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The study was undertaken to find out the influence of different manure treatment methods on carbon sequestration potential of fodder maize. Significantly higher carbon sequestration potential was observed in improved, followed by enriched and vermicompost manure treatments than farmer’s and inorganic fertilizer treatment groups at 60th day. It was concluded that application of improved, enriched and vermicompost manure sequestered higher carbon from the atmosphere than other treatments, implying the benefit for reducing the impact of carbon, a potential green house gas.

Thermo-chemically cracked cocos nucifera shells were converted into useful adsorbent using chemical activation method. Regeneration of the spent carbon was carried out via thermal regeneration method. The re-derived filter was used in the adsorption of nickel (Ni) from a simulated Ni2+ solution. Qualitative characterization was carried out using the Fourier Transformed Infra Red Spectrophotometer while Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer was used to analyze the equilibrium phase Ni2+ concentration. Comparative study of the derived and regenerated activated carbons was carried out using kinetic adsorption studies approach. From the experimental runs, it was evident that derived cocos nucifera shells activated Carbon provided slightly higher removal efficiency values than the vice for Nickel uptake. Investigations with applicability test supported the pseudo second order kinetics as best model in explaining the sorption rate (k2 = 0.744) as against the proposed linear and first order kinetics. Generally, reuse of spent coconut shell carbon and its investigated film diffusion transport mode in removal of Ni2+ is critical a study with a worthwhile adoption in remediation study.

Viscometric methods play a dominant role in studying the Polymer-Solvent interaction. Due to this interaction, there is an increase in viscosity of polymer solution over that of pure solvent. The intrinsic viscosity is the limiting value of the reduced viscosity at infinite dilution. The intrinsic viscosity has been used to study the extent of interaction between polymer and the solvent. In the present work, the intrinsic viscosity obtained through   adiabatic compressibility and viscosity data is applied to the solution of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone in polar solvent at 308 K, 313 K & 318 K.  Viscosity of the solvated part (?_s) is computed and its variation with molar concentration (n₂) is studied. The molar solvated volume (?_s) obtained from ?_s is compared with the values of ?_s computed using the traditional equation. The Huggin’s coefficients A_?   and B_? are determined from Viscosity study and compared with those obtained from solvation study.

The fiber reinforced laminate composite plates, because of its outstanding mechanical properties such as high strength, high stiffness with less weight, durability, corrosion resistance, finds many engineering applications. In this work, local failure of plate alone in-between the stiffeners is taken for study. This work compares the buckling behavior of thin fiber reinforced laminate composite plates subjected to axial compression under different types of boundary conditions with different types and different angle of layups. For this purpose graphite / epoxy composite rectangular plate is used for the analysis. Further, by varying the dimension of plate, effect of the aspect ratio of the plate on the buckling strength of plate is also studied. Eigen buckling analysis of ANSYS is used for analysis.

According to Betz, the maximum conversion efficiency of a wind turbine is 59.3%. But, the wind turbine works at efficiency of 25% to 35%. Hence, there is an opportunity to improve the efficiency of wind turbine. If, the efficiency of wind turbine is increased by at least 1%, it could turn into giant profits. Multiple nozzle system, therefore, if it is used, it increases the velocity of air, huge. The effect of multiple nozzle system is studied in the present article. The theoretical power coefficient and actual power coefficients of wind turbine are determined as part of the study. Few experiments were taken up earlier to increase wind speed using single nozzle system. But, multiple nozzle system is first ever, used in the history. The effect of conversion of heat energy into kinetic energy using multiple nozzle system is presented in this article. The design of multiple nozzle system obtained patents in India.

The problem of identifying approximately duplicate records in databases is an essential step for data cleaning and data integration processes. In the real world, entities have two or more representations in databases. Errors are introduced as the result of transcription errors, incomplete information, lack of standard formats, or any combination of these factors. Most of the existing approach has been depend on the generic or manual intervention is required to calculate the edit distance. None of the existing approach hasn’t focus on how many individual operations required for edit distance calculation, existing relied on total operation. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis of the literature on edit distance for duplicate detection. We cover similarity metrics that are commonly used to detect number of individual operation required to find a duplicate record, which includes the total required edit operation.

In this paper, we study some of the properties of Q-fuzzy normal subgroups, cosets and prove some results on these.

Let be a simple graph. A set is an Edge-Vertex dominating set of G (or simply an ev-Dominating set), if for all vertices , there exists an edge such that dominates . Let be the Star graph and let denote the family of all Edge-Vertex dominating sets of with cardinality . Let , be the number of Edge-Vertex dominating sets of with cardinality . In this paper, we study the concept of Edge-Vertex domination polynomials of Star graph . The Edge-Vertex Domination polynomial of is . We obtain some properties of and its coefficients. Also, we calculate the recursive formula to derive the Edge-Vertex Domination polynomials of Star graph.

Let G = (V,E) be a simple graph. A set S ? V is a dominating set of G, if every vertex in V? S is adjacent to atleast one vertex S. Let Dg(Pn, i) be the family of geodetic dominating sets of the graph Pn with cardinality 'i'. Let dg(Pn, i) = | Dg(Pn, i)|. In this paper, we obtain a recursive for dg(Pn, i). Using the recursive formula, we construct the polynomial, Dg(Pn,x) = xi which we call geodetic dominating polynomial of Pn and obtain some properties of this polynomial.

The banking sector is one of the biggest service sectors in India and now days is in a way to attract the biggest market of Asia in investment. The banking sector today is focusing on how to provide efficient services to its customers. The Indian Banking System consisting of various public and private sector financial institutions whose objective is serving the people for their financial and economic needs. This century has been full of innovations: new technologies, new products, new services and a plethora of new industries have emerged. Yet the call for innovation in business, especially in financial services, has never been more intense. Although research on this topic exists, there is no empirical evidence regarding the critical factors influencing customer adoption of electronic banking innovation in Ghana’s banking industry. The aim of this article is therefore to investigate the factors influencing the adoption of financial innovation in Ghana’s banking industry. Surveys were conducted involving clients of the banks in the country. This study focuses on banking service quality and identified various factors of banking service quality, i.e., access, communication, competence, credibility, reliability, responsiveness, security, tangibility, Courtesy and understanding. Main objective of the study is to understood and analyze the service quality dimensions and customer satisfaction level with banking services on banking sectors.

In this paper design special frame vertical axis wind turbine and test in the wind tunnel. This design is presented as vertical locations of the three movable vanes that create scoop shape when closed. Scoop shape of frame increases the drag factor and increase the torque, in the other side of impeller movable vanes are opened under action of wind and the air pass freely to reduce the negative torque. Fabricate two models of impeller with movable vanes and with fixed vanes model and test it in wind tunnel. The maximum power coefficient for three frames movable vanes is 0.32 and higher than the same dimensions of model with fixed vanes about 11%.

Wind energy as a power source is attractive as an alternative to fossil fuels, because it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, green, and produces no greenhouse-gas emissions. A performance improvement of the scoop-vane vertical axis wind turbine is described. To improve the performance of the power generation system design of special frame of vertical axis wind turbine which consists of three movable vanes, this uses more effectively the wind energy and depends only on the acting area of the movable vanes. The frame of the wind turbine is designed to increase the drag coefficient. The new frame design makes using the kinetic energy of the wind to increase the positive torque of our model and tested it practically in wind tunnel as well as tested by solid works software. This model shows batter performance in terms of high drag coefficient and increase torque per frame in the direction of wind.

This work designs the rotor wind turbine, which uses more effectively for the wind energy and depends on the acting area of the vanes. The frame design consists of three movable vanes to reduce the negative torque of the frame that rotates contrary to the wind. The wind tunnel is used to measure the power coefficient, torque coefficient and angular velocity as a function of wind velocity. The power coefficient is measured experimentally to be equals to 18% and 21% for three and four frames, respectively. The rotor wind turbine is applicable internationally due to its high efficiency, simple construction, and simple technology.

The Pathologic fractures usually occur during normal activity or minor trauma due to weakening of the bone by disease .The clinical features was minor injury force, spontaneous fracture, and functional fracture. These fractures occurred in giant cell tumors, chondroma, solitary fibrous tumor of bone, aneurismal cyst, fibroma desmoplastic, fibrous dysplasis, osteoid osteoma in patients with no story of trauma. The surgical treatment consisted to curette the tumor bone and the fixation was made by different materials (nails, pins, blade plates) followed by cancellous grafting or resection-reconstruction. Six months later, we noted only one case of recurrence in giant cell tumor of the knee and was amputed. All patients were consolidated and the functional long term prognosis was excellent after physiotherapy

Replacement feeding is known way of feeding babies born of HIV infected mothers in order to curb Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). The reactions of family members and other neighbours towards HIV infected mothers who cannot breastfeed their babies poses a challenge to public health as a whole. This is because heeding to health education on appropriate actions to reduce or stop MTCT of HIV/AIDS through avoidance of breastfeeding may be fruitless as the mothers may be stigmatized. In communities with infant feeding groups or HIV support groups, the story may be different and will lead to better baby outcomes. In conditions where the family and the community understands and are supportive or in favour or replacement feeding, the chance of child survival is certainly higher. In sub urban areas like the study where the prevalence (11.9%) of MTCT of HIV has been found to be highest in the whole nation, MTCT transmission through breastfeeding could be possible. Thus this survey was find out the support and community participation in curbing HIV transmission through breastfeeding by the use of replacement feeding. A cross-sectional research design was used and the variables described. In both approaches (quantitative and qualitative methods) of data collection were used. The quantitative arm recruited 112 women in three facilities using convenient sampling and a WHO structured questionnaire and the qualitative components sourced 16 women from eight community-based associations for in-depth interviews. Microsoft Excel and Stata statistical software version 10 were used for creating data-base and analysis respectively. Community support on infant feeding was low. The results could be used in intensifying the health education on PMTCT of HIV/AIDS.

Our research indicates that mostly violence occurs due to negligence and people not getting equal rights. In today’s Organizational society we can observe that also the political leaders motivate the people to do violence. we collect data through questionnaire. We are using the inquiry mode of research in which we use the qualitative approach. That approach provides us with the primary data through questionnaires. The data source is basically the students and employees who are doing internships and already serving at different organizational levels that related to the manufacturing sector and also from the young generation aging between 19 – 35 years who are job less or in search of it. The sampling technique we are using is the proportionate stratified sampling. Our studies show that people are violent for getting equal rights. Three common reasons for violence: to resolve the problem of getting rights, to react against the discrimination and to get justice or to take revenge. Self-defense is also the factor which can arouse the violence .Research shows that a powerful person always do violence because of force and power they have and they shows that they will do such things which they want and according to desire. In order to address these issues in an effective way, we must first recognize that violence and abuse are human problems. This research shows that the violence may occur due to illiteracy also. Education creates a sense of humbleness and polite behavior. When a person has no education they behave desperately, will not bear other people mistakes. Education plays a vital role in reshaping the personality. So the research which we conducted shows that education has major effects on the occurrence of violence. One main factor which also cause of violence is that there is no unity in the Organizational society .Organizational society is divided even on the little things so we need to reunite if we want peace in the Organizational society.

Development of technology in education brings extended enhancement of pedagogical in teaching and learning of electric & magnet subject. This paper is focused in designing electric & magnet problem solving tool. Flash8 software is used to develop 15 animations related to the electric & magnet topic: Magnetic field. All those animations are then compiled in a sheet of prezi.com presentation software as an animated mind-mapping hypermedia presentation. Result of the complete page can be accessed in Google website if the keywords were entered. Despite the tool also can be downloaded as apps from your iPad, iPhone or android in the Monkey market or in the Android market. This problem solving aids is also recommended for the tutorial, teaching or e-learning purposes. Although the design focused on the electric & magnet topic, it is also applicable to be performed in any other subject area.

The aim of this study is to determine the evaluation level of animation in learning and teaching process and the effect of animation on academic achievement among undergraduate students in School of Applied Physics (PPFG), National University of Malaysia (UKM) by using contemporary Prezi.com software. For the purpose of teaching material, 4 animation models was designed which included 4 core subjects of 1st year students; electric and magnet, thermodynamic, wave and mechanics by using Flash 8 software which was then integrated as hypermedia presentation slide by using Prezi.com software. Lecturer and students can easily access the slide by entering the keywords in the searching engines like Google, Yahoo, Bing and ect. The sample of study involves 61 of 1st year students and 20 of 2nd year students at semester 2 academic session 20132014. Collected survey data forms 81 undergraduate students in PPFG, UKM showed an average of 98% interested in using of animation for learning and teaching. On the other hand 38% of them feel hesitate and worry about the implementation and the use of animation. However, 99% of them still believe that the use of animation can improve their academic achievement. This was proven by the results of tests 1 and 2, pre-test and post-test from the workshop organized which showed an increment in mean average of 3.6 to 7.5 and 2.7 to 5.5.

SQL injection attacks on the web databases are mainly due to the application development process where the coding process is vulnerable as it was not secured. This however can be prevented by various methods. One of the techniques is to limit the access of database to authorized users only. Database contents are encrypted so as to allow a secure way of efficient query processing directly on the encrypted database. SQL attacks can be prevented through highly secure authentication schemes in the login phase itself. In this paper, we have presented one such technique. Our scheme proposes that access be provided to verified users only. That is, at the time of creation of the user account, a user key is generated for every user where the user name and password at the time of login is encrypted by Blowfish encryption and RSA technique at different levels of the total encryption process. The access is provided by the server after confirming the user’s authenticity. On server side the encrypted data will be decrypted using the user key. The decrypted data will be checked and if the user is genuine, further access will be granted to the database. The RSA encryption will work as a protective cover for the SQL query generated by the user at the client’s end.

Nanocomposite which is a multiphase solid material such as particle layers or fibers containing at least one phase in nanoscale, have been extensively accepted as a new arena as well as an unique delivery system in pharmaceutical research. Several application of above mentioned system like polymeric nanocomposite, nano-fibers composite and iron oxide nanoparticle composite with their respective delivery system and characterization are discussed in this review article. Moreover, nanocomposite is now introduced in cancer therapy in order to provide better therapy with minimal toxicity.

Relationship between microfinance and economic growth has been a major concern for the policymakers of developing countries and focal point of economists to eradicate poverty, empower poor people and produce employment opportunities. This research applies OLS method to trace the impact of microfinance on economic growth in Pakistan.Variables of the study are active borrowers, active savers, active insured persons, borrowing, saving and insurance amount from microfinance institutions. Active borrowers and borrowing amount have highly significant positive relationship with economic growth of Pakistan. Active savers and saving amount have highly significant negative relationship with economic growth whereas insurance policyholders and insurance amount have no relationship. Government should not only increase outreach of microfinance but also devises a mechanism, which cannot only channelize the funds efficientlybut also avoid non-performing loans. Government should also provide some tax rebate or concession to microfinance and microcredit agencies so that maximum amount can be channelized towards economyin order to get long-run results.

This paper describes a research methodology which was developed to study the implementation of Hospital Autonomy Reforms in Pakistan. The research attempted to answer two questions: what happened? And why did it happen? (with regards to the implementation process of hospital autonomy reforms). The environment for this study was very political and characterized by high power distance and low rule of law. Moreover it had an aura of formality and reservation. Few respondents were willing to share information due to their status and busyness. The researcher had to develop a strategy to be flexible and innocuous to be able to accumulate relevant information. Moreover, respondents would rarely honor any official request for information about the process, so the researcher had to use personal connections to gain entry into the environment and to extract data. Main stakeholders were donors, politicians, bureaucrats and doctors. Long unstructured interviews were conducted with them. For the second question, the technique of sense making was used to find out why reform adopted the specific strategy that it took. Use of contextual historical back ground data was made in this regards.

Two widely used formalisms based on the cadmium ratio concept (with its associated problems) of the single comparator (k0-NAA standardization) method are used for the multi – elemental analysis at Ghana Research Reactor – 1 (GHARR – 1) facility. This paper examines suitability of GHARR – 1 for reactor neutron activation analysis after the re – configuration of the core by monitoring the stability of the flux parameters f and ? over the course of nine months and the feasibility of using k0 – NAA standardization method based on the Maxwellian neutron distribution concept at the facility for routine analysis. The concepts were validated by analyzing two reference materials. The concentrations of most of the elements were found to be within 10% of the certified values.

Green Cloud refers to the prospective environmental benefits that information technology services are delivered via Internet with reliable and easy-accessible atmosphere. The datacenters can consume enormous amount of energy and also emits huge amount of carbons due to large number of cooling equipments, servers and storage systems infrastructure. The data center efficiency is one of the significant factors to enable cloud computing as green by lower energy usage and carbon emissions from business firm. The power efficiency of datacenters has most important impact on the total energy usage of Cloud computing. To achieve the reduction in energy consumption of a datacenter is to calculate the consumed energy in cooling equipments and other metrics with the help of Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) which can be used to standardized how much energy is beneficially deployed versus how much is spent on other metrics such as power distribution, conditioning equipment, cooling infrastructures, storage and networking subsystems. The PUE of a datacenter is defined as the ratio of the total power consumption of data or switching center to the total power consumption of information technology equipments such as servers, storage and routers. By using the energy efficient technologies such as green broker framework, calculation of cost, energy and carbon emissions, the cloud providers can significantly improve the PUE of their datacenters and hence this approach can preserve the eco-friendly environment.

Swine flu (swine influenza) is a respiratory disease caused by viruses (influenza viruses) that infect the respiratory tract of pigs and result in nasal secretions. Swine flu produces most of the same symptoms in pigs as human flu produces in people. The 2009 swine flu strain, first seen in Mexico, is termed novel H1N1 flu since it is mainly found infecting people and exhibits two main surface antigens, H1 (hemagglutinin type 1) and N1 (neuraminidase type1).This study deals with the structure prediction and computer aided drug interaction studies for the neuraminidase protein from H1N1 virus. Selection of neuraminidase was done since its function is to move the virus out of host cell and hence spread more disease. Targeting this protein with potential drug compounds will stop further spread. Accelrys Discovery studio 2.5 was the software employed in this work. Target sequence selection was done from PIR database and homology modeling was carried out using in-build modeler in DS. Quality of the model has been analyzed and binding sites were predicted. Drugs suitable for swine flu were retrieved from drug bank and through a 3D database search in DS, different conformations has been developed. Molecular docking was performed using Ligandfit in DS. Selection of best drug was done based on highest dock score which was further studied for ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination and Toxicity) properties. TOPKAT predictions, which give results for carcinogenicity, ocular irritation, skin irritation was also carried out. The results of this study can be useful further for QSAR studies and various in-vitro analysis later.

Ayurveda and astrology are related aspects of Vedic science. Medical astrology is one of the main branches of astrology and is a very important pillar of Ayurveda. It includes remedial measures for harmonizing planetary influences on both body and mind. Astrology can determine the basic physical constitution of the individual from the birth chart, the physical appearance of the individual, the predominance of elements in their nature. It can calculate basic health, longevity and disease tendencies. Taking this into consideration a survey was planned to study the relation between different aspect of astrology (Western and Indian) with Prakriti (Ayurveda) in children. The survey was conducted over 225 subjects out of which 195 and 208 subjects were included in two categories of Western and Indian (Jyotish) astrology. It was found that both sciences have an impact on each other. Western astrology influence prakriti of individual upto 35.89% and Indian (Jyotish) effects prakriti upto 33.65%%.

Current study examined the effects of using emails on the improvement of writing performance of ESL learners in terms of syntactical complexity, lexical complexity and grammatical accuracy. Subjects in present study were ESL learners at a language institute in Pakistan. Linguistic analysis of the writing samples of learners was executed by the application of two computerized text analysis programs, i.e. “wordsmith tools” (Scott, 1996) and “word perfect 10”. By applying mixed method of research, the study results showed that L2 learners improved syntactic and lexical complexity of their writing through email based writing activities than their in-class writing activities. However, they made more errors in terms of grammar accuracy while corresponding through email. Results from students’ self- report revealed that email based learning approach could help students to learn and enhance their English writing skills while generating enthusiasm, learner autonomy and engagement alongside.

The present paper identifies the critical success factors while the implementation of TQM, to evaluate their impact on the primary measures as expressed by the operational performance and the secondary measures as organizational performance, and to find out the effect of the operational and organizational performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in a selected industrial sector using the semi structured interview approach. A total 297 samples are identified for analysis. 139 responses received with all detail. Respondent’s profiles are quality managers and deferent sectors are targeted. A focus is needed on analyzing various techniques and strategies to be adopted by the Indian companies.

The current interest in numerous studies focuses on deliberating the knowledge about entrepreneurship in graduating students around the world. Even the eminent role of education in the field of entrepreneurship redeem with opportunities to gain knowledge, skills and career aspiration needed for business start-up or new venture but somehow Indian education system failed on implementation. The study reveals a significant impact on graduates’ business start-up. In this study, we examine the knowledge of entrepreneurship amongst the graduating student of India. Moreover, a descriptive survey has been provided using the Chi-Square test. Further, data were analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics and logistic regression. In addition to this, testing of hypothesis is also given. Moreover, also recommend the need of role in entrepreneurship from government and tertiary institutions in shaping the strategy to assist students to start their venture while in school and after graduation through the incubator program. Hence, encouragement to aspiration towards business start-up helps in developing society towards self-employment.

This research seeks to critically analyse the portrayal of the life of Gautama Buddha in the Zee TV serial Buddha telecast from 2013. The television serial presents itself as a didactic religious discourse and for the first time it offers to present Buddha’s teachings on the small screen. Through the narrative, the show successfully attempts to answer some of the fundamental questions which are essentially sought after by anyone on the path of eternal truth, like what is reality, what is one supposed to do in life, what is life, who are we, what is our goal of existence. The research also investigates the various ways in which the text serves to express spirituality in an approachable manner. It intends to look at how the show contributes to the first representation of Buddha on the small screen. The aspects explored do not include portrayal of characters and the acting prowess of the cast.

This study attempts to analyze Surrealism in Oldooz and the Crows, a short story written by the Iranian author Samad Behrangi. Surrealism is a cultural movement founded in 1920s by the French poet and critic Andre Breton. The surrealists favored in the function of the world of unconscious mind in integrating fancies and dreams to the phenomenal world in order to elaborate a higher reality. They also were interested in Freud's theories about unconscious mind and the power of free imagination especially in Children. Moreover, they insisted on the automatic writing avoiding regular artistic conventions and restrictive rule. In this regard, the researcher tries to discuss the imaginative freedom and childhood dreams propounded in Behrangi's short story Oldooz and the Crows to consider whether this literary work can be considered as a surrealist work or not.

This article intends to study The Island of Dr.Moreau written by H.G. Wells in the light of scapegoat archetype. In this process, Carl Jung's theory of the archetypes or pre-existence forms and collective unconscious as their storehouse is benefitted to offer a sound understanding of the nature of archetype. In addition, Sir James Frazer's exposition of the probable reasons and relevant rituals to the sacrificial scapegoat are presented. In this study, the attempt is made to examine the unconscious belief in the significance of scapegoating in reviving peace.

Wastewater irrigation can pose a variety of potential health risks and also excessive and often imbalanced addition of nutrients to the soil to affect crop production. Thus, its use in agriculture without adequate safeguards has been noted to have serious drawbacks for human health and the environment. This study assessed micro nutrient concentration in wastewater used for peri-urban vegetable crop production in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. Aside Fe which was insignificant in both seasons all the others recorded a significant difference in the two seasons. Al, Fe, Mn and Zn on the average recorded higher concentration values in the wet season than the dry season whilst Cu recorded a higher concentration in the dry season than the wet season. Concentrations of most of the micro nutrients were lower than the WHO (2006) recommended standards except Mn which had concentration levels exceeding the recommended standard in the wet season only.

Soil fertility depletion is a single most important constraint to food security in West Africa due to continuous cropping and increasing population pressure. Rising costs of commercial fertilizers and increasing emphasis on sound manure management to protect water quality, renewed interest has been focused on maximizing the fertility returns of organic manure. The study determined the effect of dynamic kraaling on soil nutrient status of soils of the middle voltain formation (sandstone, shale and siltstone) in Savelugu/Nanton District in the Northern Region of Ghana. Six (6) soil samples each were collected at two depths (0-40 cm and 40-80 cm) from an active kraal (AK), an old kraal (OK) and non-kraal (NK) farmlands. Laboratory soil analysis indicated that N levels were higher at 0-40 cm depth compared to the depth of 40-80 cm for the AK and the OK but indifferent for the NK farmlands at the two depths. High level difference in the concentration of Phosphorus (P) and Potassium (K) was observed between the two depths for AK and OK. The concentration of P and K was noted to have increased from the 0-40 cm depth to 40-80 cm depth. The results indicate that NPK was high in active kraals, old kraals and non-kraaled farmlands in decreasing order. Varying levels of organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were also observed for the different kraaling systems but these were observed to be much higher for the active kraals. The effect of dynamic kraaling in the improvement of soil nutrient levels was high.

Golinga irrigation scheme is one of the few schemes in the Northern Region of Ghana. In this paper, types and levels of Organochlorine pesticide residues in the dam water have been investigated. Water samples were taken at two intervals (before and after crop planting) during the 2012 farming season. Water samples were processed using a liquid-liquid extraction method and gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Twenty- one (21) different organochlorine residues were identified namely: ?-HCH (0.094 ?g/g), ?-HCH (0.21 ?g/g), ?-HCH (0.109 ?g/g), ?-HCH (0.23 ?g/g), HCB (0.12 ?g/g), Heptachlor (0.27 ?g/g), Aldrin (0.25 ?g/g), Cis-heptachlor epox (0.14 ?g/g), Trans-heptachlor epox (0.080 ?g/g), Trans-chlordane (0.123 ?g/g), Cis-chlordane (0.076 ?g/g), Trans-nonachlor (0.27 ?g/g), Dieldrin (0.17 ?g/g), Endrin (0.083 ?g/g), O’P-DDE (0.15 ?g/g), P’P-DDE (0.18 ?g/g), O’P-DDD (0.36 ?g/g), P’P-DDD (0.061 ?g/g), O’P-DDT (0.126 ?g/g). P’P-DDT recorded highest concentration of 0.52 ?g/g whiles mirex recorded the least of - 0.057 ?g/g. All residues except mirex were above the WHO Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) for drinking water. These compounds in the dam pose serious health hazards to humans, aquatic life and irrigated crops thus usage of chemicals which result in pollution of the dam should be controlled.

Oxalate (soluble and total), phytic acid, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and tannin content of Lasienthera Africana (Editan), Heinsia Crinata (Atama) and piper quineensis (Adusa) were analyzed. The moisture content was first determined and results showed the highest level for lasienthera Africana as (7.52%) and the least (5.14%) for Heinsia Crinata. Standard analytical method was used to estimate the levels of the toxicants in the three vegetables. The result of the analysis showed that Heinsia Crinata, had the maximum total oxalate content of (10.40mg/10g) while piper quineensis had the minimum level of (2.50mg/100g). The highest value of phytic acid (743.00mg/100g) was found in piper quineensis and the minimum value (484.00mg/100g) was found in Lasintherra Africana. The maximum level of HCN (0.43mg/100g) was found in Heinsia Crinata and the minimum value (0.17mg/100g) obtained for piper quineensis. While Tannin recorded least (50.20mg/100g) for piper quineensis and maximum (63.40mg/100g) for Lasienthera Africana. When these result were compared with their respective, lethal does, and the values obtained for other edible leaves the leaves were found to be fit for consumption with respect to their toxicant contents.

The physiochemical properties of the leaf extract of four Nigeria medicinal plants were investigated in order to ascertain their level of safety for human consumption. The results obtained from the analysis show a range of temperature 25.50 + 0.003 , 26.00+0.0020C, as against 30.000C obtained for the water used for the extraction, pH range 5.50+0.003 - 8.0+0.002. All the other extracts showed greenish coloration except Eremomastex polysperman extract that appears bluish purple. Electrical conductivity 24.00+0.012-145.20+ 0.053uscm-1. Suspended solid ranged between 1.60+0.001-3.60+0.008, dissolved solid 12.00+0.003-98.20+0.005, titratable alkalinity and acidity ranged 25.34+0.003-500.00+0.0012 and 40.44+0.005-900.00+0.128mg/l respectively. Biochemical oxygen demand BOD and dissolved oxygen DO values ranged 118.00+0.008-360.00+0.025 and 1.26+0.007-1.50+0.008 respectively. Total hardness ranged from 31.61+0.012 to 48.00+0.015. Finally sulphate, nitrate and chlorides values ranged within 2.10+0.003-24.20+0.004, 2.10+0.005-4.32+0.005 and 30.74+0.025-309.41+0.043 (mg/l). Respectively. The extraction of these leaves in water has strongly altered the entire physiochemical parameter of drinkable water. These variations does not show any definite correlation. However when compared with the WHO permissible level despite the variations over 85% of the values were within the permissible limits. Thus these extract may not pose any danger with respect to physicochemical properties except for acidity. Thus one may apply caution when consuming these extract.

Rice husk, agricultural waste material of environmental  impact,  was carbonized at temperatures of 300 - 600⁰C in an oven for 2h, after which its adsorption capacities was investigated for the adsorption of acenaphthene in synthetic aqueous solution, at increasing concentrations (50–150mg/L). The yields of carbon obtained from the raw rice husk ranged from 20 - 40 % (w/w), while the adsorption capacities of rice husk increased with increasing carbonization temperature and increasing initial concentration of acenaphthene. The removal efficiencies of the rice husk increased from 71.37 - 80.56% as the carbonization temperature increased from 300-600⁰C, but decreased with increasing initial concentration of acenaphthene. The adsorption equilibrium data obtained, fitted well to the Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubnin-Radushkevich isotherms with minimum correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9981, 0.9262, 0.9667 and 0.9215, respectively. The error analysis showed the order of suitability of the isotherm models selected to be Temkin > Freundlich > Dubnin-Radushkevich > Langmuir. This study shows that carbons rice husk possesses favourable potency of being used as activated carbon for the removal of acenaphthene from wastewater.

Rice husk, agricultural waste material of environmental  impact,  was carbonized at temperatures of 300 - 600⁰C in an oven for 2h, after which its adsorption capacities was investigated for the adsorption of acenaphthene in synthetic aqueous solution, at increasing concentrations (50–150mg/L). The yields of carbon obtained from the raw rice husk ranged from 20 - 40 % (w/w), while the adsorption capacities of rice husk increased with increasing carbonization temperature and increasing initial concentration of acenaphthene. The removal efficiencies of the rice husk increased from 71.37 - 80.56% as the carbonization temperature increased from 300 - 600⁰C, but decreased with increasing initial concentration of acenaphthene. The adsorption equilibrium data obtained, fitted well to the Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubnin-Radushkevich isotherms with minimum correlation values of 0.9981, 0.9262, 0.9667 and 0.9215, respectively, although, generally decreases with increasing carbonization temperature. The error analysis showed the order of suitability of the isotherm models selected to be Temkin > Freundlich > Dubnin-Radushkevich > Langmuir. This study shows that carbons rice husk possesses high potency of being used as activated carbon for the removal of acenaphthene from wastewater.

Reinvention of the mortgage market through the creation of a secondary market has been identified as one of the solution to the lack of funds that plague the Nigerian housing sector. There is however a set of institutional barriers that have created risk factors that are responsible for the high interest rates on mortgage loans in economy. This paper identifies some of these barriers as the requirement of Governor’s consent, revocation of right of occupancy, mortgage registration period and foreclosure period and the cost of foreclosure. It further reveals their nature in the present mortgage lending practice and makes recommendation to improve the practice in preparation for any secondary mortgage market operations.

Floristic studies are fundamental for the applied sciences such as rangeland management and conservation. Unique ecological and climatic conditions in the Tang Soulak Protected Area make it a remarkable habitat for the floristic studies. The purpose of this study was to determine floristic composition and their chorology carrying a central importance in vegetation description and analysis. Therefore, 50 quadrats (100 m2) were located according to the nature of vegetation. The species and their abundance-dominance were recorded. 70 plant species, belonging to 21 families, were identified. Plant classification, based on Raunkiaer’s life forms revealed Hemicryptophytes as the most abundant (46% of total) species. Therophytes, Phanerophytes and Chamaephytes contained 26, 12 and 4 percents of total plant species, respectively. Chorological characteristics of the plant species showed, about 66% of the total plant species in Tang Soulak area were belonged to the Irano-Turanian Chorotype.

This research was carried out from March 2014 to late August 2014 in Tang Soulak protected area in the Kohgiloye - Boyer Ahmad Province, I. R. Iran. The method used in this study was based on radius point counts. In the study area, 27 terrestrial bird species were identified. According to the “Margalef Index”, the most biodiversity richness was observed in May (3.12) and the least richness in March (2.92). According to “Menhink Index”, the most richness was seen in March (0.53) and the least in July and August (0.44).According to “Simpson Index”, the max. Biodiversity richness was in April (0.793) and the min. biodiversity was in March (0.699). According to“Shanon-viner Index” the max. Biodiversity richness was observed in April (3.396) and the min. biodiversity in March (2.892). According to “Simpson Index” the most uniformity was in April (0.193) and the least uniformity was in May and March (0.144). The diversity of species uniformity indices indicate a high habitat quality around “Tang Soulak protected area” area and status of good conditions for birds which should be considered in the management issues.

Lectures are inevitable in university classes and are used as a way of imparting knowledge to students. They must be comprehensible and salient especially for students of other languages who need help in understanding the content and in appropriating the language. Appropriate use of discourse markers (DMs) are believed to play an important role in producing a meaningful and coherent message. In the literature of second language acquisition, the field of discourse markers has been largely omitted so far and most of the studies on DMs have focused on native (or bilingual) speakers of English, who acquire this pragmatic competence in their childhood. This paper is an attempt to compare English (native) and Iranian (non-native) EFL lectures in the frequency and use of various discourse markers to identify the possible differences and related implications. For this purpose, a corpus of ten spoken lectures (5 North-American English lectures (NAC) taken from MICASE (Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English), and 5 Iranian EFL lectures (IC) recorded at Najafabad Azad University) were analyzed. The results of the study revealed that DMs were used more in the IC than in the NAC.

Naturalness as a main inseparable feature of literary texts may be exposed to some mistranslations or misunderstandings from the part of the translators during the act of translation. A major issue is probably the level of the difficulty of the source text. There is a sever lack of research on the impact of text difficulty on translation naturalness at the micro level with regard to the formal and dynamic equivalents. Accordingly, the current study as an initial attempt in Iran aimed at examining the common elements of word and sentence pertinent to text difficulty and translation naturalness. To this end, the researcher aimed at finding out the relationship between formal and dynamic equivalents for simple and difficult texts. A pool of 86 students participated in the study to serve as the source of data. Having assessed the students’ performances on the tests based on Nida’s criteria, the researcher found a moderate correlation for formal and dynamic equivalents with regard to the simple texts and a strong correlation for formal and dynamic equivalents with regard to the difficult texts. Finally, some implications for translator teachers and syllabus designers were recommended.

Since in Iranian university context, reading comprehension is the most important skill to be acquired by the students, this study wanted to show whether implementing pre-, while-, and post-reading activities has a significant impact on Iranian EFL Learners’ reading proficiency or not. 28 sophomore students at Islamic Azad University in Lahijan (Iran) participated in this study and were divided into two groups: experimental and control group. The former received teaching reading activities such as deducting, inferring, note-taking, etc. as the treatment while the latter did not receive such a treatment. The treatment proved to be effective, that is, the experimental group surpassed the control group according to the post-test. Finally, it is hoped that material developers, teachers and testers will benefit from the findings of this study.

The effect of family and its structure on delinquency, in particular juvenile delinquency, has been the object of a wealth of notable research, all of which suggest that family is by far the most important factor in individuals’ law abiding behavior and delinquency in a society. Surveying two samples i.e. juvenile delinquents and well-behaved minors in Shiraz, the present study examined this very issue and yielded results supporting, to a great extent, those obtained by previous research. In this study, 19 independent variables as the family structure variables influencing youth crime were tested using a questionnaire. The research hypothesis holds that these variables are significantly correlated to juvenile offending. The results indicated that, on the one hand, there is a significant relationship between delinquency among the samples and variables including place of birth, disability, adherence to religious values, parental monitoring, maternal employment, home ownership, family breakdown, and drug and alcohol abuse among family members, which supported the hypotheses. On the other hand, delinquency, the results suggested, is not significantly related to variables including household income, paternal employment, satisfying economic needs, parental education, family intimacy, stuttering, family dysfunction, and contact with friends, rejecting the corresponding hypotheses.

Listening skills is one of the most fundamental and important skills which can enhance speaking as well as listening skills. However, listening skills has Cinderella skills in language teaching for many years. For FL learners, listening is more difficult than reading. This challenging nature is manifest in Purdy?s (1997, p. 8) definition of listening as “active and dynamic process of attending, perceiving, interpreting, remembering, and responding to the expressed (verbal and nonverbal) needs, concerns, and information offered by other human beings.” The capability to grasp spoken language encompasses complicated, immediate and concurrent processing of various sorts of information. To apprehend spoken language, one is required to organize sounds, vocabulary, grammatical constructions, and prior knowledge (Vandergrift, 1999). Many experts acknowledge the challenging nature of listening (Vogely, 1999; Gonen, 2009).The present study tries to indicate the relevant literature and study about role of transactional and interactional materials on oral productivity.

Pronunciation is one of the most important skills in English language instruction because it impacts learners' communicative competence and performance. If speakers have very bad pronunciation, their speech will not be understandable to the listeners. This paper examines some of the important issues of English pronunciation instruction. The goals of this paper are to review the history of English pronunciation instruction, discuss the aim of English pronunciation instruction and explain the importance of English pronunciation instruction. The review of literature indicates that teachers should be aware of the aim and significance of pronunciation instruction and if they want to teach pronunciation well they should be taught in EFL pronunciation instruction.

There are some important factors that affect the use of computer technology in the classroom such as computer technology training, teachers’ attitudes and knowledge and experience. These factors have been unfortunately overlooked in many EFL classrooms. This paper examines the relationship between computer technology and the above factors. This paper discusses computer technology training, explains teachers’ attitudes and elaborates knowledge and experience. The review of literature indicates that if teachers want to use computer technology well they should be trained, have positive attitudes towards technology and knowledge and experience.

This study aimed at investigating the relationship between the legislative, executive and judicial thinking styles of the vocational schools’ students and their academic performance. This is an applied research and both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. A sample of 250 students, 125 girls and 125 boys, were selected through simple random sampling from among the sophomore students of the vocational schools in Ilam province, Iran , in the academic year 2009-2010.To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and multivariable regression were used. The findings revealed that the students who possessed executive thinking style obeyed and performed the orders in terms of practical thought .However; these students got lower grades compared to other students in specified courses such as mathematics, fundamentals of IT and computer programming. The students who possessed judicial thinking style got better grades compared to other students in terms of practical thought and academic progression in the specified courses. These thinking styles(legislative, executive, and judicial thinking styles) had the potential to predict the standard variable and this potentiality was 0/05 for the executive thinking style and 0/01 for judicial and legislative thinking styles. As for the students who possessed legislative thinking style there was a significant relation between their academic performance and their thinking style. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient of girls and boys was not significant in terms of gender. Analysis of different thinking styles showed that there was a linear relationship between the standard variable (the students' performance) and predicting variables (legislative, executive and judicial thinking style).