Applied Mathematics

In this article, we study one of the matrix analysis methods, which is the spectral decomposition method of the matrix, which is a very special case for the square and symmetric real matrix.

The aim of this study is to improve Poisson distribution for the approximation of a generalized binomial distribution and to combine the improved Poisson distribution with financial terms for the purpose of evaluating a European call and put option. It was found that the improved Poisson approximates generalized binomial when ? [ ], approximates generalized binomial sufficient enough n, B/A+B when and ? and also that the problem of option for non-dividend paying stock can be approached using an improved Poisson distribution function equipped with some financial terms. The .numerical results obtained is the same as in [4], using the numerical data. Relevant connections of our work with the earlier work is pointed out.

Equations governing the flow of a fluid with variable viscosity through an isotropic porous structure are derived using the method of intrinsic volume averaging. Viscosity of the fluid is assumed to be a variable function of pressure, and the effects of the porous microstructure are modelled in terms of Darcy resistance, Brinkman shear term, and Forchheimer effects.

National culture plays a pivotal role in shaping the behavior of individuals in all spheres of life. This behavior also guides individuals towards opting between doing job or starting a personal business. Little work has been done so far to examine the effects of national culture on entrepreneurial intentions of citizens in the same country. This study fills this gap by examining the effects of Hofstede (1984) national culture’s dimensions on entrepreneurial intentions of individual’s for the case of Pakistan. The culture dimensions included; power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, collectivism, long/short term orientation. The data has been collected from employees working in various organizations of Pakistan. Structural equation modeling technique has been adopted to analyze the data and to interpret the results. The study found that cultural dimensions including; higher power distance, collectivism, masculinity and short term orientation are having negative effects on organizational performance for the case of Pakistan. The study has discussed the important implications of national culture’s dimensions to improve the organizational performance.

The article presents the concept of fixed point theorem with the Banach contraction principle which is the main source of fixed point theory. We give definitions, theories and examples of Banach contraction principles, complete lattice, homeomorphism between spaces. The metric fixed point theory is given more importance due to its simplicity of application. To ensure existence of the fixed point, continuity property is not a necessary condition , however some order – monotonic conditions must be satisfied by a given mapping.

In this paper, we introduced Samarandache-2-algebraic structure of Soft Neutrosophic Near-ring namely Smarandache –Soft Neutrosophic Near-ring. A Samarandache-2-algebraic structure on a set N means a weak algebraic structure S1 on N such that there exist a proper subset M of N, Which is embedded with a stronger algebraic structure S2 ,stronger algebraic structure means satisfying more axioms, that is S1 << S2 ,by proper subset one can understand a subset different from the empty set, from the unit element if any , from the Whole set. We define Smarandache - Soft Neutrosophic Near-ring and construct its algorithms through soft neutrosophic (H,A) – subgroup,soft neutrosophic ideal,soft neutrosophic bi-ideal,soft neutrosophic quasi-ideal.For basic concept of near-ring we refer to G.Pilz and for soft neutrosophic algebraic structure we refer to Muhammed Shabir ,Mumtaz Ali,Munazza Naz, and Florentin Smarandache.

Image compression has become a necessary step for making better use of available storage requirements and transmission bandwidth during the past decades. For image compression it is desirable that the selection of transform should reduce the size of resultant data set as compared to source data set. For continuous and discrete time cases, wavelet transforms and wavelet packet transform has emerged as popular techniques. This thesis paper aims to determine the best wavelet to compress the still image (fingerprint) at a particular decomposition level using wavelet transforms and wavelet packet transforms. Number of Zeros (NZ) and Retain Energy (RE) is determined for different wavelets at different threshold values ranging from 10 to 100 for decomposition level 3.

Knot theory is a branch of topology which is important in studying of the 3 dimensional geometry. In this study, we have proved a theorem which is related to Knot theory. Also, using some known results, one theorem has been well developed and adapted to Knot Theory.

An almost complex manifold is a smooth manifold accoutred with smooth linear complex structure on each tangent space. Almost complex structures have important applications on symplectic geometry. M is a symplectic manifold such that it accoutred with a closed nondegenerate di¤erential 2-form then it called the symplectic form. Symplectic mani- folds arise naturally in abstract formulations of classical mechanics and analytical mechanics as the cotangent bundles of manifolds. In classical mechanics, dynamic movements with Euler-Lagrange and Hamilton equa- tions is found. We, using two complex structures, examined mechanical systems on symplectic geometry.

In this research we use the logistic function to demonstrate the existence of a stationary point as a type of a non-wandering set in topological dynamical systems or dynamical systems without any loss of generality.