experimental studies to investigate the performance of the gas cooler with Glycol Ethylene 50% and water as coolants were performed. The experimental part to study the behavior of the carbon dioxide in the supercritical region was conducted on the R744 heat pump test rig located at Department of Energy and Process Engineering – NTNU. On the other hand, FEA using ANSYS Fluent 18.1 was used to conduct the theoretical analysis. The study includes effect of inlet temperature of both coolants, effect of discharge pressure, effect of mass flow rate of water, and logarithmic mean temperature difference (LMTD). Good agreements between Experimental and simulation results were achieved. Results showed that the outlet temperature of the refrigerant from the gas cooler decreased from 81 oC to 40 oC, with 0.085 bar average pressure drop due to the heat rejection process. The outlet temperature of the refrigerant from the gas cooler in case of water is 8 oC lower than with ethylene glycol 50%. The outlet temperature of water reached 57 oC which is enough for domestic applications and to operate the AGMD unit to produce fresh water. It is observed that the pressure drop in the refrigerant by using water as coolant is higher by 0.2 bar than when ethylene glycol 50% used. Results also revealed that the value of LMTD of the gas cooler using ethylene glycol 50% is 24.3 % higher than the LMTD value when using water.

Compressor characteristics, being representations of the compressor pressure ratio as a function of gas flow through the compressor have been studied. Compressors are used in turbochargers to increase the pressure of air and also its density greater than ambient. Choosing the right compressor is very important in obtaining best power output of engine by turbocharging, so it is important to have compressor map for matching turbocharger with a particular engine. Compressor map is drawn by running compressor at varying speeds and mass flows. In this paper compressor characteristics were investigated through CFD analysis.

EOR method evaluation is performing for petroleum gravity, stone type, and tank humectant and tank localities conditions for liquid injection. When the water inject to the tank the interaction could be performed in different ways, if the is humectant, penetrated water canexit petroleum from tank, which is because of capillary absorption. The studies have been done on the tube lines, land and the metal workforces that are related to the oil and gas industries, shows that in most cases, weld lines and edge of a sharp regions has been influencing on location of corrosion and eroding of effective thickness of coating film. In this study we studied EOR methods for dense oil recovery from mold in the breakage tanks. Analyze and comparison of recovery with capillarity of salty water, polymeric solution and hot water on different sample of rocks showed high recovery of dense row oil in the EOR methods, and it is more detected in the diluted row oil. Oil (diluted) can recover by water injection in the sand stone condition and with chemical matter and thermal methods.

Magnetic bearing centrifugal pumps are the latest model of artificial hearts for long-term use. The impeller is the only moving part in these pump which can leads to lower blood damage due to travel through the pump. In this paper computational fluid dynamics as an advanced tool is employed to simulate blood dynamics in a magnetic bearing centrifugal pump. Different simulations are performed for various ranges of device speeds (2000, 3000 and 4000 rpm) and various flow rates (1, 2,3,5,7 and 9 ). As a main performance of the pump, hydraulic pressure rise is investigated. The results show that the pump can generate sufficient pressure due to different physiological activities. Also shear stress distribution specified that stress around the pump’s blades (high potential regions for blood damage) is less than 98 pa which is much lower than critical stress for blood pumps.

The Availability-Redundancy Allocation Problem (ARAP) is a kind of reliability optimization problems. It involves the selection of components with appropriate levels of redundancy or reliability/availability for maximizing the system availability under some predefined constraints. Identical redundant elements are included in order to achieve a desirable level of availability. Classical mathematical methods fail in handling non-convexities and non-smoothness in optimization problems. This drawback has been removed through meta-heuristics due to their ability of finding an almost global optimal solution in reliability–redundancy optimization problems. Artificial bee colony (ABC) is one of such meta-heuristic algorithm. This paper aims to present an ABC algorithm to search the optimal solution of ARAP with nonlinear resource constraints of a parallel-series system. A washing unit of a paper mill has been taken to illustrate the approach. The experimental results demonstrate that the evolutionary approach can provide more promising solutions in comparison with the widely used single-objective approaches by classical method on parallel-series systems which are frequently studied in the field of reliability optimization.

Agricultural Machinery is mostly used in off road i.e. in the field. In the field these machines perform different field operations like Ploughing, where the parts are subjected to stresses like tensile stress, compressive stress and shear stress thereby high wear due to heavy loads. The critical components in the agriculture machinery are either forged or fabricated out of medium carbon steel by unorganized sectors in India. As a result the users suffer on account of quality and short service life of these components. Recently Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) has come up which has high strength, high wear resistance and less manufacturing cost. This material is now being widely used in production of critical agricultural machinery components for cost effectiveness uses. The paper described the Mechanical, Tribological properties of Austempered ductile iron and its application areas in agricultural machinery in India and abroad.

Recently, massive interest was paid to new technologies dealing with environmental aspect. Perpetuation of natural resources such as natural fibre reinforced polymeric composite leads the upcoming manufacturing industry to search and scrutinize eco-friendly materials. The use of composites in manufacturing equipment and products is taking a very important space in the industry in general. Moreover these materials have unique characteristics when analyzed separately from constituents who are part of them. However, it is known that care must be taken in their manufacture, as the use of appropriate process and the composition of each element, in addition to adherence of fibre, which is a major factor in obtaining the final mechanical strength of the product. One should also take into account whether the composites are environmentally friendly. For this reason, in this work, a composite partially ecological was made, using sisal as reinforcement, which is a natural fibre with renowned mechanical properties as dispersed phase of the composite in the polypropylene resin, in quest of improving the mechanical behaviour of NFRP composite.

In today’s competitive business scenario manufacturing industries are under the pressure to reduce cost and cycle time. It is a lean manufacturing concept with a systematic approach to identify and eliminate waste through continuous and sustained improvements by manufacturing the product at the pull of the customer in pursuit of perfection. This paper is to Design and Integrate Assembly Lines ‘A’ and ‘B’ based on ‘Lean Concept’ using MTM/UAS analysis for determine the time and to identify the improvement. The study was carried out in 2 assembly lines in a reputed manufacturing industry. The paper concentrates only on assembly line and where assembly line ‘B’ is to be accommodated into assembly line ‘A’. The main focus of the paper is to study the existing system and designing the new solution based on Lean Line Design concept which would follow the standards of the manufacturing industry.

Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large number of applications are already done for the use of laser technology in agriculture. This technology has already proven to be a user-friendly as per the need of the situations. This technology is becoming a well known and acceptable technique to the farmers. Now it has also proven that this technology is no longer as costly and within the reach of a farmer for his specific requirements. Real-time control is becoming an integral part of modern machine systems for high-quality agricultural production. Maintaining consistently high-quality agricultural production, while keeping up with growing labor shortages is a challenge. Labor shortages and environmental constraints coupled with the reality of spatial variability of chemical and physical properties among and within agricultural production areas readily explain the migration toward real-time control of agricultural equipment. The paper aims to describe the major field of applications of laser technology in agriculture in the past time. This paper also presents a review of the most recent advances in the development of sensors and controllers for agricultural applications.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a plan for reducing a lead time in a small scale furniture manufacturing industry by using Value Stream Mapping Technique with Value Engineering. In this paper VSM technique is applied in furniture manufacturing small scale industry to identify the ways of reducing waste while at the same time increasing the proportion of the processes that add value to the product. The wastes in this furniture industry is mostly in the form of over production, transportation and delay. The reasons observed are inadequate coordination among the operators, improper planning, non effective use of machine, improper flow etc. Here the flow process chart is constructed to calculate the number of operation, transportation, delay, inspection and storage with distance travelled by the product for existing and proposed methods in which considerable saving is achieved. Also the Current and Future VSM is created for small scale furniture industry which manufactures office tables. In this the lead time can be reduced considerably with the reduction in NVA time and the process time. There is a considerable rise in VA time of 10.41% with the value addition by modification of the table with less process time.

The quality of weld is depicted by weld bead geometry. In submerged arc welding (SAW) bead geometry closely related to the process parameters namely welding current, open circuit voltage, welding speed and nozzle to plate distance. So it is necessary to develop the mathematical models for bead geometry in automatic SAW machine. In the present work mathematical models are developed for bead width and bead hardness by making bead on plate (12 mm thick ASTM SA 516 Grade 60). Experiments were conducted according to the two level half factorial technique and analysis of direct and interactive effect of parameters on responses are presented with the help of Design expert software. Results were clearly illustrated that bead width increases with welding current and voltage, but decreases with welding speed and nozzle to plate distance. Bead hardness increases with Welding current, welding speed and nozzle to plate distance, but decreases with voltage.

Any process involving the process of increasing the efficiency of any mechanical part is a vital concept in the field of engineering and technology and equally vital in the field of energy and power systems too. This paper is based on a technique that could be used to improvise and increase the efficiency of the gas turbine aviation engines which was theoretically stated after conducting series of experiments and analysis through software. This technique could be called as REPOLARIZED MAGNETIC ROTATION technique which converts the magnetic power to mechanical power which could therefore be used to compress air in compressor, and thereby increase the efficiency of the gas turbine engines used in aviation. Various techniques adapted to design, analyze and fabricate the test engine were stated in this paper.

Two phase closed thermosyphon are often used in heat exchanger equipments because of their high heat transfer capabilities without external power requirements. In the current study, the heat transfer characteristics of two phase closed thermosyphon is analysed experimentally for various angle of inclinations and heat inputs. To carry out the experiment, two copper thermosyphons of length 1000 mm, inner diameter 17 mm and outer diameter 19 mm are taken and charged with 60 ml of working fluid with an evaporator length of 400 mm and condenser length of 450 mm. One of the thermosyphon is charged with de-ionized water (DI) whereas the other is charged with aqueous solution of n-hexanol. The heat transfer coefficient of thermosyphon filled with aqueous solution of n-hexanol shows a better result when compared to thermosyphon filled with de-ionized water.

The primary goal of TPM (Total Productive Maintenance) programme is to change the culture of the company’s maintenance policy by involvement of all employees toward the maintenance system of the company. The present paper aims to reduce unplanned stoppage, breakdown the accidents and losses obstructing equipment effectiveness. Prior to induce the TPM in the industry a review is being done by researcher and real time Overall equipment effectiveness is measured and shown to management of companies. Real time TPM is being implemented for an effective maintenance of the company and consecutive six month data is collected to see the change. Due to effective maintenance and employee involvement for one purpose has enforced the management for continuous improvement in the company through the systematic implementation of TPM.

The present research is motivated by the changing roles of continuous improvement programs as a result of changes in organizational environments. Focus on the changing demands made on organizational infrastructure for continuous improvement program is under consideration. Visual process control is applied in a financial section of a company. The success of Six Sigma programs depends to a large extent on motivating employees, training them and coordinating their efforts in projects as well as implementing changes resulting from projects. Managers are interviewed (Total 12) and on the basis of score the improvement are analyzed.

A compressor is the heart of vapour compressor system. The function of refrigerator compressor, being an integral part of the system, is related to relate to other components. Hence its capacity, life, breakdown, etc. are very much influenced by the performance of other components like condenser, evaporator, throttling device etc. in this present paper the reciprocating compressor is being replaced by a screw compressor. The performance analysis is conducted and further a comparison analysis is done. It has been found that the screw compressor with certain limitation is more effective and saves the power.

Since the inception of industrial revolution, a continuous attempt has been made to recover and minimize the waste heat. In the present research paper review on heat pipe is done. Through heat pipe the hot air is used to pre heat the inlet air of 4 stroke diesel engines. Further, the different performance parameter is calculated for the analyzing the effect of pre heat inlet air in comparison of normal air. Variation of Performance is discussed and salient conclusion is drawn which indicates that, a wide scope is available for further research on heat pipe and especially in the relation of IC engine exhaust heat recovery system to preheat the inlet air.

Transferring heat using conduction and convection requires the presence of a temperature gradient in some form of matter ,while the heat transfer by thermal radiation requires no matter. It is extremely important process, and from physical sense it is perhaps the most interesting form of the heat transfer modes. It is relevant to many industrial heating, cooling, and drying processes, as well as to energy conversion methods that involves fossil fuel combustion and solar radiation. In this paper, our objective is studying the radiation in Circular Finned-tube heat exchanger. Finned-tube heat exchangers are predominantly used in space conditioning systems, as well as other applications requiring heat exchange between two fluids. One important widespread use is in cooling applications. The results show that the heat transfer in the mode of the radiation is just about 2% compared with forced convection , but when there is natural convection in the system the term of radiation is considerable.

The present paper addresses the concept of CSF in the development of new products. More specifically, the aim of this research is to study how performance is perceived and measured within the companies, and how this can be improved. The target respondents are Indian SMEs. 18 critical factors are identified and with the help of semi structured questionnaire the data is collected. The collected data is being analyzed in SPSS software. The results show that the identified factors are related to success of new product in the Indian SMEs.

The present paper identifies the critical success factors while the implementation of TQM, to evaluate their impact on the primary measures as expressed by the operational performance and the secondary measures as organizational performance, and to find out the effect of the operational and organizational performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in a selected industrial sector using the semi structured interview approach. A total 297 samples are identified for analysis. 139 responses received with all detail. Respondent’s profiles are quality managers and deferent sectors are targeted. A focus is needed on analyzing various techniques and strategies to be adopted by the Indian companies.

The aim of this paper is to design and analyse a biconvex aerofoil with slightly curved leading edge and estimating the coefficient of pressure (CP), coefficient of lift (CL) and coefficient of drag (CD) at supersonic and hypersonic speeds. The aerofoil is symmetric and has a thickness of 6%. Gambit and Ansys Fluent are two best CFD software used for the analysis. The aerofoil was designed and meshed using Gambit software. Good quality boundary layer mesh can be easily generated using Gambit. The mesh generated was analyzed using Ansys Fluent software. About 1000 iterations were used for the simulation purpose. The pressure coefficient, lift coefficient and drag coefficient for the designed aerofoil were obtained. It was proven that the biconvex aerofoil can also be used for hypersonic speeds.

The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded triple stepped lap joint in laminated FRP composites using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. The finite element model is validated with the available results in the literature for the longitudinal loading of a triple stepped lap joint made of isotropic materials and is extended for the analysis of a triple stepped lap joint made of generally orthotropic laminates subjected to longitudinal loads. Maximum stresses in FRP adherends and Adhesive are computed and the effect of fiber angle on these stresses is studied. The results of the present analysis reveals that the three-dimensional stress analysis is required for the analysis of triple stepped lap joint in laminated FRP composites.

Energy represent requirement of human being base, what increasing in line with its life storey;level. Oil fuel / fossil energy represent one of the source energy having the character of do not newly ( non sources energy renewable) which during the time representing pledge to fulfill requirement of energy in all activity sector. Properties of resource of energy in Indonesia, that is Hydropower, hot earth, earth gas, coal, peat, biomassa, biogas, wind, sea energy, sun and other can be exploited as alternative energy, replacing depended to oil fuel, what limited progressively goodness sum up and its reserve. Oil fuel hold very dominant position in accomplishment requirement of energy in country. Have to realize in this time Indonesia have imported crude oil and also oil fuel to ful fill requirement. crisis of Energy which knock over world affect, world crude oil price height, having an effect on direct to activity of economics. Properties of resource energy, specially the source of new and new energy which we have, require to difikirkan to be exploited as alternative energy, replacing and lessening role of oil fuel in consumption of energi in Indonesia. On that pattern, Body Research and Development of University of wijaya Putra doing research with activity of Analysis Exploiting Of Resource of Energy Alternative Is Ready of Energy Society in Indonesia, upon which policy of management of exploiting of resource of energy existing. Renewable energy To support BBM subtitute.

The optimization of computer numerical control(CNC) boring operation parameters for aluminum alloy 6063 T6 using Taguchi and Grey Relational Analysis(GRA) optimization technique. Machining industry is playing a crucial role in the present manufacturing scenario and boring is an operation which is quite highly used nowadays to enlarge and achieve greater accuracy of the internal holes. In the present work an attempt is made to select the combination of optimum cutting parameters which results in better surface finish (minimum surface roughness i.e. Ra and Rq) and Circularity (Cr). Machining with optimum cutting parameters will result in minimum machining time and enhance the productivity. Three parameters viz. cutting speed, feed and depth of cut of boring bar has been taken as control factors. The cutting trials are performed as per Taguchi L27(3^3) orthogonal method to deal with the response from multi-variables. Taguchi orthogonal array is designed with three levels of boring parameters with the help of software Minitab 16. Grey Relational Analysis is performed for finding out the optimal parameter setting for the Al alloy 6063 T6 material. Additionally, for analyzing the data, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique is used to find the significant factors and their individual contribution in the response function i.e. surface roughness and Circularity.

Investigation of the sandwich structures under bending has an important role to understanding the composite structures stability. Bending behavior of sandwich structures has a wide range of applications in science, engineering and technology. In this study the effects of core shape, cell wall height, wall thickness and skin thickness on critical bending load of honeycomb sandwich panels have been investigated. The other parameters of sandwich panel supposed constant during all analyses. The finite element simulation has been carried out with using of ABAQUS software and results were compared with experimental results. After that design of experiment based on Taguchi method has been carried out for understanding the effect of investigated parameters on maximizing the critical bending load. Eventually, the effect of parameters has been investigated with using of ANOVA.

This study is to find out the best optimum ratio of the mixed waste materials of high-density polyethylene and wood’s flour by comparing the mechanical properties of recycled product (WPC). In this study, the fabrication process of wood plastic composite (WPC) contained of virgin material, post-consumer high-density polyethylene, and wood’s flour is through a twin-screw extruder and hot compression machine. The WPC product with four different ratio filler content based on weight percentage, i.e. 0 wt %, 20 wt %, 30 wt % and 40 wt % , were tested using universal tensile machine and impact tester according to ASTM D 3039, ASTM D 790, and ASTM D 6110 . The results of experiment showed that tensile and flexural properties of the composite increased with the adding of the wood’s flour material. The testing showed, however, totally opposite to the result of the impact test. In overall, the results of observations showed that recycled WPC have better mechanical properties compared to non-recycled WPC.

The combination of Casting and Powder Metallurgy can promote refined and more uniform microstructures which can result in improved properties and higher isotropy of material. The potential of such blending can be studied by using three important processes viz. Osprey Process, Ceracon Process and Slip Casting Process. These processes can be compared on the basis of microstructure, Austenitizing temperature, and Hardness with Scanning electron microscopy and can be related with conventional processes of manufacturing.

This is the study to evaluate the performance of new design of biogas unit and to enhance the biogas production by using different parameters. The raw material to be fed in digester will be the food waste which gets generated everyday from restaurant full of crowd in the locality. With this unit, biogas equivalent to two kg of LPG can be generated from the feeding of approximately 15 kg of food waste every day. This is the only design available which allows the user to choose how much biogas pressure he wants. Biogas thus produced can be checked for quality by different inoculums and additives. Thus the cost of disposing the food waste can be saved and the energy can also be recreated and reutilized for restaurant benefits. Hence the atmospheric contamination automatically gets prevented.

Reliability assessment popularly known as Weibull analysis is an exercise primarily concerned with reliability estimation and prediction with which failure process of a system can better be analyzed. Many situations like modeling failure processes, decision of effective maintenance policy, estimation of maintenance float factors, downtime assessment and reduction greatly rely on the parameters of the life distributions fitted to the failure data. As the Weibull distribution involves transcendental equation, determining parameters is quite difficult task. To this effect, a Nomograph is developed and presented in this paper to closely determine the Weibull parameters. The paper articulates the development of Nomograph and procedure for its implementation. Results and discussions carried out proves statistically that the results obtained using the Nomograph are better than the commonly used its counterparts.

Abstract In this work, effect of water depth on the single basin and double slope glass active solar still was studied. A solar collector is connected with solar still to convert the passive still into active. The set up was fabricated from a transparent glass .The thickness of the side glasses and bottom glasses are 8 mm and the upper slope glasses are 3.5 mm. All sides are made with same material. The bottom surface was coated with black coating. The solar still was insulated so that the heat dissipation could not take place to the surrounding. The length of the still is 1m and width is 0.5 m and depth of 10 cm was given and at this depth a slope of 150 was given. A flat plate solar collector is also added which is fabricated through Galvanised iron sheet whose thickness was 2.5 mm. It is in rectangular shape whose dimensions are (30cm x 15cm x 10cm). A copper tube is circulated with snake shape through which water is circulated. The study covers the influence of water depth of 1cm, 2cm and 3 cm with and without coal in the still productivity. The results stated that distilled water collection is highest for lower depth of 1 cm with and without coal. Even among lower depth, water with coal observed 21.9% increases in productivity in comparison with without coal.

Carbon fibers have been considered as so important reinforcements for aluminum alloys in manufacturing advanced composite materials. Composite materials have been used in automobile, ships aircraft, sports goods and so on. This study discussed the experimental results on tensile strength and modulus of three samples, at different orientations and constant volume fraction of 60% of carbon fibers reinforced aluminum matrix composites at low temperatures. Several experimental tests have been carried out at longitudinal (0°) and transverse (90°) directions of composite specimens using an environmental test chamber with a universal testing machine. Thermo-mechanical tensile loads at strain rate of (0.0015 s-1) were applied to carbon fiber/Aluminum laminates at room temperature (RT=23 0C, zero 0C, -15 0C and -30 0C). The results indicated that low temperatures have a significant effect on mechanical properties i-e tensile and modulus. It was found that the tensile strength for sample S1 reduced as the temperature decrease for both directions while S2 didn’t effect by low temperatures in transverse direction but the strength was reduced at -30 0C by 10% compared to RT in longitudinal direction. It was also observed that for S3, the tensile strength was reduced at -30 0C for both directions. The modulus of the three samples was increased as the temperature reduced. The experimental results also indicated that the strength and modulus for the three samples are higher in longitudinal laminates compared to transverse laminates at low temperatures.

In this study food waste from a restaurant, chicken waste and waste flour are used as feedstock. Along with this, one new biogas unit model is used and compared with the existing one for various features. The outcomes are documented. Different decisive parameters were verified and got compared with those generated from conventional type of feed stock in various AD processes mentioned in different literature searched. With the individual effect all above influensive parameters, the relation between them is also verified which shown consistent results.

The industrial/military power of any nation is attributed to its ability to produce steel. Alloys are as a result of the combination of a base material with other constituent elements. It is therefore interesting to note that for this well researched paper metallic alloys are a combination of a base metal and other constituents. The main constituents here are the carbon. It is the addition of carbon that change metals to an engineering material, thus, various constituents of carbon carbides can be constituted to give different categories of steel alloys which can be used to produce different spare parts. With various production methods, these steel alloys can be better appreciated by what it can be used to accomplish.

This article provides a short introduction to Project based Learning (PjBL) that are significant in the mechanical engineering students project MR02/07 development for agricultural product and typical of socio-constructivist of student approaches. The objectives of using PjBL module is producing innovative product by implementation PjBL concept. These project methods will describe deeply the process of development chopper machine with specified code MR02/07. By using PjBL module the process will drive directly from first to the end. Guided with BIE approach and reference models, PjBL module create new 21 century learning era with guided in project development to meet engineering standard and completed on time. It’s works smoothly with guided forms at PjBL module instrument. Engineering students will fulfill the mastery learning in engineering project development methods when use PjBL module for their product development. Please, see project-based learning (PjBL) module that develop for engineering project development at Mechanical Department, Politeknik Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

Clay–Ag composite films were based on polyethylene, 0.75 degree and master batch which were produced under the temperature 195-165 degrees Celsius, at 50rpm speed. The morphology and microstructure of the composite films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The tribological behavior was investigated by using a ball-on-disk tribometer in vacuum and in humid air. The crystalline Ag phase dispersed in amorphous Clay and the size of the crystalline Ag increased with the Ag content in the films. The mechanical and tribological properties of Clay–Ag composite films varied with the Ag content. At the content of 42 at %Ag, the composite film had the highest microhardness and elastic modulus. The amorphous Clay in the Clay–Ag 42% composite film made the main function during wear, so the film showed the lowest friction coefficient. The friction coefficients of the Clay–Ag composite films in vacuum were lower and more stable than those in humid air, but the environmental sensitivity of tribological behavior decreased obviously due to the addition of Ag in the films.

Motor cycle accidents have been increased in the last two decades. Helmet can protect the vehicle riders from severe injuries during road accident to certain extent. To design a functional helmet, it is important to analyze the shape of the helmet and visor portion. So that the attempt has been made for design and analysis of new helmet by considering the drag pressure and anti-glare visor. The drag pressure resistance presses the helmet against the neck portion of the rider. The shape of an aerodynamic helmet can be able to reduce the drag pressure. The spherical shape and a new aerodynamic shape helmets are designed with aid of Pro-E software and the drag pressure are calculated and comparison has been made on the basis of drag pressure.

The prediction of long term mechanical properties of sandwich structures consisting of PU foam core and Vinyl Ester (VE) / Glass face sheet material under temperature, humidity and salt fog environment were performed by accelerated testing methodology based on the Time-Temperature superposition principle (TTSP). PU foam cored VE/ glass fibre reinforced sandwich structures with varied densities of PU foam were prepared and tested for degradation in flexurall properties at three different temperatures (30° C, 40° C, and 50° C) and RH 95% for a period of 120 days. The degradation in flexural properties such as Facing Bending Strength (FBS), Core Shear Strength (CSS) and compression properties (edgewise and flatwise strength) were studied. The master curves for FBS, CSS,ECS and FCS were constructed by using the test data obtained from the degradation studies at three different temperature conditions based on Time temperature super position principle and the acceleration factor has been determined. An effort has been made to develop methodologies for accelerated testing of sandwich structures for long term durability considering time, marine ambiance, temperature and humidity as major influencing parameters

The concept of paper begin with a review of the salient theory and available body of literature of SCM in terms of responsibility, manufacturing practices, competitive advantages, SCM practices and overall performance of company. As the study composed of surveys of 92 manufacturing companies nearby Bhopal and in-depth interviews is discussed and their findings shared. Various statistical tools are used for the analysis of collected data. Their reliability and content are checked using reliability analysis. The discussion of findings and their implications, and concluded with some suggestions for future research.

The present research paper has examined the factors which a company must consider while implementing Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices. Manufacturing companies nearby Bhopal will be examined in their approach to be more sustainable. The research method employed is a case study analysis through Semi-structured interviews held with relevant managers. This research correspond with the Strategic and operational planning, Structure, systems, and decision making Management of people and company culture; Relationships with supply chain members. Top-management support is crucial for effectively working GSCM practices. A flat hierarchical structure might be helpful for successful GSCM, but therefore the inherent advantages of a flat hierarchy have to be exploited. Employee involvement is recognized as another crucial element of GSCM. An environmentally friendly company culture is beneficial and should be derived from the companies’ environmental vision and/or mission. Collaborations with suppliers are perceived to be productive and essential to develop innovative products. Other tools, like supplier questionnaires, can help to improve the environmental impact of the whole supply chain.

There is a growing demand for the need of alternative fuels for transportation. Increasing the efficiency and reducing the exhaust gases in engines have been dominant in the fields of research. The exhaust gases contain numerous pollutants that are extremely harmful though in chronic conditions. Hence, Electromagnetic engines were created that uses the combined power of an electromagnet as well as a permanent magnet. While these engines have already proven their worth as alternative sourced engines, non-polluting and eco-friendly, the current challenge is to make them more efficient, reliable and cost effective.

Environmental and Ecological issues call for the reduction in usage of cutting fluids in metal cutting industry. New techniques are being inquired to achieve this objective. Hard turning with minimum quantity lubrication is one such technique which can alleviate the pollution problems associated with cutting fluids. In the present work, vegetable oil based cutting fluids like castor oil, palm oil and ground nut oil is made to drop at tool-work interface using over-head system. The present paper deals with experimental investigation carried out for machinability study of hardened AISI D3 steel in combination with CVD coated cemented carbide inserts of different styles and to obtain optimum process parameters using Deng’s similarity approach. An orthogonal array, overall performance index and analysis of variance ( ANOVA) are applied to study the performance of process parameters such as insert style, cutting fluid cutting speed, feed and depth of cut with consideration of quality characteristics i.e., surface roughness, material removal rate and specific energy. Finally a clear presentation is made for Deng’s approach

The cohesive zone model (CZM) can be regarded as a computational model which provides valuable insights in the prediction of crack initiation and propagation. The concept behind this model considers the process of fracture as a gradual phenomenon in which separation takes place between two adjacent virtual surfaces across an extended crack tip. The role of the CZM in analyzing the crack propagation in different materials and variations in the traction separation law(TSL) are covered in a detailed manner in this paper.