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Library cooperation (LC) stems out of the fact that no library can be self-sufficient in terms of funding and resources available for service delivery. Funding level could affect library collection, staffing, facilities, equipment and even buildings which are all areas where the impact of library cooperation could be visible. The level of resources including funding available to Nigerian universities especially the privately owned makes library cooperation an issue for consideration. Resources to meet vital requirements in some of the institutions are not available and the library is always considered as a minor when allocating resources, this further softens the ground for venturing into Library Cooperation. This paper which studied ten (10) private universities in Southwest Nigeria highlights the areas of Library Cooperation among universities, the process, the progress and the challenges. It concluded that libraries in these institutions are still developing.

This paper has two primary purposes; first, we expand confines of Resource Opportunity (hence forth referred to as; RO) by introducing two entrepreneurial concepts: 1) entrepreneurial recognition, which we describe as the recognition of opportunities and opportunity seeking behaviour as a resource and 2) the method of combining and organizing resources as a resource. The second objective is to build theory for the field of entrepreneurship that can potentially cover micro and macro issues by focusing on the resources as the unit of analysis. This attempt is ordered around the four conditions of RO: resource heterogeneity, ex post limits to competition, imperfect factor mobility and ex ante limits to competition. By defining entrepreneurship which we define as the recognition and exploitation of opportunities which result in firm creation that seeks to obtain entrepreneurial rents, through the four conditions of RO we hypothetically inform and expand current research in both entrepreneurship and RO.

Past shapes the future. Knowledge of the past experience has always been a good guide of understanding today and future. Related to this fact, modern Foreign Language Learning and Teaching (henceforth FLLT) and technology have been commonly identified with computer and internet technologies due to the popularity of computational technologies since 1960s. However, before 1960s, technology and FLLT were also bound together as FLLT after 1800s has always paced parallel to the technological inventions. The rapid development of approaches, techniques, and methods has been accompanied by technology, and many technologies have been adapted to FLLT. Beyond any doubt, modern FLLT today is shaped by computational technologies. Nevertheless, the issue of FLLT technology before computers is still vague and blurred. This obscurity dims the view on the relation between modern technologies and FLLT and causes many technological trial and errors today. This study embraces the invention of the computers as a turning point and scrutinizes BC and AD of technology in FLLT by focusing on the impact of technological innovations on FLLT within 1800- 1957 and establishes correlations of past and present experience for better future insights.

Mandatory rules denote those rules of law that parties cannot derogate from. These are rules which in appropriate cases supersede the proper law with the result that their provisions, override the will of the parties. It does not matter whether the applicable law is ascertained by reference to an express stipulation or by reference to the forum with the closest connection. It typically regulate matters in which the “interest of the state is too important for them to be in competition with foreign laws” or the will of the parties and it includes those aspects of public policy, which because they reflect the basic social and economic philosophy of a state, are framed in an imperative manner. These include currency and exchange regulations, boycotts and blockades, competition, and environmental protection laws. One of the limitations on party autonomy within a national legal system is that overriding laws of the forum may override the law chosen by the parties. Freedom of choice (autonomy of will) is a general principle of private international law and is to be respected in principle, it should operate within the limits imposed by such other equally important general principles of law or subject to any restraints of public policy. The theory of delocalization is a mode of detaching international commercial arbitration from legal system of the forum. One main purpose of delocalization is to eliminate the unintended effects of certain arbitration tribunal conducting arbitration seized with hostile features of the law of the place where the arbitration is held. Therefore armed with an arbitral power to make interim award basically for protection and preservation of the res, pending the final award. In Nigeria delocalized arbitral award can be refused on the grounds of non-compliance with the mandatory rules and public policy by the arbitral tribunal. The Arbitration and Conciliation Act

Communication is a very essential element for the reins of development. Indigenous communication systems have increased relevance in terms of their localized application in developing countries. The study aimed at unearthing the use of indigenous communication systems in development work with special focus on drama, theatre and puppet shows. Contrary to popular opinions that indigenous communication systems have lost their relevance, the study found that it is very effective for family life education, dissemination of information, sex education, extremely sensitive issues, increasing self-efficacy, development of pronunciation and interpretation skills, oral language proficiency, self-help communication projects. Notwithstanding the influx of modern communication systems, the study recommends a renewal of culture whereby Africans will do things according to their culture.

The study was carried out to assess genetic diversity among nineteen oil palm accessions collected for conservation, evaluation and future incorporation into Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI) breeding programmes. Genetic diversity and relationship among the nineteen accessions were evaluated using 10 microsatellites. The number of alleles revealed by each of the polymorphic loci ranged from 2 to 3 with an average of 2.5. Cluster analysis resolved the nineteen accessions oil palm accessions into two clusters. The percentage similarity between the oil palm accessions ranged from about 63% to 100%. This study suggest that there was not much genetic diversity among the nineteen accessions used in the study compared to other similar genetic diversity studies in oil palm using microsatellites.

The purpose of this paper is to find the value function for financial problem whose dynamic is described by non-deterministic differential equation.

The size and aggregation state of soil can be influenced by different soil management processes. The objective of this work was to determine the influence of three tillage practices; Manual clearing (MC), Plough tillage (PT) and Conventional tillage (CT) with vetiver grass strips (VGS) spaced at surface interval of 0 m (control), 5 m and 10 m. Soil samples were collected at (0-0.05 m) depth after each growing seasons in 2004 to 2006. Soil organic carbon was determined in the laboratory. Water stable aggregates (WSA) and mean weight diameter (MWD) were determined by wet sieving in 2004 to 2006. Soil organic carbon was significantly higher by 3.7 and 4.8%, respectively on both PH and CT than MC in 2005. Mean weight diameter was significantly increased on 10 m VGS than the control by 3.5% but similar to 5 m VGS. The result showed that tillage both (MC and PT) significantly increased water stable aggregate only in 2004 growing season by 20 and 16%, respectively. Appreciable but not significant increases in mean of WSA over the three years were 1 and 2.7% on 5 m and 10 m , respectively. The study showed that tillage and vetiver grass strips may have immediate and subsequent effects on soil aggregation.

The study was retrospective and cross-sectional study where hospital records were accessed to establish patient-nurse ratio in relation to deliveries conducted monthly between 2011 and 2015 to establish staff workload. 167 nurses were engaged with the aim of determining psychosocial risk factors, prevalence and effects on maternal care outcomes at selected level 4 and 5 private and government health facilities in Mombasa County through a modified Copenhagen Psychosocial questionnaire. Cluster sampling was used to pick hospitals on the basis of levels; stratified sampling to identify the respondents; and systematic sampling to determine every Kth staff involved in the study. Data analysis was done using SPSS package, whose findings indicate that patient/nurse ratio was higher in Government Hospitals compared to private hospitals accounting for approximately 1:4 and 1:3 respectively. Generally, majority of the respondents had a positive perception about their work environment despite 66.9% perceiving to a large extent that their work was emotionally demanding, 80.9% their work exposed them to undue pressure/demands from their patients and relatives and only 58.6% felt somewhat or to a small extent motivated and involved. Due to this perception about current work environment, 70% of the respondents considered looking for work elsewhere with only 22.9% willing to remain working in their respective work places. Further analysis indicated that work environment influenced by 65.8% the decision to change jobs due to lack of motivation and failure to involve them in decision making. This perception, however, differed across private and GoK hospitals, male and female, and across the different age brackets.

Although the Republic of Turkey is recognized as a country figured in opposition to the heritage of and in contrast with the Ottoman Empire, it is obvious that this viewpoint does not fully comply with realities. In this regard, it is possible to claim that the attempt of a bureaucratic group to control the whole social and political area, which also revealed itself for centuries in the Ottoman Period and became more evident in its last periods, has passed to the Republic. Center-periphery relationship established by both the bureaucracy and the public with the spirit of Kuva-yi Milliye (meaning either National Forces or Nationalist Forces in Ottoman Turkish) has evolved into a bureaucratic management structure upon the foundation of the Republic. This structure, which was attempted to be justified for institutionalizing and guaranteeing the new state in the early years of the Republic, did not change in the following years; moreover, it turned into an uphill struggle of bureaucratic structure not to lose the positions that it obtained. Although the powerful governments supported by the public upon the initiation of the multi-party system, the bureaucratic structure, having positioned itself as the owner of the state, struggled to take hold of the power every time by antidemocratic means and usually achieved to do it. In this regard, the coups of May 27, September 12 and February 28 may be considered as the attempts of the bureaucratic structure to take hold of the state again. Today it seems that the bureaucratic structure that regards itself as the owner of the state has lost some of its positions; however, it may be suggested that the struggle between the masses willing to have more democracy and this deep structure will go on for a long time. In this study, the struggle of bureaucratic structure to acquire areas and protect the acquired ones in spite of public and democracy and neutralization of politics in this struggle as from the foundation of the Republic until 2002 are discussed.

Both Han and Mongolian nationalities have advocated and valued education since ancient times, so teaching idioms are also abundant. Before classifying the semantics of Chinese and Mongolian educational idioms, it is necessary to trace back to the origin and study the origin of the idioms in these two languages. The origin of idioms is the soil that produces idioms, and each idiom has its own unique source. Idioms are derived from the ancestors of different nationalities' summaries of daily life, customs, historical stories, myths, legends, famous people's words and social experiences, as well as people's own experiences and wisdom. Chinese and Mongolian idioms are interlinked it this point.

This paper discusses the emergence of Sungusungu vigilante group among Abagusii of western Kenya. In doing so the paper appreciates the ineffectiveness of state security agencies in crime prevention and control to its emergence. However, the paper goes further to demonstrate that the social, economic and political changes which the community has experienced since colonial period is equally important in understanding the emergence of this vigilante group.

Businesses worldwide are faced with the challenge of responding to the needs of their external environment in a manner that adds value to their operations. It is imperative that businesses run their operations within the precepts of the law of the land in which they operate and other regulations prescribed by authorities like business associations and government agencies. The organization is also expected to treat their employees with dignity and within the existing labour laws. The customers expect organizations to produce quality goods and services while the shareholders expect a return on their investment. The communities’ expectations conflict with the shareholders demands because in most cases community investments do not guarantee returns to the organizations. Nonetheless, organizations cannot afford to ignore the communities partly due to government regulations and also due to the long term benefits that accrue from such investments. The issue of organizations running operations in a responsible manner is no longer disputable due to the common understanding of the inherent benefits. Corporations possess power to control and influence the quality of employees, customers, shareholders, and residents of local communities in which they operate. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) focuses mostly on reputation and has only limited connection to the business, making them hard to justify and maintain over the long run.

In any business, large or small, the adoption of competitive strategies is imperative. Sales generate profits – in turn profits allow for growth. Financial institutions, especially in developing markets, use agents to reach an additional client segment or geography. However, many companies have found the application of competitive strategies difficult to properly implement due to lack of adequate understanding and preparation by management and agents. Hyper-competition is characterized by intense and rapid competitive moves, in which competitors must move quickly to build new advantages and erode the advantages of their rivals. Factors that have led to accelerated hyper competition include knowledge sharing (franchise and outsourcing), brand convergence, quick niche copying (imitation), and high quality resulting from standardization, shrinking markets, and attraction of powerful new entrants to business segments with high returns, Yet the astonishing reality is that most of the firms are as unprepared for the challenges of finding, motivating, and retaining capable workers as they were a decade ago. Business leaders are deeply concerned with increasingly global nature of that competition - to have a major effect on their companies. Specific focus for this study is dedicated on theoretical and empirical literature, on organizational and institutional competitive strategies applied within management and concludes with a conceptual framework. Literature reviews consists of details of published and unpublished documents such as journals, papers, books, e-sources and other accredited researchers on related topics.

Over the past few decades the stress had become a growing dilemma in organization and cause unfavorable effects on job performance. Stress is a universal element that affects employees worldwide. There are many barriers that affecting the employees in the workplace. Work stress often affects the employees in the workplace, where each employee will feel it at least once in their workplace. Work stress is a real life problem that not only affects the organization, but the employees mainly become victims of stress. stress become a familiar element in organization and nowadays the workplace become more complicated, which bring more negative impacts to the employees compared to positive impacts. Stress among workers is greater than before which also effect on the whole performance of the employees. Stress which occurred in workplace declared as harmful to physical and emotional responses that happen within a human being when the requirement of the job do not match the employees? capacity, resources and needs. In addition to higher levels of stress are connecting to lower performance, whereas higher job satisfaction point out higher performance.

This paper presents the challenges facing procurement committees in secondary schools in Kisii County in the implementation of the public procurement Act of 2005 in the procurement of goods and services used in secondary schools in Kenya, in response to both domestic and international pressures, the secondary schools committees have recently undertaken important initiatives to make their public procurement systems more efficient and transparent in line with the public procurement and disposal Act of 2005. A cross-sectional survey was used, with the sampling frame comprising members of the secondary Procurement committees in Kisii County. Sets of both pre-tested structured and unstructured questionnaires were used to interview a random sample (82) of the Procurement committee members derived using the formula of Israel (1992) of known target population, N. The data was analyzed with the aid of the SPSS (Version 11.5) computer software and presented in form of descriptive tabular summaries. The study finding indicated that the experience with the reforms has been quite varied. There is an urgent need for strengthening institutions involved in public procurement, as these institutions tend to lack technical capabilities and experience external influences. The paper concludes by emphasizing that there are certain imperatives for the development of an effective procurement system. These are: strengthening the democratic political process, and public accountability; creating real market conditions; and improving work ethics in which public good is valued more than individual.

The study was carried out to establish The role of business ethics in the performance of small scale business, A case of small scale traders in Kisii town, This is because there have been shortcomings as far as service delivery to customers is concerned, The traders mishandle the customers, hike prices at any time, sell fake products to customers in guise that they are original and genuine, package and repackage some products and hood some essential products in anticipation of higher prices which has been a major problem. On the case of employees working in the small businesses there is lateness when reporting to work, leaves work earlier than the schedule time, The aim of this study is to find out the role of ethical issues in the operations of small scale Businesses in Kenya and their effects on customer and service delivery. The findings of the study will provide a more flexible and improved systems of management styles to meet the needs of the customers, promote customer loyalty to some products and specific traders, to create customer friendly environment to conduct business and provide high order services to customers. A cross-sectional survey was used, with the sampling frame comprising 200 small scale and 100 customers. Sets of both pre-tested structured and unstructured questionnaires were used to interview a random sample (300) derived using the formula of Israel (1992) of known target population, N. The data was analyzed with the aid of the SPSS (Version 11.5) computer software and presented in form of descriptive tabular summaries. Generally, ethics contribute positively to the business performance and general employee performance and increased customer loyalty to certain products and traders. Ethics should, therefore, be maintained and strengthened. The findings of this study would be useful as reference material for future research.

Sediment and fish (nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus) were collected from six sites of Lake Hawassa namely; Tikur Wuha, Amora Gedel, Dorie Bafana, Central part of the lake, the opposite side of Amora Gedel and Referral Hospital sites. Concentration of heavy metals was analyzed quantitatively using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Chemometric methods. The maximum and minimum mean levels (mg/kg dry mass) in different lake sediment sites were Cu (51.38-17.64), Mn (348.51-140.63), Cd (12.8764-403), Pb (30.05-6.72), Ni (26.73-8.43 ), Zn (367.84-147.49), Cr (14.15-5.34), Co (27.19-9.59 ), Mg (3859.86-1872.43), Na (4913.72-2903.043), Ca (5526.74 - 3608.71), K (4229.69-2255.57) and that of fish muscle were Cu (13.833-5.666), Mn (11.972-9.722), Zn (21.110-12.055), Ca (574-482), Mg (512-437), Na (771-681), K (903-785). The result shows that the metal concentration in sediment samples is in order of Ca > Na > K > Mg > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Co > Ni > Cr > Cd. The detectable metals in Tilapia fish muscle were in order of K > Na > Ca > Mg > Zn > Mn > Cu. In all the samples, concentrations of metals in sediment samples were higher than those of fish samples.

Purpose of this paper is to review the role and impact of top management commitment and leadership on total quality management (TQM) in service organizations in Malaysia, and to come out with a conceptual framework model. A total of 15 related studies selected from well known electronic academic resources and databases (e.g. Emeraldinsight, Elsevier Sciencedirect and Scopus) and deeply reviewed. A proposed conceptual framework developed according to the finding and theoretical dimensions of those papers. Outcomes of this paper will: enrich the literature in the field; will underline trends of the research in role of top management leadership and commitment in TQM practices; and will provide fresh insights to academic researchers interested in the field of TQM as well as to organizations managers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of employee engagement on commitment in the county government of Kakamega in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design with a target sample of 313 respondents drawn from a sampling comprising top management, middle management, and lower cadre employees in 12 sub counties within the county. The sampling frame was obtained by using stratified and simple random sampling techniques. From each stratum, a proportionate allocation was used to select a representative sample and the data collected by use of questionnaires. Data was analysed using descriptive, correlation and linear and multiple regression analyses. The findings obtained indicated that employee engagement had a positive and significant influence on commitment in Kakamega county government. Furthermore, the findings also revealed that vigour engagement has a higher positive and significant influence on employee commitment, with absorption giving the least influence on the predicted variable. The study recommend that county governments should endeavor to enhance engagements among their employees in order to ensure sustained commitment to the organization.

This study is an effort to explore Iranian EFL teachers’ perceptions about integrating Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) tools in teaching and learning English and reasons they choose or avoid utilizing such tools in the classroom. 100 male and female English teachers with BA, MA, or PhD degree participated in this survey. A questionnaire was used for the purpose of the study. The findings reveal that the majority of teachers were positive towards computer mediated teaching. They asserted that CMC tools are time, energy, and money saving; interesting for the students; reduces cultural barriers by facilitating exposure to the authentic materials; enables teachers to encourage students beyond the limit of time and space; and enables learners to learn at their own pace. The results of the correlational analysis shows that the better teachers were at working with computers the more they showed positive attitudes towards applying technology in their teaching practice.

This study the impact of company financial leverage and growth opportunities on the investment decisions using information on Iranian companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. This paper aims to answer is whether financial leverage influences the investment decisions in Iranian context. By answering this question, the author attempts to add to the existing literature by bringing new evidence on the relationship between leverage and investment decisions of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange in Iran. For the study purpose, the 92 companies with the desired condition were selected for this purpose and panel data with fixed effects was used to test hypotheses. The results of this research show that companies with higher Financial Leverage adjust their investment decisions. The results of this study can be used by shareholders, managers and finance researchers.

The moisture diffusion coefficient and energy activation of two Iranian apricot varieties was determined at five drying air temperatures and at a constant air velocity of 1.5 m/s. The initial moisture content (d.b.), modulus of elasticity, surface area, half of pomace thickness of halved apricot, and total soluble solids of both varieties were determined. The results showed that there were significant differences (p<0.01) in the modulus of elasticity and total soluble solids between two varieties, but no significant differences (p>0.01) were observed for other parameters. The water effective diffusion coefficient ranged from 1.34×10^-10 to 4.15×10^-10 m²/s, and from 2.03×10^-10 to 5.95 ×10^-10 m²/s, for Ghavami and Nasiry, respectively. Energy activation was 27.1 and 25.34 kJ/mol for Ghavami and Nasiry varieties, respectively. The results showed that modulus of elasticity and total soluble solids play a major role in moisture diffusion by limiting water movement within the material subjected to drying.

This study investigated the relationship between operational auditing The Government Accountability Supreme Audit Court of Auditors is the view. The study population included 1072 persons, the official technical expert computing the whole country Court of Auditors to the Auditor General In 1389 are working in this field. 330 people in this study using simple random sampling As the sample is selected. Using survey data gathered with data and raw data into meaningful And values for each variable using data from the questions it has been calculated Using SPSS software Considering both descriptive statistics and the statistics And inferential statistics Has been processed and analyzed. For data analysis of two test T-TEST Correlation test was used. Results confirm the existence of the relationship between operational audit on government accountability Supreme Audit Court of Auditors is the view.

Nanotechnology is rapidly growing science of producing and utilizing nano-sized particles that measure in nanometers. Now-a-day we are using nanoproducts in various field. Of these silver nanoparticles are playing a major role in the field of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. But it has toxic effect in biological systems, because of active oxygen production. They can also easily pass the cell membranes, blood-brain barrier as well as blood- testis barrier. In this study we try to investigate the effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on the sperms quality in rats. In this study 75 male rats (body weight 150±20 gram, 4week year old) were used which were divided into 5 groups (1 control group and 4 experimental groups), with 15 rats in each group. Different dosages of Ag NPs (25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg) were administered to the experimental rats in a period of spermatogenesis (35 days). After this time interval they were killed by spinal cord severing method, their epididymides were separated and in order to analyze the mobility of the sperms, a homogenous solution was prepared in the ham's medium. Moreover in order to study the morphology of sperms we used the Giemsa stained samples. Finally statistical data was analyzed by T-Test and SPSS software. Results showed by (p<0/05) administration of silver nanoparticle has a significant effect on the reduction of sperm mobility and its natural morphology (p<0/05). The results showed that Ag NPs decreased sperm mobility and worse natural morphology, so can affect fertility potential of lab animals.

Suitable climate, can improve motivation and morale, and participation in decision-making, and increase creativity and innovation in their work and as a resource in providing mental health staff into account. These studies, the aimed to investigate the relationship between organizational climate, and burnout in nurses Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah done. This descriptive - cross sectional study, conducted in 2010. Research community, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah nurses were the census, were studied. Collect data, standardized questionnaire Halpin and Craft climate, that the climate of the six dimensions of group spirit, harassed, interest, intimacy consider Gary, spacing, and influence the dynamics are examined, and a standard questionnaire was Meselch burnout. Data collected by the researcher in the present study, the relationship between variables using Spearman's correlation coefficient and chi-square test was evaluated. The findings showed that, 84/3 % of subjects with moderate burnout, and 13/1 percent had severe burnout, and only 2/6 percent had no burnout. On the other hand, organizational climate survey showed that, in terms of team spirit, to 41/6 percent, favorable climate, and only 4/6 percent unfavorable climate, as mentioned. Also, the perturbed 46/2 per cent, of Interest 17/3 percent, in terms of intimacy, see Gray, spacing, influence and dynamics, respectively, with 6/2 percent, 3/7 percent, 2 percent, and 40 percent unfavorable situation was assessed. Meanwhile, the morale of the team, and influence the dynamics of burnout, a significant relationship was observed (0/05> p). However, other climate variables, there was no significant association with burnout. Considering the widespread burnout at different levels among nurses in the study, adverse climate conditions, and also confirmed the relationship between organizational climate and job burnout of nurses in the study suggested, in line with the implementation of measures climate modification, and taking advantage of the favorable climate conditions as an opportunity to reduce burnout and improve the utilization efficiency of the nurses.

Assessment of Catford’s (2000, as cited in Munday, 2008) shift model of translation should not be simply seen as an applied model in translated scripts. There seems to be a need for more critical investigations on the model to bring forth its shortcomings when it is applied in translating dramas, since dramas differ from other types of scripts in that they are written to be played and the translation should evoke the same response to what has already been evoked by the original. Also, the shifts proposed in Catford’s (2000, as cited in Munday, 2008) model seem not to be of the same value and determining the degree of importance of each of these types of shift can be helpful in translator training. The article is trying to achieve these objectives by putting randomly selected twenty sentences of a play written by Woody Allen (1975) named “Death Knocks” and its translation by Hooshang Hessami (1376) in discussion. It was stated how different values might be attached to the types of shifts introduced by Catford (2000, as cited in Munday, 2008). Besides, it was discussed how the similar response in drama translation could be achieved in the target language, i.e., Persian through a new type of translation shift.

In order to independently and sustainably implement their functions in response to reduced financial support from government, public university management is embracing corporate culture, which has been traditionally associated with the private sector. Given the complexity of the university business environment, this paradigm shift may find itself at variance with increasing local democratisation and internationalisation of higher education. This paper discusses opinions on corporate culture in the management of public universities in the context of their quest for world-class status. A survey design was used to collect data based on 16 total quality management indicators between 2009 and 2010. From a design sample size of 100, a 45% response rate was received. Although these opinions are not based on empirical data, findings show that academic faculty lack the sense of belonging and feel generally marginalised when it comes to key decisions that directly affect them. As such they work for survival’s sake and not out of passion. This work culture entrenches the notion of “brains in the drain”, which inevitably undermines quality assurance in service delivery. This critical review paper argues for deliberate investment into symbiotic management systems as a way of reversing this trend.

The study of translation has increasingly drawn the attention of more scholars in the last few decades. The translation process has been reduced to different forms of analysis at one time or the other (see Catford, 1965; Uwajeh, 1994, 2001, 2007, etc) in an attempt to explain the hierarchical relationship at which translation equivalence may be achievable. Recently, however, more studies have shown that the existing four ranks/levels are not enough to successfully show the process that is involved in translation practice generally. This paper seeks to show one of these inadequacies as evident in the translation of euphemistic expressions in ?do. An additional level is, herein, proposed to be added to the existing four levels to give a five-level translation model. This paper is therefore, an improvement on the existing model and it is hoped that it will help in making the process of translation better understood in modern Linguistics.

Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign cystic lesion of bone composed of blood-filled spaces separated by connective tissue septa. it usually affects the metaphyseal in long bone (70-90%) and then vertebrae (15% of cases) Talus is an infrequent site of ABC and may be confused with other benign bone tumors because of its behavior less aggressive and his prognosis more favorable than the classical proximal lesions. The curettage with or without bone graft showed a high success rate to treat ABC of the talus cryosurgery for a recurrent lesion and talectomy as the last resort in some cases.

Cerebral germinoma represents i0.1 to i3.4% of intracranial tumors with a clear male predominance, it is developed more particularly in the pineal region. iIt most commonly affects adolescents and young adults. This type of tumor responds highly to radio-chemo-therapy and is potentially curable after surgery.

Economic sanctions can result in more than a 70% decrease in business activities in a sanctioned country. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to identify the strategies import and export small business owners use to sustain businesses under economic sanctions. The population for this study was import and export small business owners in the state of Khartoum, Sudan. General systems theory served as the conceptual framework and underpinned the study. The data collection included semistructured interviews and government financial reports. Adhering to an interview protocol, conducting transcript reviews of participants’ interviews, member checking, and methodological triangulation represented the measures to ensure dependability, trustworthiness, creditability, transferability, and confirmability of the research. The thematic data analysis involved data cleaning, uploading the transcribed interviews into qualitative data analysis software, reorganizing the data, coding relevant information, and methodological triangulation against financial reports from the Central Bank of Sudan and the World Development Bank Indicators. The results from the thematic data analysis led to the identification of some major themes, notably, innovative strategies to secure funding and increase business sustainability despite the unfavorable economic climate consequent to the prevalent economic sanctions. The consensus among participants denoted that creative strategies presented the only choice to overcome the adverse business climate. The study findings may contribute to positive social change as the knowledge from it may aid in the improvement of employment, the living standards, and the prosperity of small businesses and societies in Sudan.

The Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) is making a frantic effort in stamping out widespread examination malpractices, which has threatened its credibility for many years. To this the board is considering introducing e-exams for the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) in Nigeria amidst a low level of computer literacy, Information Technology (IT) infrastructure and epileptic power supply in Nigeria. This research sets out to examine the modalities and viability of this venture, thereby suggesting a workable platform; a means of achieving this implementation.

Since the introduction of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) in Nigeria, cash handling has really reduced especially for those who live in the city and have easy access to ATM machines by means of their ATM cards. People no longer see the needs to carry excess cash at home when they already have an ATM card since ATM machines can be easily accessible. ATM operation did not turn out to be all rosy as it started out. This research surveys ATM malfunctions in four states in Nigeria to ascertain the nature of malfunction that is prevalent and formulates a modification algorithm/routine that should possibly correct this ATM misfit.

The level of implementation of quality control program (QCP) in diagnostic radiology facilities in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, was investigated. A total of thirty (30) diagnostic radiology centres took part in the study. A two part structured self completion questionnaire of thirty six items was the instrument used for data collection. Result shows that the level of implementation of quality control programme (QCP) in these diagnostic radiology facilities was low, importance of QC to the facility and radiation safety notwithstanding. This low level of implementation of QCP was identified with some fundamental factors namely, lack of radiation safety officers (RSO), lack of retraining programme for the medical personnel, lack of adequate funding, power and QC test equipment for the facilities. The aim of this investigation is to study the level of implementation of quality control programme which enhances radiation protection in diagnostic radiology facilities.

Heavy metals contamination in river is one of the major quality issues in developing countries and metals enter these aquatic systems mainly through natural inputs such as weathering and erosion of rocks and anthropogenic sources including urban, industrial and agricultural activities, terrestrial runoff and sewage disposal. In the month of March CF > 6 in Copper indicated extremely contaminated as 9.333 in the water bodies. In the water bodies the month of March indicated that it is very high extremely polluted emphasized as 10.62 pollution load index. In the water sediments regarding in the month of March pointed out the pollution load index that it is very high extremely polluted as 17.28. The highest copper concentration was noticed in the water bodies during the month of March as 420±2.40 mg/l and the zinc as 260±3.04 mg/l which exceeded the shale value. The highest copper concentration was noticed in the water sediments during the month of March as 750±2.40mg/l and the zinc as 380±3.20 mg/l which exceeded the shale value. The Lead metal concentration was observed as 10 mg/l during all the months.

ABSTRACT:Iron deficiency anemia is highly prevalent. Dietary improvement by including iron-rich green leafy vegetables is one of the best options for increasing the iron content of the diet. Saravallai (Trianthema portulacastrum linn was used to formulate Saravallai dhal powder (SDP) and incorporated at three, six and ten percent in traditional Indian recipes. The energy, protein, fat ,calcium and iron content of SDP was 450.64±17.78 kcal. 23.74±0.53, 7.94±2.52 g percent. 589.33±8.14 and 27.16±0.76 mg. Ten percent incorporation of SDP did not alter the sensory qualities of rice, murukku, galagala, onion chutney, tomato thokku, potato fry and dhal sambar © 2014 Elixir All rights reserved

Terrestrial heating is so real in Mwea that it has significantly reduced water levels in the canal; a catastrophe complexed with uphazard and unscheduling of irrigation in the scheme to the detriment of crops at its termini. In that view therefore, an experiment was set out at KALRO-Mwea to investigate on the effect of irrigation scheduling on yield components and grain yield of two Nerica rice varieties. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design in split-plot arrangement and replicated thrice. Four irrigation schedules (Daily (control), Every 3 days, Every 5 days and Weekly) formed main plots and two rice varieties (Nerica 4 and Nerica 11) formed the sub plots. Results indicated positive influence though not significant on filled grain number, shoot biomass, root biomass, unfilled grain number, productive tillers, panicle number, 1.5 m² plot grain weight, moisture content, and on grain yield in both seasons, while significant effect was exerted on 1000-grain weight, where highest and least 1000-grain weight of 55.92 g and 41.0 g in Nerica 4 on every 3 days and weekly schedules in season 1 were recorded respectively, while significant effect was elicited on unproductive tillers in season 2 where highest of 1.783 unproductive tillers in Nerica 11 on every 5 days’ schedule was recorded, while least of 0.75 unproductive tillers in Nerica 4 on weekly schedule was also recorded. Positive though insignificant effect was also observed in unproductive tillers in season 1, while the same was observed in 1000-grain weight in season 2. Grain yield (ton/ha) did not present any significant effect due to irrigation schedule treatments in both seasons, although variation in means of grain yield was observed, where highest grain yield of 1.003 tons / hectare was produced in Nerica 4 on weekly irrigation schedule in season 2, while least grain yield of 0.863 tons / hectare was produced in Nerica 11 on every 3 days’ irrigation schedule in both seasons. Nerica 4 outperformed Nerica 11 in productive tillers, 1.5 m² plot grain weight, 1000-grain –weight and on grain yield, while Nerica 11 outperformed it in unproductive tillers, filled grain yield, unfilled grain yield, shoot biomass, root biomass, panicle number, and on moisture content in yield. Nerica 4 on weekly schedule, while Nerica 11 on control, and on every 5 days’, and both on every 3 days’ schedule are recommended to farmers for adoption.

This paper introduces a new improved ratio estimator for population mean in stratified random sampling using calibration estimation theory. Following the results of an empirical study, it is deduced that the proposed estimator is substantially more efficient than existing estimators of its class.

This paper proposes, with justification, a class of product-cum-dual to product estimators for estimating the population mean in systematic sampling using auxiliary information. The bias and variance of the proposed class of estimators have been derived under large sample approximation. Asymptotic optimum estimator (AOE) and its approximate variance estimator are derived and efficiency comparisons made with existing related estimators in theory. Analytical and numerical results show that at optimal conditions, the proposed class of estimators is always more efficient than all existing estimators under review.

This paper introduces the theory of calibration estimator to ratio estimation in stratified systematic sampling scheme and proposes a class of calibration ratio-type estimators for estimating population mean Y ? of the study variable y using auxiliary variable x. The bias and variance of the proposed estimator have been derived under large sample approximation. Calibration Asymptotic optimum estimator (CAOE) and its approximate variance estimator are derived. An empirical study to evaluate the relative performances of the proposed estimator against members of its class is carried out. Analytical and numerical results proved the dominance of the new proposal.

This paper provides a unified framework for chain ratio-product estimation and proposes a generalized chain ratio-product estimator for estimating population mean in stratified sampling. The bias and variance expressions of the proposed estimator have been derived under large sample approximation. Asymptotic optimum estimator (AOE) and its approximate variance estimator are derived with conditions for allowable departure identified. Some existing estimators in theory are obtained and shown to be particular members of the proposed estimator under certain restrictions. Analytical comparisons of the AOE with other existing estimators showed that the AOE is substantially more efficient under certain realistic conditions.

Quantum chemical calculations offer the real promise of being able to complement experiment as a means to uncover and explore new areas in chemistry. One of such is its use in the determination of molecular structure, kinetics and reactivity. This work seeks to investigate the molecular properties of Oxygen monofluoride (OF) and its two possible protonated analogues (HOF+ and HFO+). Quantum chemical methods; Hartree fock (HF), Becke-3-Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP), Moller-Plesset second order (MP2), Coupled Cluster method (CCSD) and Gaussian 04 method (G4) with varying basis sets were employed in the determination of the parameters (Dipole moment, bond distance, IR frequency, zero point vibrational energy, and rotational constants) reported for the three molecular species studied in this work. Bond angle was reported for the two protonated analogues (HOF+ and HFO+). From the results as compared to the experimental values, B3LYP/6-311++G** method proves itself as the best method in the optimization and frequencies calculations of the OF, HOF+ and HFO+ because it gives better accuracy in most of the calculated parameters and the MP2 method also give relative accuracy in some of the calculated parameters of OF and its protonated analogues, HOF+ and HFO+. The optimized geometry shows the OF molecule to be linear while the protonated analogues were non-linear.

The study examines the Influence of Group Discussion Technique on Students’ Academic Performance in Economics in Senior Secondary Schools in Calabar Municipality, Cross River State. To achieve the purpose of the study, one null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 level of significance. The survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample size of two hundred (200) respondents was randomly selected for the study. The “Examining the Influence of Group Discussion Questionnaire” (EIGDQ)”, and “Achievement Test in Economics” (ATE) werethe instruments used to collect data for the study. The statistical tool used to analyze the data was Independent t-test statistical analysis. The findings of the study affirmed that group discussion significantly influences students’ academic performance in Economics in Calabar Municipality. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that: teachers should be trained and retrained on the effective use of group discussion in the teaching of Economics,Curriculum planners should incorporate group discussion technique into economics curriculumof senior secondary school to enable teachers utilize them in teaching Economics, Economics teachers should be given easy access to capacity building programme through workshop, conference, seminar, symposia and exhibition on group discussion technique to enable them learn how to effectively apply this technique when teaching Economics, space and the needed instructional aids should be provided to enable teachers and students to adopt this instructional delivery technique.

Market interactions among stock market of the world have necessitated the relationship among different financial markets driven by market liberalization and international pressure to lower trade barriers, which have enhanced international linkages between capital markets. This study examines the dynamic causal linkage among the selected equity market in Africa using the generalized Vector autoregressive (VAR) framework that produces forecast error variance decompositions and also accounts for correlated shocks using historically observed distribution of the errors. The time series data from investing.com over 01/02/2004-01/07/2016 are employ for the study. The findings on dynamic return linkages is that there is no strong significant returns linkages among the African selected markets. Controlling for the influence of advance market (UK and US). The results show that the South African market has more link with international markets than the Nigerian market. A crucial finding is the lowest spillover index recorded through variance decomposition and impulse response among the African markets. This is an indication of possible gain in African market and in line the portfolio theory. The finding of this study have important implications for policymakers.

This study examined the factors driving economic growth in Nigeria from the period of 1981-2014 using Johansen co-integration and VECM analysis technique to test for the existence of co-integration between the variables of this study and causal impacts. The result found that there is no causal relationship between labour and economic growth in Nigeria and causality do not run from labour to economic growth. Also, there is a causal relationship between economic growth and capital in Nigeria, and capital is causing changes in economic growth in Nigeria. There is also a causal relationship between capita and labour, the granger causality result shows that there is a causal relationship between labour and capital. This study therefore recommend that the government should use expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that reposition the structure of Nigerian economy to revive economic activities in the economy which will help rise both labour and capital for increased growth rate.

This paper re-examines the evidence for cointegration between international stock prices. It applies Johansen’s maximum likelihood (ML) cointegration method Var and impulse response stock price of Nigeria, the United Kingdom, Morocco, South Africa, Tunisia and the United States, with monthly data covering the period of 01/02/2004-01/07/2016. it finds at most one cointegrating vector from the developed market to emerging market. The results show that no bivariate cointegration exists between the Nigeria and any of the stock markets being studied, and the multivariate cointegration confirms the result. The findings on dynamic return linkages is that there is no significant returns linkages among the markets, with the exception to UK. Indeed FTSE100 is the most exogenous. Therefore, all markets are not exposed to the same set of risk factors and the risk premia on each factor varies among all markets. The non-existence of a cointegrating relationship between the Nigerian market and the considered stock markets implies that these markets offer potential for pairwise portfolio diversification for a Nigerian portfolio manager

This study sought to explore occupational health and safety practices among refuse collectors in the Cape Coast Metropolis. The study was qualitative in nature and employed the exploratory study design. In all 30 refuse disposal collectors participated in the study. Quota sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the various companies, participants and key informants respectively for the study. Interviewing, focus group discussions and observations were the methods used for the study. However, interview guide and focus group discussion guide were the instruments used to collect data for the study. Data generated was put into themes for analysis.The study revealed that most of the refuse collectors in the metropolis do not put on the protective wears at dump site, it is recommended that management of the metropolis intensify their training efforts to continue to sensitise waste collectors on the need to wear those protective clothing in order to safeguard themselves from coming into contact harmful substances at the various dump sites.

The possibility for biomass valorization, using biotechnological processes, is an ideal solution for the use of agricultural products with low commercial value. Cashew apple is an agricultural resource available in many African countries. Unfortunately, this agricultural resource is abandoned in the fields by the producers and decayed each year in large quantities, because of the astringency of the juice, and the consumption of cashew apples with milk, would be considered incompatible in several African countries. However, there are a lot of ways to upgrade the value of this resource as a raw material in food industry or in the production of renewable bioenergy. Technical methods used involve biotechnological processes using enzymatic biocatalysis, alcoholic fermentation and fractional distillation.

In Mexico, processes for assessing credit risk of MiPyMEs (MSMSEs) requesting to have access to governmental financial support as well as commercial banks or any other kind of funding, are based on traditional methodologies which results use to lead to a substantial rejection of applicant enterprises. In this study, through an interpretative analysis with cross-cutting approach it is analyzed and determined the usefulness of methods for predicting corporate bankruptcy in MSMSEs and start-ups, regardless of their business activity. Likewise, besides highlighting and recommending the importance of their use, it is shown how such as prediction models contribute to reduce costs due to information asymmetry and financing costs by themselves and, help to prevent rejection of financing and ensure the permanence and competitiveness of enterprises.