Archives-j 

Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure. Complications are rare, but they exist and require specific treatment. Knowledge, prevention and management of complications are part of the mastery of a surgical technique.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a class of sets called soft ß- locally closed sets. Further soft ß - LC continuous map and its irresoluteness are defined in soft topological space along with their characterization.

Data aggregation system is the majority sensible technique for wireless sensor networks. It reduce a large amount of communication. To screen announcement during aggregation homomorphism encryptions have been practical in previous be taught. So the enciphered data can be aggregated algebraically without decryption. Although data aggregation could considerably reduce broadcast, it is defenseless to some attacks. However, these schemes failed to satisfy multi-application surroundings. The main drawback of these scheme is that, it become insecure in case a number of sensor nodes are compromised. Also, these scheme do not provide secure counting. Thus, it is suffer due to unauthorized aggregation attacks. An alternative move toward for this problem is to collective encrypted messages in a straight line from SN, thereby avoid the forgery of aggregate result. To end these drawbacks, we propose a new hidden data aggregation system called CDAMA, provide CDA connecting multiple groups. It is extensive from homomorphism community encryption system. There are three contributions in the proposed system. First, it is intended a multi-application surroundings. Next, it mitigates the crash of compromising attack in single request environments. Compared with conservative schemes, CDAMA mitigates the collision of compromise SN from beginning to end the construction of manifold groups. It reduces the damage from illegal aggregations.

Parameters design and characteristics optimization of a split-phase single-phase induction motor are proposed in this paper using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The PSO considers the motor efficiency as objective function and five performance related items as constraints. The main advantages of the proposed technique are; its simple structure and its straightforward verification of maximum efficiency of induction motor for a given output power. The PSO algorithm was implemented on a test motor and therefore, a code has been provided under MATLAB software. The results show that the PSO method gives more suitable design optimization against conventional methods.

Chitosan is a natural carbohydrate biopolymer derived by deacetylation (DA) of chitin, a major component of the shells of crustacea such as crab, shrimp, and crawfish. Like cellulose, chitosan is a fiber. However, unlike plant fiber, chitosan possesses unique properties that may be enhanced by forming it in thin film or membrane structure. The chitosan films have enormous surface area per unit volume (high aspect ratio), which provide remarkable capacity for attachment or release of functional groups, absorbed molecules, ions and particles of many kinds. This work deals with formation of chitosan membranes (films) to study the selective adsorption property of heavy metal ions present in leather tanning effluents. Chitosan was prepared from the chitin by deacetylation process. The degree of deacetylation was determined and molecular weight was calculated. The chitin and chitosan were characterized with FTIR. The synthesized chitosan was fabricated into membranes, whose surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical spectroscopy. The SEM images show the porous nature of the membrane indicates the possibility of metal ion adsorption. The complete absorption spectra of chitosan membranes show the absorption peak around 330nm specify the selective adsorption nature of the carcinogenic and dangerous species of the effluent (Cr-VI) by the chitosan membranes. Heavy metal adsorption property of the chitosan depends on time of adsorption, thickness and area of the membrane. The linear variation of absorbance with time indicates the fast absorption rate of the metal ion by the chitosan membranes. The mechanism of the selective adsorption is due to physic-sorption process.

Cystic malformations of the biliary tract are rare congenital conditions estimated at about 1/2,000,000 births. It is a condition that can lead to serious complications such as angiocholitis, chronic pancreatitis, progressive biliary cirrhosis, portal hypertension or biliary lithiasis. Its spontaneous perforation is one of the few complications, first described by Weber in 1934. Reported to us the case of an 18-month-old boy admitted for sub-occlusive syndrome with biliary peritonitis. An ultrasound scan was performed showing abdominal effusion with communicating cystic formation of the biliary tract associated with a sub-capsular effusion of the liver confirmed by a CT scan. The procedure consisted of a peritoneal toilet with a redon drain at the perforation level and a subhepatic drain without excision of the cyst. The patient was readmitted 6 months after this incident for final treatment.

Interband optical absorption coefficients in a strained Zn0.2Cd0.8S/ZnS quantum dot are discussed theoretically taking into account the internal field induced by the spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations. The effects of geometrical quantum confinement on the exciton binding energies in ZnxCd1-xS/ZnS quantum dot are investigated for various confinement potentials and thereby the interband optical transition energy associated with the photon is brought out. The effects of quantum confinement on the heavy hole exciton are brought out here. We calculate the oscillator strengths for the heavy hole and light hole excitons and the total nonlinear optical absorption coefficients in a Zn0.2Cd0.8S /ZnS quantum dot with the incident photon energy taking into account the effective mass anisotropy of holes. Our results bring out that the oscillator strength depends on the geometrical confinement, electron and hole wave functions and the interaction between them, and the nonlinear optical absorption coefficient shows larger values for smaller dots.

This study examined the economic analysis of modern beekeeping in Kogi State, Nigeria. The socio-economic characteristics, level of profitability, the factors affecting bee-keeping production and problems of modern bee keeping in the study area were analyzed. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 70 bee farmers selected randomly in fifteen villages across the State. Analytical tools employed include Descriptive statistics; Net farm income Analysis and Production Function. Results of the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers reveals that majority (97.14%) of the farmers were males with a mean age of 43 years. And have an average family size of 8 persons. More than half (57.14%) of the farmers has been into beekeeping for more than 16 years and have a mean bee – keeping experience of 14 years. On the average the farmers employed 5 persons and have an average of 7 hives. Results revealed a net farm income of ?21, 000 per hives and profitability index of 0.76 indicating that modern bee keeping is profitable in the study area. Production function analysis showed that size of the bee hives, number of harvest, numbers of employee and capital have positive and significant effects (p<0.01) on bee keeping. The major constraints associated with beekeeping are inadequate capital, high cost of equipment, illiteracy, inadequate of extension visit, bororo invasion (Fulani), and inadequate management/managerial skills or knowledge. It is therefore recommended that youth ,women, retiree’s should be encouraged to venture into bee-keeping as a means of reducing unemployment and farmers should be ready to adopt modern bee-keeping techniques in the study area.

In this paper we report on the synthesis of single-crystal Mg2B2O5 nanowires by heating the precursor powder made of disodium tetraborate decahydrate and magnesium chloride dihydrate at 8500C. The as-received nanowires possess smooth surface with diameters varying between 25 and 40 nm. Also Mg2B2O5 nanorods doped with Eu were synthesized by firing a mixture powder of the above obtained Mg2B2O5 nanowires and Eu2O3 in air atmosphere. The as synthesized Mg2B2O5:Eu nanorods have diameters varying between 110 and 130 nm. The structural and compositional characteristics of the as-synthesized products have been investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, and SAED techniques. Photoluminescence investigations reveal that both Eu+3 and Eu+2 can coexist in Mg2B2O5 nanorods. Eu2 display a violet emission beak at 412 nm and Eu3+ display broad emissions centered at 538 and 615 nm.

The photoluminescence properties of Eu2+ doped BaB2O4 prepared by novel solution combustion synthesis technique are investigated. The structure of the prepared sample characterized by TG-DTA, XRD and FTIR. Surface morphological study was done using SEM images. BaB2O4:Eu2+ gives strong emission at 380 nm (UV-A region), upon excitation with 322 nm light. The concentration of Eu2+ (relative to Ba) in BaB2O4 for which the quenching occur was found to be about 6 mol%, and the critical transfer distance for this concentration was calculated to be 14.56 Å. This phosphor may provide an efficient kind of luminescent material for various applications in medical & industry.

The ethanolic fruit extract of Cucumis trigonus Roxb. of family Curcurbitaceae was subjected to isolation and identification of chemical constituents. The extract was purified and isolated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The isolated compound was then subjected to Infra red spectroscopy (IR) for identification of functional groups, 1H NMR and 13C NMR for identification of protons and carbon atoms. LCMS and elemental analysis were done for identifying the molecular weight and elemental composition of the isolated compound. From the spectra obtained from IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, LCMS and elemental analysis, the isolated compound was found to be linolenic acid (C18H30O2) with a molecular weight of 278.43.

Plants are utilized as therapeutic agents since time immemorial in both organized (Ayurveda, Unani) and unorganized (folk, tribal, native) form. The ethanolic fruit extract of Cucumis trigonus Roxb of family Cucurbitaceae was used to treat the urolithiasis induced by ethylene glycol. On this course, the extract also repairs the changes that happened in the biochemical parameters urea, uric acid and creatinine in serum and urine of the urolithiatic rats. The ethanol extract (150 mg / kg b.w.) reduced the levels of elevated biochemical parameters in serum and urine significantly (p<0.05) when compared with the toxic groups. The results shown by the ethanol extract (150 mg / kg b.w.) was compared to standard thiazide drug treated group showing no significant difference (p<0.05) and thus exhibited potent antiurolithiatic activity.

We report the case of a 35 year old man who was assaulted by knife landing on the posterior aspect of the left shoulder causing a transfixing wound and imprisonment of a large metallic blade under the scapular region has gone unnoticed and migrated in the shoulder while sparing the axillary vessels and the left brachial plexus. careful dissection after exploration of the axillary nerve vessel bundle allowed the extraction of the knife, which measured 10 cm in length

Image compression has become a necessary step for making better use of available storage requirements and transmission bandwidth during the past decades. For image compression it is desirable that the selection of transform should reduce the size of resultant data set as compared to source data set. For continuous and discrete time cases, wavelet transforms and wavelet packet transform has emerged as popular techniques. This thesis paper aims to determine the best wavelet to compress the still image (fingerprint) at a particular decomposition level using wavelet transforms and wavelet packet transforms. Number of Zeros (NZ) and Retain Energy (RE) is determined for different wavelets at different threshold values ranging from 10 to 100 for decomposition level 3.

Ease of use is one of the main criteria that customers consider when making a purchase decision. In order to provide a pleasant experience to the customers, offering products or services consisting of advanced features and functions is no longer enough, due to the existing competition in the global market. In reality the ease of use of any product is influenced by the conditions of the product and the familiarity of the user. This study examines the influence of the familiarity and the product conditions on the ease of use of a product and the results would be a valuable guidance to the manufacturers in order to identify how the ease of use level of a product deviates from the standard level, when the usage hours of the product would increase.

Present paper is an important study for constructing magic squares of odd orders. This magic squares have been formed using the properties of Latin squares. Here, reduced Latin square is used and it is formulated by using the cyclic shifting method with the entries (????, ????,...., ????) (????(????- ????),.... ???? power ???? ).This work has been generalized for magic square of order ???? power ????, when ???? is odd and ???? by using the mathematical formula ?????????(???????????? ???? power ????): ????= ????, ????,..., ???? power ????. The method is tested for ????, ???? power ???? and ????.

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new class of sets called (1 ,2)*alpha* -closed sets in topological spaces and to study their properties. Further, we define and study (1,2)*T_alpha* space , (1,2)*_gT_alpha* -space and their properties. 

The calcaneo navicular coalition is congenital fusion of the two bones of the tarsus, the calcaneus and the navicular bone. With the talocalcaneal coalition, it constitutes the most common form of tarsal coalitions. Often asymptomatic, the calcaneo navicular coalition, generally easy at radiological diagnosis when it comes to oblic foot exercise, requires in case of intense pain, a surgical operation. Several surgical methods are proposed by the authors, including the double arthrodesis and resection of the coalition with the interposition of the extensor brevis muscle or fat tissue. The interest of this study is to shed light on the interest of the pedal muscle interposition after resection of the tarsal coalition at the talocalcaneal articulation achieved before the end of the growth for the prevention of recurrence and total disappearance of symptoms in children. As sample, we propose the observation of a girl aged ten years old, with symptomatic form of calcaneo navicular coalition treated surgically by resection with pedal muscle interposition. Clinical results, valued at an average of twelve months after surgery, were satisfactory.

Sport accidents are very common for children and adolescents. They are among the most frequent traumas that occur in domestic and road accidents. They mainly concern the growth plate and the epiphyseal detachments. Among the avulsion fractures of the apophyses of the pelvis, it is very important to cite those of the anterior inferior iliac spine. Although they are rare, they occur most often for adolescents during sport activities. However, they are quite exceptional for adults. In the case of a 14-year-old adolescent with recent basal trauma happening during a soccer game, there was an inguinal pain and functional impairment of the lower limb. The clinical examination found a pain in the mobilization of the right hip in extension. The standard radiograph of the pelvis showed an avulsion fracture of the anterior inferior iliac spine. The patient was treated orthopedically with a rest and discharged from the traumatized lower limb. It has been noticed the disappearance of the pain in a few weeks later and then resumption of the sport activity for six months. During the observation, all attention of the team was centered on this type of specific fracture of the child and the adolescent athlete both diagnosed and how an early and adapted treatment of growth apophysitis helps prevent its occurrence.

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle associated with both infectious and noninfectious diseases. Among the infectious etiologies, viruses are the most frequent pathogens, streptococcus is rarely reported as a causative pathogen of acute myocarditis without clinical features suggestive of rheumatic fever. No epidemiological data estimating the incidence of group A streptococcus (GAS) induced myocarditis exist at this time [1]. The clinical manifestations are variable: it classically presents as an acute heart failure and can also be manifested with arrhythmia (tachycardia or bradycardia) or chest pain mimicking myocardial infarction, especially in young patients, accompanied with focal ST elevations on the electrocardiogram and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Here we present a case of a 44- year-old man who presented with myocarditis mimicking ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) a few days after he an episode of angina.

Pure and divalent metal ion Mg 2+ doped Copper sulphate and Potassium Dichromate crystals have been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. The pure copper sulphate and pure potassium dichromate crystals were noted as CUS and KDC. Powder X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the phase formation and magnesium ions doping into KAP crystals. The presence of functional groups in the crystal has been observed by FTIR analysis. Optical transmission studies were carried out by allowing the UV-Vis ray of wavelength between 200 and 1100 nm was pass through the (010) face of the grown crystals. The optical transmission studies reveal that the pure and magnesium ion doped copper sulphate crystals were better transmission in the wave length region of 350 nm to 550 nm. In the case of pure and doped potassium dichromate crystals transmission was better in the wavelength region of 550 nm to 1100 nm. Optical transmission is found to be decreases in pure and magnesium ion doped copper sulphate crystals from 550 nm to 800 nm and above 800 nm it was increases up to 1100 nm.SHG efficiency of all these crystals were not active. The grown crystals were also subjected to FTIR and microhardness studies.

Semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal of Glycine Zinc Chloride (GZC) crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystal system and lattice parameters were determined from the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies confirm the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The transmittance and absorbance of electromagnetic radiation is studied through UV-Visible spectrum. The mechanical property of grown crystals has been analyzed by Vicker’s micro hardness method. The thermal behaviour of the grown crystals has been investigated by DTA and TGA analysis.SHG efficiencies were measured using Kurtz powder technique. GZC has the NLO efficiency of 72% of KDP crystal.

Semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal Pottasium hydrogen phthalate (KAP) crystals doped with mono, di, trivalent metal ion(Ag+,Ca2+,Cr3+) doped separately were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystal system and lattice parameters were confirmed from the powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies confirm the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The transmittance of electromagnetic radiation is studied through UV-Visible spectrum. The mechanical property of grown crystals has been analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness method. The thermal behaviour of the grown crystals has been investigated by DTA and TGA analysis. SHG efficiencies were measured using Kurtz powder technique. The NLO efficiency of these crystals was measured and Ca2+ doped KAP have the highest SHG value than all other crystals.

The presence of heavy metal residues in food products is a potential hazard to humans and animals as these metals cannot be degraded and stay permanently in the environment hence there is a need to ascertain the safety of these products for human consumption. The concentration of heavy metal residues in meat, milk and cheese were assessed in three locations in Ondo State. A total number of 120 animals (comprising 30 cows and 90 bulls) and 30 cheese samples were sampled for the investigation. The samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and the resulting solutions were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) for lead, copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium. The result revealed that the concentration of each metal was significantly (P < 0.05) different due to the location. The results were compared with Maximum Recommended Limit (MRL) as set by FAO. The cadmium concentration in the kidney samples obtained from Owo has a mean concentration level of 1.23mg/kg, which is above those collected from Ondo (0.53mg/kg). However, Cadmium was not detected in kidney samples from Akure. Chromium concentration was high in kidney samples from Ondo and Owo with values of 1.11 and 1.21mg/kg respectively than those recorded in Akure (0.31mg/kg). The mean level of copper in skeletal muscle from Akure (3.17kg/kg) was higher when compared with the 2 other locations (Ondo 1.48mg/kg; Owo 1.82mg/kg). The mean concentration of lead in skeletal muscle (2.09mg/kg) and kidney samples (0.89mg/kg) were significantly higher than liver samples (0.78mg/kg). Of these skeletal muscle, kidney and liver samples, 100%, 46.7%, 73.3% exceeded the MRL by FAO respectively. For cadmium, the result showed that kidney samples of slaughtered cattle contained a mean value of 0.59mg/kg. Also, the concentration of zinc in skeletal muscle and liver of slaughtered cattle were 37.65and 50.55mg/kg out of which 36.7% and 43.3% exceeded the MRL by FAO for skeletal muscle and liver respectively. The mean concentration of chromium is higher in kidney samples (0.88mg/kg) than skeletal muscle (0.77mg/kg and liver (0.83mg/kg). Of these skeletal muscle, kidney and liver samples, 16.7%, 36.7%, 20% exceeded the MRL as set by FAO respectively. Copper mean concentration was higher in liver samples (20.57mg/kg) of which 100% of liver samples exceeded MRL by FAO. 

An analytical study is performed to investigate the effects of chemical reaction and radiation on unsteady MHD flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature and variable mass diffusion in the presence heat source or sink under the influence of applied transverse magnetic field. It is assumed that the effect of viscous dissipation is negligible in the energy equation and there is a first order chemical reaction between the diffusing species and the fluid. The flow is assumed to be in - direction which is taken along the infinite vertical plate in the upward direction and -axis is taken normal to the plate. At time >0, the both temperature and species concentration levels near the plate are raised linearly with time time t. A general exact solution of the governing partial differential equations is obtained by usual Laplace transform technique. The velocity, temperature and concentration fields are studied for different physical parameters like thermal Grashof number (Gr), mass Grashof number (Gm), Schmidt number (Sc), Prndtl number (Pr), radiation parameter (R), magnetic field parameter (M), accelerated parameter (a), heat source parameter (H), chemical reaction parameter (K) and time (t) are studied through graphs and tables.

The objective of the present study is to investigate thermal diffusion and radiation effects on unsteady MHD flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature and mass diffusion in the presence of heat source or sink under the influence of applied transverse magnetic field. The fluid considered here is a gray, absorbing/ emitting radiation but a non-scattering medium. At time t>0, the plate is exponentially accelerated with a velocity in its own plane. And at the same time, the plate temperature and concentration levels near the plate raised linearly with time t. The dimensionless governing equations involved in the present analysis are solved using the Laplace transform technique. The velocity, temperature, concentration, Skin-friction, the rate or heat transfer and the rate of mass transfer are studied through graphs and tables in terms of different physical parameters like magnetic field parameter (M), radiation parameter (R), heat source parameter (H), Schmidt parameter (Sc), soret number (So), Prandtl number (Pr), thermal Grashof number (Gr), mass Grashof number (Gm) and time (t).

Surfactants are basic cleaning agents in soaps and detergents. Most surfactants are less toxic to aquatic organisms due to their surface activity which will react with the biological membranes of the organisms. The study of surfactant materials along with the other additive compounds seeks more attention because of their increasing industrial and domestic applications. Dyes and enzymes which are the important ingredient in detergents have their own cleaning properties. Nowdays, lipases stand amongst the most important biocatalysts carrying out novel reactions in both aqueous and non-aqueous media. They also possess massive applications in various areas of industrial microbiology and biotechnology. This statement is well documented by the enormous number of research investigations undertaken in the last one and a half decades. Lipases show immense versatility regarding their catalytic behaviour. Therefore, there is a lot of scope to search for newer lipases with desired selectivity and substrate tolerance. The present study is an attempt to investigate the thermodynamic properties like internal pressure, free volume, ??i, molar and molal hydration numbers of anionic surfactant SDS with sodium sulphate in the presence of dye (methylene blue) and an enzyme (lipase) at 303K, 313K and 323K temperatures. The determination of the above properties has thrown light into the various types of molecular interactions existing in aqueous ternary solutions.

This study wishes to examine and validate the ‘broken window’ hypothesis among the fifty one states in the United States. The chosen method for this analysis is Johansen cointegration test to test for cointegration, and if any cointegrating vector is found, we proceed to test for Granger causality based on VECM. We test whether property crime (proxy for minor crime) leads to violent crime (proxy for major crime) in the fifty one states with respect to the period 1960 to 2007. Result of the study indicates that violent crime and property crime are cointegrated in forty eight states out of fifty one states. Further analysis to test for the validity of the broken window hypothesis provides stunning result whereby we found that the hypothesis is indeed valid in forty four out of forty eight states.

In this paper, the application of the fully automated road detection for high resolution panchromatic images is proposed. This approach includes image binarization, boundary tracing algorithm and mathematical morphology reconstruction in order to retrieve main regions which have high potential to be regarded as road. Fuzzy C-means clustering is used for image binarization. Moore-Neighbour tracing algorithm modified by Jacob's stopping criteria is applied for tracking and labelling regions then flood-fill algorithm is exerted on regions in order to fill holes. Afterwards, four main shape-factors are introduced which can effectively discriminate between road and other terrain features. The R, H, Q and C factors that are relevant to shape of road are defined in this research. K-means cluster is then utilized to separate the roads from others, based on mentioned shape-factors. The algorithm has been tested with PANchromic (PAN) image of Worldview2 sensor. The results demonstrated development in road detection based on shape-factor clustering.

The state of any system can be defined completely by four observable properties, namely composition, pressure, volume and temperature. Study of thermodynamical properties of liquids and liquid mixtures play an important role in elucidation of the nature of molecular interactions. Internal pressure (?i) and free volume (Vf.) are the thermo dynamical parameters, which are useful in understanding the intra and inter molecular interactions in polymer solutions[1,2]. The internal pressure is known to be an inverse function of free volume. In the present work, the ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity measurements have been made for the temperatures 303K, 313 K, 318 K and 323 K and at different concentrations of polyvinylidene fluoride in polar aprotic solvent i.e Dimethylacetamide. The variation of internal pressure and free volume with temperature and concentration has been carried out. The nature of polymer-solvent interaction and the effect of temperature and concentration on the molecular interaction are studied. The internal pressure is found to vary inversely with free volume and the values reveals that the relation ?i Vf x = constant, holds good for the above system.

An attempt has been made to prepare mixed metal oxide (MMO) nanoparticles of Zr, Al, Si by sol-gel route from commercially available zircon flour, fly ash and aluminum metal respectively. Isopropoxides of zirconium and silicon from zircon and isopropoxides of alumino silicates from fly ash were prepared in separate experiments by alkoxylation of corresponding fluorides/fluoro acids that were obtained by digesting separately, zircon and fly ash respectively in hydrofluoric acid. Aluminum isopropoxides was prepared by alkolxylation of sodium aluminate that was prepared by dissolving aluminum metal in sodium hydroxide. MMO nanoparticles was obtained by neutralizing the isopropoxides of zircon and fly ash (1:1, v/v) respectively with aluminum isopropoxide. SEM and TEM analysis of the MMO nanoparticles revealed that the average size of primary particle is in the range of 2nm to 4 nm. EDAX of MMO nanoparticles indicated presence of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr) and silicon (Si) and oxygen (O).Compressive strength of poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] reinforced with MMO nanoparticles was found to be superior to that of neat PMMA and PMMA composites reinforced with MMO micron particles.

The transfer reactive power from production source to consumption areas during steady-state operating conditions is a major problem of voltage stability. Hence voltage stability enhancement margin is interrelated with Reactive power loss (RPL). In practical, the power system network has 80-90% inductive loads. When the loads are increased, the line currents are increased, reflecting to the increase in Reactive power loss. This will leads to voltage instability that means the power system gets closer to the instability point. Reactive power can be dispatched effectively to maintain acceptable voltage levels. Maintaining viable voltage levels are very important to avoid voltage collapse. The optimal allocation of a VAR compensator is implemented using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). These two algorithms are implemented considering its less memory requirement and inherent simplicity. Simulation is carried out by using MATLAB Software for IEEE 14 bus system and the results are presented and analysed.

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) have been highly vulnerable to attacks due to the dynamic nature of its network infrastructure. Among these attacks, routing attacks have received considerable attention since it could cause the most devastating damage to MANET. Even though there exist several intrusion response techniques to mitigate such critical attacks, existing solutions typically attempt to isolate malicious nodes based on binary or na?ve fuzzy response decisions. However, binary responses may result in the unexpected network partition, causing additional damages to the network infrastructure, and na?ve fuzzy responses could lead to uncertainty in countering routing attacks in MANET. In this paper, we propose a risk-aware response mechanism to systematically cope with the identified routing attacks. Our risk-aware approach is based on an extended Dempster-Shafer mathematical theory of evidence introducing a notion of importance factors. In addition, our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with the consideration of several performance metrics.

An activated carbon modified by impregnation with manganese (IV) oxide nanoparticle was prepared and used in for the adsorption of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution. Effect of operational parameters such as initial solution pH, contact time, initial dye concentration was studied. The prepared adsorbent shows good adsorption at a wide range of pH (2-10) beyond which adsorption reduces significantly. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at 60 min (37.00mg/g). On the thermodynamic point of view, the adsorption process was found to enthalpy-driven. Pseudo-second order kinetic model with Langmuir isotherm model best describe the adsorption process.

Graham Greene is a colossal figure in twentieth century literature. He is a prolific writer and has proved to be one of the main literary experts to the English speaking world. His writings are not just pieces of entertainment. They have more profound meaning and significance. Greene’s childhood seemed to be unhappy. From the events and influences of Greene’s early life readers can gather evidence of “flight, rebellion and misery during those first sixteen years when the novelists is formed.”1 Being a sensitive boy, Greene felt cramped in the environment in which he was placed. From his book of essays, The Lost Childhood and from his autobiography, A Sort of Life, we get an idea of Greene’s feeling of a sense of emptiness, boredom and lifeless depression during his early years.

Many children are refusing to attend school or have problems remaining in the classes for an entire day. Refusal is associated with classroom climate factors and if not managed well they lead to multiple socio-economic risks spanning into adulthood. This study sought teachers’ views on classroom determinants of school refusal behaviour among lower primary schools in Nandi East district with emphasis on class dynamics. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design in which variables were studied as they are in the field without manipulation. The accessible population consisted of all the 282 public lower primary class teachers in the district. The final sample size of 152 was determined by employing Stein’s method. Stratified and simple random sampling methods were used to get the participants. Structured and semi structured survey questionnaire were used to collect data from class teachers. Cronbach’s Coefficient Alpha was used to determine the reliability of research questions; which established a reliability coefficient of .872. Descriptive statistics used to analyze quantitative data were percentages and frequencies. Statistical Packages of Social Science (SPSS) programme version 17 aided in analyses. The findings were summarized and presented in tables and figures. The study established that teachers consider the following dynamics as triggers of refusal: getting poor marks which lead to frustrations, learners inability to bring out their problems well, teachers forcing weak learners to repeat classes and learners getting demotivated because achievement and performance are not praised or rewarded. The study recommends the in -servicing of education stakeholders on nature of school refusal, improving provision of instructional materials to learners with special needs and improving school inspection.

It has been found that the solar tree produces more energy than a conventional flat rooftop arrangement of solar PV system or modules. The solar energy converts the sunlight energy directly into electrical energy by making use of photo -voltaic or concentrated solar power. The energy demand is increasing with each period, as a result the grid electric supply unit prices are also increasing day by day. For example, with the supply of oil the quantity of oil is decreasing and the prices are increasing. Similarly in case of coal which is abundantly for the production of electricity is available for few more hundred years. So in order to fulfill the increasing demand of energy we must have some alternative sources of nonconventional sources of energy. The energy from the sun is the best alternative among all the renewable sources of energies. It is available free of cost, inexhaustible, non-polluting, eco-friendly and continuously. The main drawback of solar panels is the land requirement for the installation of solar panels. The developed solar artifact requires only 1% of the land compared to the flat rooftop to produce same amount of energy. A single converting cell or more generally known as a photo voltaic cell, but a combination of cells in series or parallel designed to increase the power output is called solar module or solar array. In this article the load capacity or energy requirement of a small house in India is estimated to 1.74kWhr/day [6]. All the calculations are done considering solar radiation data at Durgapur, West Bengal. As per experimentation it is found that tracking system can be easily employed in solar artifact, hence its performance will be better than flat solar PV system. The solar cells are mounted in a phyllotaxy pattern to avoid any obstruction from the others. Keywords: Solar artifact, phyllotaxy pattern, PV system, Solar module, manual tracking.

The hip replacement or hip arthroplasty is an orthopedic surgery in which a damaged or dysfunctional hip joint is surgically replaced with a suitable artificial hip prosthesis. During this surgical procedure, a stem is inserted into the patient’s femur for stability; and the head of the femur is replaced with a ball and socket joint is replaced by an artificial cup. Literature survey reveals that various types of methodologies were used by researchers for the development of the hip prosthesis and while after surgery different complications were arise with the patients like mismatch, aseptic loosening, improper load distribution, and discomfort due to change of morphology of human being. It is present status the availability of specific prosthesis for specific patients are very difficult. Due to the high complexity of customized hip implant results in low production rates. Hence it is understood that there is a requirement of machinablity study for manufacturing of customized hip prosthesis. The one part of study is to concern with the design of different types of hip prosthesis like solid, hollow (with and without internal rib structures) to reduce the effective stiffness and due to the hollowness of prosthesis, stiffness increases which will ultimately results in increase the strain at the proximal femur in comparison to solid femur as well as weight of hip prosthesis is drastically reduced. The machining of hip prosthesis is being carried out by taking the CT scan data of the patient using MIMICS software. The data then analyzed with suitable load in ANSYS after that the CAD model of femoral stem was prepared by using the measured data. The blank size of the prosthesis is first calculated. Then the critical profile machining of top and bottom stem is being carried out using 3-Axis CNC vertical milling machine “Mikron” CNC and the parting operation by using wire cut EDM machine by preparing the necessary programme based on the profile of the prosthesis. However, in this study the machining of hip prosthesis is being carried out through conventional route to stress on economical benefits for low cost manufacturing strategy. 

The purpose of this study to show the effects of Hematocrit (Red blood cells), height of stenosis, porous parameter and velocity of blood on wall shear stress of the flow of blood through tapered artery. The study reveals that wall shear stress reduces for increasing Hematocrit percentage. It is also observed that wall shear stress increases as stenosis height and porous parameter increase whereas it decreases with the increasing values of velocity of blood and slope of tapered artery.

Bicycle is recognized as a transportation solution helping to improve various environmental, economical and social aspects. A variety of bicycle design and setups for utility are used to carry personal belongings, groceries, children and much more. One particular utility bicycle is the folding bicycle. Its design allows users to easily transport the bicycle using less space when the bicycle is “folded” in to a compact size. When using a folding bicycle with a bicycle-transit journey, it allows individuals ability to board transit vehicles. The versatility of a folding bicycle is also appropriate for air travel and for when inadequate parking and bicycle theft is a significant concern.

This paper presents the failure analysis of the turbine blade of a gas turbine engine 9E GE type, installed in a certain type of simple systems consisting of the gas turbine driving an electrical power generator. A non-linear finite element method was utilised to determine the stress state of the blade segment under operating conditions. High stress zones were found at the region of the lower fir-tree slot, where the failure occurred. A computation was also performed with excessive rotational speed. Attention of this study is devoted to the mechanisms of damage of the turbine blade and also the critical high stress areas.

Chemical properties of groundwater resources were studied in the Kwahu South District of Ghana. The study used hydrochemical data employing a series of comprehensive data interpretation e.g. Bivariate plots, Schoeller and Piper diagram to obtain a better understanding of the system functioning. The physico-chemical parameters suggest that the groundwaters in the Kwahu South District are generally good for domestic use per World Health Organization (W.H.O) standards with the exception of boreholes from Nkyenenkyene (NKY and NKY 3) which have hydrogen sulphide problems. Stiff diagrams were superimposed on the map of the study area to display the area differences in water quality across the district. The following main hydrochemical processes were identified as factors controlling the chemistry of the groundwater system: dissolution, ion exchange, and reverse ion exchange. Three main hydrochemical facies were identified from the Piper diagram: Facies (I); Ca –HCO3, Facies (II); Na –HCO3 and Facies (III); Na–Cl. Three main hydrochemical groups were also identified by the Schoeller diagram: Group I, II, III. The groups identified by the Schoeller diagrams corresponded with the hydrochemical facies identified in the Piper Diagram respectively.

The design of existing cycle rickshaw has hardly changed significantly even since it was introduced in India in early 1940’s from Far East. The gearing and the mechanical advantage of the pedal is very poor. Hence the rickshaw puller has to work hard while climbing even a slight slope. A common sight is of the rickshaw puller getting down and pulling on the foot the rickshaw with the passengers. The conventional drive mechanism of tricycle is provided with one set of sprocket, which gives speed ratio of two between input and output. This speed ratio is fixed for all loading conditions. More effort is required to the puller in starting from the rest or going up. The work done by the various researchers has been studied and improved methodology has been suggested by the authors in future work.

In this project a high power capacity rating pedal operated electric rickshaw has been designed and developed. The design is being carried out using the mostly standard component available in the market has been used for ease of maintenance. The uniqueness of this development is that it is pedal operated and motor driven which can help the rickshaw pullers to apply less manual effort while carrying passengers on gradient. The passenger’s seat is designed such that four passengers can sit comfortably. The necessary calculations were carried out for required motor power and battery capacity. Accordingly the BLDC motor of 550 watt and rechargeable lead acid battery of 48V, 65 AH were selected for present purpose. The motion from pedal to rear axle has been transmitted through an intermediate axle. The strength analysis of chassis structure and stability of the vehicle has been checked through CAE software. The chassis and the body structures are assembled together using fasteners with a rubber pad to absorb the shocks. The batteries, controller and other electrical accessories are placed under the passenger seat and a charging point is mounted at the back. The speed of motor is being regulated by a throttle provided on the handle bar. The batteries may be charged from solar charging station or from by battery swapping method. The pay load capacity is 350 kgs (4 passengers + 1puller) and the max speed is 15-20 Km/hour. The 3 nos of prototypes have been developed with improved features. The laboratory level trails has also been carried out of the developed prototypes and a very satisfactorily results is obtained up-to a distance of 40 kms in a single charge. 

The synthesis of various substituted 4-methoxy-1H-quinolin-2-thiones from various substituted aniline with malonicacid, phosphorous-oxychloride, sodium methoxide glacial acetic acid and thiourea under different conditions is described. The title compounds were synthesized from four steps; the first step involved the synthesis of substituted 2, 4-dichloro quinoline from aniline (substituted), with malonicacid and phosphorous-oxychloride. In the second step, the substituted 2, 4 Dichloro compound was heated with freshly prepared methanolic sodium methoxide solution to give 2, 4-dimethoxy quinoline compounds, it was then refluxed with glacial acetic acid and hydrochloric acid to get the substituted 4-methoxy-1H-quinolin-2-one. The final steps involves with an objective of introducing a chloro in the position 2 of the quinolone system, the substituted 4-methoxy-1H-quinolin-2-one was refluxed with distilled Pocl3 chloroform. The substituted 2-chloro-4-methoxy quinoline was then refluxed with thiourea and alcohol to get the titled compounds. The purity of the synthesized compound was judged by their C, H and N analysis and the structure was analyzed on the basics of Mass, FT-IR, and 1H NMR.

Improving distribution systems performance has become a significant issue as a result of large increase in electrical power consumption during recent years. The system operators aim to enhance efficiency of the distribution system in both dynamic and static modes. While DFACTS has commonly been employed to promote distribution systems capability in dynamic mode, this paper proposes a new static technique based on using interline dynamic voltage restorer (IDVR) to make a virtual smooth load duration curve for the adjacent loads having different load curves. Such a technique can be used for peak shaving and help the operator postpones the system expansion necessity. Furthermore, as a result of virtual smoothing load duration curve, voltage security margin and system reliability which are two important topics in static performance of the distribution systems will be enhanced. The simulation results demonstrate the suitability of the proposed technique.

In this paper, we explore different notions of sets namely ?-open , semi-open , pre-open , b-open and ?-open to define the concept of delta-convergence and delta-adherence of grills in a topological space. Further, we discuss their characterizations

In this paper we define sets G-weakly compact relative to a topological space through ?-open sets. Further we investigate the relationships between these sets and G ?-weakly compact subspaces.

Rangeland ecosystems are dynamic and will change in the occurrence turbulences and will degrade if cross the threshold of rangeland health. We can judge on the effects of management activities by determination of rangeland health features. In this study using 17 ecological indicators, including rill, water flow pattern, Pedestal, bare ground, gully, wind-scoured, litter movement, soil surface resistance to erosion, soil surface loss or degradation, plant community composition and distribution relative to infiltration and runoff and, compaction layer, structural and functional groups, plant mortality, litter amount, annual production, invasive plants and reproductive capability of perennial plants for determination of three characteristics of rangeland ecosystems (soil and habitat stability, hydrological functions and health of living organisms). The main objective of this study is applying this concept in the area of Cheshme Anjir. Indicators were studied in three ecosystems characteristic expressed in five evaluation class and deviation degree of rangeland health features with reference area. The results showed that the key habitat in term of sustainability of soil and habitat in slight to moderate, hydrologic function slight to moderate, organisms’ health slight to moderate while critical habitat in term of soil sustainability and habitat in relatively extreme, hydrologic function in extreme and organism health located in extreme class.

This paper proposes an approach of adapting the vector space model with dependency parse relations to generate semantic summary from multiple documents. Traditional vector space models with tf-idf weighting was not able to completely capture the content similarity because it treats the words within a document are independent of each other. In the proposed system the dependency parse of the document has been used to modify the tf-idf weight of words by incorporating the dependency between each pair of words. To select relevant sentences, different combinations of features are applied through sentence ranking strategy. The experiment result shows that consistent improvement of proposed system over traditional approaches.