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In the field of simulation work, it could proceed to an extent that, simulate with arbitrary values of the passive component and the voltage sources. The simulation results recorded various strategic points in the circuit indicate and validate the fact that the circuit is working in the expected lines with regard to the energy transfer in the expected lines with regard to the energy transfer in the tank circuit and sustenance in DC transient Analysis. Also in this proposed experimental work, it is observed that for an arbitrary load, the voltage obtained is agreeing with the theoretically computed DC-Voltage levels. The scope of the work can be extended to the actual calculation of the passives, the initial voltages across the capacitors and inductors. In addition to the exciting DC levels of the sources employed. The small signal analysis can also be done with due regard to the desired behavioural properties of switching devices used.

With the progress of VLSI technology, delay buffer plays an important role affecting the circuit design and performance. This paper presents the design of low power buffer using clock gating and gated driver tree. Since delay buffers are accessed sequentially, it adopts a gated clock ring counter addressing scheme. The ring counter employs double edge triggered (DET) flip flops instead of traditional flip flop to half the operating frequency. Also for generating clock gating signals, combinational elements (C-element) are implemented in the control logic to avoid the increasing loading of the global clock signal. For the clock distribution network, a gated driver tree technique is used and it further reduces the power consumption. In addition, this technique is used in the input and output ports of the memory to decrease their loading. The proposed delay buffer consumes less power comparing to the conventional delay buffers

In the present work, Y2O3:Eu3+ nanoparticles like-spheres have been synthesized via simple method. Synthesis conditions such as calcination temperature and the additive 2,3-dihyrosybutanedioic acid are played a role for synthesizing Y2O3:Eu3+ nanoparticles with superior optical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies have been carried out to understand surface morphological features and the particle size. The as-obtained nanoparticles have average crystallite size ranging between 25 to 45 nm. Crystal structure of the nanoparticles has been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The incorporation of Eu3+ activator in these nanoparticles has been checked by luminescence characteristics, establishing that the main emission peak located at 613 nm corresponds to the hypersensitive forced electric dipole transition between 5D0 and 7F2 level of Eu3+ ions.

Single-crystalline magnesium borate Mg2B2O5 nanowires in bundle form have been synthesized via a simple route based on heating a precursor powder made of aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride and de-sodium tetraborate with citric acid. The results show that each bundle composed of nanowires of high-purity with diameter of approximately ca. 90 nm and lengths up to a few micrometers. The effect of citric acid, the optimum experimental parameters and possible growth mechanism for the compound nanowires have been presented.

In order to success in removing stains from historical dyed samples, it is necessary to understand the nature and type of these stains. This research work aimed to study in detail the different changes occurring on mimic cotton carpet samples dyed with natural yellow dye turmeric and subjecting to different stains (blood, mud and wax). All the stained samples were subjected to light ageing followed by cleaning with different detergents according to the nature of the stain. The examined samples were characterized and evaluated using FTIR-ATR analysis to examine the change in the chemical structure after each treatment process and studying the effect of such processes on the crystallinity/amorphousity of the samples. Also, the color measurement in the CIELAB system was used to quantify the change in samples' colors through the different treatments. The obtained results indicated that: there was an obvious change in the transmission peak intensities of the different functional groups after each treatment, a variation in both the crystalline index (C.I) and % crystallinity of the examined samples and the cleaning process greatly depends on both the type of stain and the cleaning material.

In Data mining world, Lead generation is a data searching technique which is used to collect relevant customer information (leads), one of the examples for this techniques is contextual advertising. You might have noticed as soon as you open google site to search something, it displays unique advertisement or sponsored link along with search results. This sponsored link is typically based on search text, user logged in (ex: google user), location, browser to name a few. This type of preparing customized advertisement and sponsored links is called as Contextual advertisement and this technique is an example for Lead generation. It is an easy and painless way of attracting people/users and cultivating prospective customers out of them. The key idea of this paper is to bring out the importance of data mining in the field of CRM and also to explain the benefits of M-Clustering algorithm which we propose for data mining which proves to be efficient as it uses clustering approach compared to k-means algorithm. Also, there is a comparison with Newman’s algorithm where the significance is highlighted in terms of training set and historical data handling in M-Clustering.

Skill development is an important driver to address poverty reduction by improving employability, productivity and helping sustainable enterprise development and inclusive growth. It facilitates a cycle of high productivity, increased employment opportunities, income growth and development. However, this is just one factor among many affecting the productivity whose measurement differs for individuals, enterprise and economy. The increase in productivity could be due to availability of skilled & healthy manpower; technological up gradation and innovative practices; and sound macroeconomic strategies. The manifestations of improved productivity can be in the form of improvement in real gross domestic product (economy), increased profit (enterprises) and higher wages (workers). In this study, an attempt has been made to conceptually analyse the skill development process in India and the agencies involved in its promotion.

Excellent companies have clear missions and strategic intent; they have core competencies and the intense dedication of their staff enable them to match these against customer needs. Through mergers and acquisitions a firm stands a chance to build on its achievement and surpass their competitors. The primary sources of long term profitability are talents or resources that competitors cannot imitate. Abilities or resources that are easily copied soon lose their value. But the core competencies, competitive advantages and synergies (mergers) that inhere in a tight configuration and very hard to imitate. Mergers creatively combine many elements that mutually reinforce one another. This makes merging difficult to duplicate/copy. From the research conducted, it was concluded that highly merged organisations possess a clear sense of direction. Their goals inspire, their strategies are clear, and their efforts are well targeted. So employees are committed and co-ordination is graceful. Merging present advantages and get firms with distinctive competencies and product/service that key competitors cannot imitate. Mergers can be as great competitive advantage as any other aspect of strategy.

The level of natural radioactivity in soils of some selected towns around Lake Bosumtwi of Ashanti region of Ghana have been determined. Thirteen Samples from different locations close to the catchment area of the lake were collected for determination of NORM activity concentrations using high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometer. Activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K ranged from 2.9 ± 0.14 Bq/kg to 168.2 ± 0.6 Bq/kg with an average of 31.2±0.3 Bq/kg, 0.4 ± 0.1 Bq/kg to 108.4 ± 9 Bq/kg with an average of 11.9 Bq/kg and 20.4 ± 3 Bq/kg to 340.8 ± 12 Bq/kg with an average of 134.8± Bq/kg, respectively. The results obtained were also in good agreement with studies from other countries in the region and therefore can be used to enhance present radioactivity database. The calculated external hazard values ranged from 0.02 Bq/kg to 0.56 Bq/kg with the mean of 0.15 (less than unity) showed no risk of external hazard to the inhabitants and Tourist visiting the catchment.

This article analyses the market reaction to stock splits announcements, using a unique Indian sample over the period 2001 to 2010. Our event study finds a significantly positive Cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR) around the announcement date. Liquidity increases lead to higher stock price changes, which supports the liquidity improvement hypothesis. Further, firm size and abnormal returns are inversely related, which is in line with the attention hypothesis.

The network intrusion becomes ever growing problem. The complexity present in the collected network data set is absence of clear boundary between anomaly connection and normal connection. However fuzzy logic can well address this problem. In earlier works, combining fuzzy logic and data mining to develop fuzzy rules are explored to address this problem. In this paper, a new fuzzy model is developed to detect anomaly connections. The developed model is tested with NSLKDD data set. The model gives better result.

The anti MRSA properties of mango seed kernel ethanol extract (MKE) were investigated. The MKE was separated by reverse phase HPLC with acetonitrile linear gradient and also identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and Infrared (IR) for structural characterization of antimicrobial tannin compounds. It showed significant activity against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the MIC of 0.03mg/ml. These results indicated that the active component of the MKE was a type of complex Tannin.

Wool fabric samples were dyed with the natural dye sambucus nigra, then post-mordanted with three different mordants individually: alum, chrome and ferrous. Thermal analysis of the undyed (blank), dyed and dyed mordanted samples is applied to study the thermal stability of the samples under investigation using thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. TG tested results indicate that the thermal stability of dyed wool mordanted with ferrous is enhanced than the blank (undyed) and other dyed mordanted samples. The relative TG results show that char residue of the wool samples after 600 °C is higher than the blank one, meaning lesser volatile hazardous components. DSC measurements show remarkable variation in the thermal behavior according to the type of mordant. Also, there is a change in the char yield and the temperature of decomposition. Fastness properties of the examined dyed wool fabrics were also examined and reported.

The study was carried out to assess genetic diversity among sixty sorghum accessions from the national germplasm collection using microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity and relationship among the sixty accessions were evaluated using 24 microsatellites. The 24 markers generated 64 alleles; the mean number of alleles was 2.773, indicating a medium range of diversity among the sixty sorghum accessions compared to other genetic diversity studies in sorghum using microsatellites, the average polymorphic information content (PIC) (0.575) gave an indication that the microsatellites are informative. Microsatellites cluster analysis resolved the sixty sorghum accessions into three major clusters. The percent similarity between the sorghum accessions ranged from 56% to 89%. Most of accessions clustered according to geographical site of the collection. Heterozygosity in the sixty sorghum accessions was very low .Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.0333 as against the expected heterozygosity of 0.4263 to 0.7708.

The environmental stable isotopic (oxygen-18 and hydrogen-2)  composition of groundwater  in the crystalline geological formation underlying the Accra Plains of South-east Ghana were studied to obtain information on the recharge process.  The groundwater had an average isotopic value of –3.19‰ ?¹⁸O and –14.36‰ ?²H. The groundwater recharge takes place in fractures with the occurrence of minor evaporation. The groundwater was also affected by the mixing of various rainfall events and or surface runoff. The groundwaters at Valley View University were more depleted than the other groundwaters in the Plains indicating that the groundwater was recharge at the Akwapim Togo Mountains through preferential channels.

Major ion geochemistry was used to characterize the chemical composition of the groundwater in the Accra Plains and to understand its geochemical evolution. Sodium and chloride were the dominant ions in the groundwater. The TDS values increase south eastwards through the central part of the Plains towards the coast. Three hydrochemicsl facies which evolves from Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-HCO3 to Na-Ca-Cl was identified using the Piper diagram and Chadha proposed rectangular plot. The R-mode factor analysis result show that three factors account for 83.65% of the total variance in the hydrochemistry. Interpretation of the hydrochemical data suggested that mineral (silicate) weathering, cation-exchange and reverse ion–exchange control the chemical composition of the groundwater. The thermodynamic plots indicate that the groundwater is in equilibrium with kaolinite and montmorillonite minerals. The saturation index also indicated that about 47% of the groundwater samples were oversaturated with respect to calcite and dolomite.

The activity concentrations of natural occurring radionuclides, uranium (²³⁸U), thorium (²³²Th), radium (²²⁶Ra) and potassium (⁴⁰K) were measured in geological samples collected from the Accra Plains using a high resolution hyper pure germanium (HPGe) detector. Their radiological parameters were also calculated. ²³⁸U concentration was found to vary from below detection limit to 363.5 Bq/kg. Activity concentration of ²³²Th varied from below detection limit to 370.41 Bq/kg. The activity concentration of ²²⁶Ra ranged from 4.04 Bq/kg to 295.01Bq/kg, whereas, the ⁴⁰K activity concentration varied from 145 Bq/kg to 2274.3 Bq/kg. The absorbed dose rates varied from 18.27 to 479.26 nGy/h. The annual external effective dose rates ranged from 0.02 to 0.51 mSv/y. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) varied from 29.15 to 986.42 Bq/kg. Value of external hazard index (Hex) varied from 0.11 to 2.66. Good correlations existed between ²³²Th and ²²⁶Ra activity concentrations and the total activity concentration. The Th/U ratios obtained indicated metasomatic activity of the analyzed radionuclides. The gamma ray radiation hazards due to the radionuclides increased with depth. 

Abstract The levels of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) in plastic resin pellets were determined with the objective of assessing the status of OCP pollution in the marine ecosystem of selected beaches in Ghana (namely Art Centre, Sakumono, Osu Castle, Labadi, Korle-Gonno, Independence Square and Tema Mighty beaches). The plastic pellets were subjected to Soxhlet extraction and the extracts analyzed using Gas Chromatograph coupled with electron capture detector. High concentrations of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane compounds (DDTs) were recorded followed by Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), Chlordane compounds (CHLs), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin (DRINs), alpha-endosulphan, beta-endosulphan, endosulphan sulphate (Endosulphans) and Methoxychlor. Analysis of the virgin pellets recorded no organochlorine pesticides present. However, plastic pellets collected from all seven beaches were found to contain OCPs with the highest recorded on the Art Centre beach with a total OCP concentration of 106 ng/g. Plastic pellets collected on the Labadi beach recorded the lowest OCPs with a concentration of 20.2 ng/g. The accumulation of OCP residue on the plastic resin pellets suggests that it can be used as a tool for monitoring marine pollution. Key words: Plastic resin pellets, organochlorine pesticides, beaches, concentration, Ghana.

In recent years, the human body as an important topic in contemporary sociology has been studied. Therefore, the body is very important and has attracted the attention of many researchers. One of the issues raised in this area, is today in body management among youth (boys and girls) are quite common and popular because of body management, through actions and behavior like choosing clothes, coat appearance, body configuration, type hobbies, sports, diet and ... Are expressed. Given the importance of the management body of the youth in the present study sought to examine social factors affecting the management body of the young people were in Yasuj. In our population of young people 15 to 29 years is in Yasuj and a sample of 353 people were selected for the study sample. To examine the relationship between body by the same token, religious, cultural, economic status, and age as independent variables and the dependent variable pay as a management body. The results indicate a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables in research.

Ultrasonic waves are used widely in food production, industry and chemical reactions. For conducting such a reactions, it is need to have a reactor in which liquid is affected by the waves. Among the most important parameters used for reactor design, the reactor dimensions may be considered as the most important parameter that can take influence the most, from the wave cavitation. In this study, effects of ultrasonic power, horn diameter and horn height on the amount of energy absorbed by liquid in reactor were evaluated and models were further developed for estimating the absorbed energy. Statistical analysis indicated that the effects of input power, reactor diameter and reactor height were all significant on energy absorption (P<0.01). The results revealed that as the horn diameter increased from 70 to 100 mm, 9% decrease was occurred in the absorbed energy. By increasing the horn height from 30 to 70 mm, 11% decrease was observed in the energy absorption. There was an 11% increase in the energy, together with an increase in ultrasonic wave power from 100 to 300 W. It was also concluded that the second order model was most suitable to predict the amount of energy absorbed by liquid (R2=94.5%).

In fierce competition of airline industry, due to sensitive nature and vital rule of crisis management, viability of companies in this industry is highly depended on skillful handling of crisis situations. The aim of this study is to first determine the different strategies of airline companies in dealing with crisis situations in Iran and then to identify the effect of Customer's perception of danger on repurchase intention for Iran's airline industry. Data obtained from 500 survey questionnaire were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed that Denial has a significantly negative effect on Customer's perception of danger. Involuntary product recall has a significantly negative effect on Customer's perception of danger. Voluntary product recall has a significantly positive effect on Customer's perception of danger. Supper effort has a significantly positive effect on Customer's perception of danger. Customer's perception of danger has a significantly positive effect on Repurchase intentions. In addition results show that Denial was the best negative predictor of their Customer's perception of danger and Supper effort was the best positive predictor of Customer's perception of danger.

Floristic studies are fundamental for the applied sciences such as rangeland management and conservation. Unique ecological and climatic conditions in the Tang Putak in Dena Protected Area make it a remarkable habitat for the floristic studies. The purpose of this study was to determine floristic composition and their chorology carrying a central importance in vegetation description and analysis. Therefore, 50 quadrats (100 m2) were located according to the nature of vegetation. The species and their abundance-dominance were recorded. 73 plant species, belonging to 24 families, were identified. Plant classification, based on Raunkiaer’s life forms revealed Hemicryptophytes as the most abundant (55% of total) species. Therophytes, Phanerophytes and Chamaephytes contained 21, 12 and 5 percents of total plant species, respectively. Chorological characteristics of the plant species showed, about 68% of the total plant species in Tang Putak area were belonged to the Irano-Turanian Chorotype.

Wetlands are one of the most important aquatic ecosystems that play a significant role in modifying the quantity and quality of water, providing economic and tourist opportunities as well as drinking water and livelihood for aboriginal people. Establishing and maintaining a suitable water regime as well as wise use of wetland ecosystems in such a way to preserve their functions and values are considered as the most important management issues in wetlands. The basin of the Parishan International Wetland is located between 51° and 44' and 51° and 51' of east longitude and 29° and 32' and 30'' of north latitude of Fars province. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the hydrology and determine the environmental abonne of Parishan Wetland to preserve and rescue this international wetland. Aiming at this goal, remote sensing techniques and the data recorded by related organizations were used. The results of the study showed that the currents of water entering the wetland over the solar year of 1380 consisted of runoff (20.06 million cubic meters), rainfall (14.75 million cubic meters), springs (5.487 million cubic meters) and groundwater leakage to the wetland (34.663 million cubic meters); the output of the wetland was also subject to evaporation (85.1 million cubic meters). Also, the amount of ecological water required by the wetland is equivalent to 110.96 million cubic meters.

The group B(m,n) satis?es identity relation x^n = 1. Moreover, sinceF_m^n is a verbal subgroup of group F^m generated with word x^n, the group B(m,n) is free in the variety of all n-periodic groups, i.e. all groups, where the identical relationx^n = 1holds. The group B(m,n) is free in the variety of all n-periodical groups and is called free-periodical or free Burnside group of the period n and rank m.

In mathematics or its applications, a functional equation is an equation in terms of independent variables, and also unknown functions, which are to be solved for. Many properties of functions can be determined by studying the types of functional equations they satisfy. Usually the term functional equation is reserved for equations that are not in some simple sense reducible to algebraic equations, often because two or more known functions of the variables are substituted as arguments into an unknown function to be solved for. For example: The commutative and associative laws are functional equations. When the associative law is expressed in its familiar form, one lets some symbol between two variables represent a binary operation, thus: (a * b) * c = a * (b * c) But if we write f (a, b) instead of a * b, then the associative law looks more like what one conventionally thinks of as a functional equation: f (f(a, b), c) = f(a, f(b, c))We study generalized quadratic functional equations on quasigroups. These are equations s = t, where each variable appears exactly twice in s = t and each Operational symbol is assumed to be a quasigroup operation on a (fixed) set. A fundamental problem in this class of equations is to investigate their structure and classify them accordingly.

Modes are idempotent and entropic algebras. It is well known that each entropic groupoid with surjective operation embeds as a sub reduct into a semimodule over a commutative semiring Surprisingly, this is no longer true for modes with operations of larger arity. As shown by M. Stronkowski [4] and [5], a mode embeds as a subreduct into a semimodule over a commutative semiring if and only if it satisfes the so-called Szendrei identities. A simpler proof was then given by D. Stanovsky [3]. Stronkowski also proved that free modes do not satisfy the Szendrei identities, while Stanovsky [3] pro- vided a 3-element example of a mode with one ternary operation (Example 1.1). Medial modes, a natural generalization of normal bands, were investigated by P lonka. Rectangular algebras, a generalization of rectangular bands (diagonal modes) were investigated by P¨oschel and Reichel.

In this article, we deal with the Holy Quran Miracles from the view point of Numbers. The research is a library one and has focused on the number 19. The Holy Book's depth of meaning and mysteries is something far well-known and has been interpreted and studied from different tenets. This research emphasis on the mathematically numerical relationship between different parts of the Chapters and verses of the wholly Book is novelty and purpose of this research.

A groupoid is medial if it satis_es the identity wx • yz = wy • xz. A groupoid is trimedial if every subgroupoid generated by 3 elements is medial. Medial groupoids and quasigroups have also been called abelian, entropic, and other names, while trimedial quasigroups have also been called triabelian, terentropic, etc. (See [5], especially p. 120, for further background). The notion of variety of algebras having the property (k, n) was given in [6] and equationally defined classes of cancellative groupoids having the property (2, 4) and (2, 5) were considered there. This notion was qeneralized in [7], where it was shown that the condition of the cancellativity is superfluous, that is, any variety of groupoids with the property (2, n) is a variety of quasigroups. Let k and n be two positive integers and k n. An algebra A is said to have the property (k, n) if every subalgebra of A generated by k distinct elements has exactly n elements. We also say that A is a (k, n)-algebra. A class K of algebras is said to be a (k, n)-class if every algebra in K is a (k, n)-algebra. A variety is called a (k, n)-variety if it is a (k, n)-class of algebras. Trivially, the variety of Steiner quasigroups (xx = x, xy = yx, x•xy = y) is a (2, 3)-variety. It is the unique variety of groupoids with the stated property, and the same holds for the (2, 4)-variety (x•xy = yx, xy•yx = x) given by Padmanabhan in [6]. He has also constructed two (2, 5)-varieties. One of them is commutative (xy = yx, x(y•xy) = y, x(x•xy) = y•xy), while the other one (x•xy = y, xy•y = yx) consists of anticommutative quasigroups. It is an verify the existence of (2, n)-varieties for n?10

In this paper civil liability which is caused by traffic accident is studied in the view of Iranian law especially in Islamic penal law, civil liability law and compulsory insurance for vehicle owners. In this study it can be seen that Iranian law maker in Islamic penal law obey from fault theory and in compulsory insurance law they use risk theory for vehicle owners.

Distribution of AIDS in recent years and having not any treatment has can send the transition and infection of this disease to become a means of hurting people and committing crime .in case of death due to transition of HIV, the person who transmits HIV can be prosecuted for murder on the other hand, low number 206 of Islamic penal law knows one of committing a crime as when a murderer intentionally commits a murder type without aiming at killing the person .therefore, identifying the purposeful murder in these cases is based on the crime and conditions which a leg is later has considered for the type of murderous action. So, if transition of HIV brings death to the victim, it can be considered as an act of murderous type.

In this paper, the United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods in Geneva-1980 is compared to Iranian Law and UNCTAD/ICC rules. Topics such as concepts and general definitions, scope of convention, combined transport documents, guarantees and liability of consignor, legal status of risky cargos, responsibility of carrier or forwarder, duration and scope of responsibilities of carrier are studied. Several questions are answered, that include: 1- Is the responsibility of carrier in Geneva Convention and Iranian legal rules are based on fault or not? 2- Is the legal nature of combined forwarder’s obligation is obligation of results or obligation of means? ultimately the carrier’s responsibility arising out of the other’s action (laborers, representatives), exemption cases of carrier arising out of the other’s action, carrier rights, litigations and lapse of time are investigated.

Governmental organizations and municipalities can take possession of the properties of natural and legal persons in order to conduct their plans if necessary by carrying out special formalities. The case of possession only includes real property and it would not include personal ones. to take possession of lands, first it should be identified the kind of them, since waste lands are not considered as a property to special persons .the legal nature of possession as the case may be if the owner does not satisfy to grant his property, unilateral obligation, even if for different reasons including the government and municipalities make the owner to satisfy, in this case contract has not a specific meaning too. In fact, it can be considered as an imposed contract and the question of possession of person' properties is one of cause making ownership for government and municipalities. If governmental organizations and municipalities do not follow legal formalities in the identification of kind and possession of no wastelands or do not pay the price of property as the case may be Bureaucratic Justice court or public courts of justice administration would be as a competence authority for investigation. This article has dealt with two chapters .in the first chapter, legal nature of possession has been studied and in the second chapter, in the case of objection to the way of identification, the kind of lands and also objection to the way of possession, the competent authority that as the case may be is Bureaucratic Justice court or public court of justice administration has been considered.

According to the article 191 of Civil law, a contract can be implemented on the condition that the thing that indicates the intent will be possible. Since the signature indicates the intention of the signee's composition, the symmetry can be signature or signet. It is obvious that it is not necessary that the symmetry to be created in handwriting and it could be an electronic symmetry. The electronic signatures are actually a way for confirming the documents while guaranteeing their security during an interaction. In addition, this kind of signature does not have a feature prior to than the other kinds of signatures that makes them invalid and only the way of their creation is different. As a result, there is no legal restriction to apply this technology. According to the article 7 of the Iranian Trade Law (ITL), whenever the law necessitates the presence of signature, the electronic signature is sufficient. Therefore, the article of the electronic signature is computer does the same article of the handmade signature done by something like pen, while in the electronic signature is done again by hand but this time it. Secondly, not all the documents are paper-based. For instance, there are some important tablets, which regarding the available definition of document in the law, are considered as documents while they are not on paper. In fact, from the above-mentioned article 7, it can be inferred that the electronic signature can legally be a suitable substitution for the handy signature, and there is no difference between the handy signatures in the paper documents and the electronic ones in the terms of effects.

The importance of erosion in relation to variability of water and soil losses from a parcel of land can be revealed in the measurements of the infiltration characteristics and runoff under a comparable vetiver grass strips and collection tanks within the plots. This experiment is aimed at assessing the variability of runoff and soil loss due to infiltration characteristics of the runoff plots. This study involved three vetiver plots of 20 m interval measured out of six plots (40 m × 3 m each) randomly distributed over a land area of 0.072 ha. The study was conducted on a 6 % slope experimental plot, along Parry Road of the University Ibadan, during the 2007 raining season. The texture of the soil was generally loamy sand. Mean total runoff among the plots was in the trend of no-vetiver plots > vetiver plots (13.50mm > 4.99 mm), the same was true for mean total soil loss (28.78kg/ha > 12.96kg/ha). Variability in the amounts of runoff was moderate in vetiver plots and highly variable in no-vetiver plots (CV = 24 % and 40 % respectively. The correlation between measured soil physical properties and infiltration characteristics with runoff revealed that fine sand content of the soil was negatively related with runoff (r = 0.6450*), but the reverse relationship was true for porosity inferred from soil bulk density and sorptivity of the soil (r = -0.7650*, and -0.8956* respectively).

Relationship of landscape position and soil properties to maize (Zea mays L.) yield was studied in coastal plain soils of Akwa Ibom state. The study aimed at assessing the physico-chemical soil attributes down the geomorphic surface as well as assessing the yield of maize in the respective landscape positions. A total of 3600 plant population (hybrid maize) were planted on 0.072ha in a Randomized complete block design. The traditional land preparation technique was employed after slashing the re-growth vegetation with cutlass. The trashes was left on the sites and allowed to dry for three weeks before burning. Pre-burn soil samples were taken before burning the trashes at the end of three weeks after slashing. The samples collected were analyzed in the laboratory for physico-chemical properties using standard methods (ASTM and IITA). Collected data were statistically analyzed and means of statistically significant parameters were separated using LSD (0.05). The results showed that sand particle of burnt and un-burnt soils were significantly different at 0-15cm of Upper slope (US) but not significantly different in other landscape positions (p<0.05). Soil pH in burnt soil was significantly different from the un-burnt soil (both at surface and sub surface) in the three landscape positions. Mean maize yields (with husk) was 0.09 and 0.11kg/ha ‘before’ and ‘after’ burning plots of US ; 0.12 and 0.16kg/ha in ‘before’ and ‘after’ burning plot of the middle Slope (MS) while the Bottom valley (BV) had 0.14 and 0.16kg/ha in ‘before’ and ‘after’ burning plots. Altogether, both husked and de-husked yields were higher in burnt plots than un-burnt plots. Along the slope, husked yield followed the order: BV (0.15kg/ha) > MS (0.14kg/ha) > UP (0.10kg/ha)) while de-husked yield also followed similar pattern but different magnitude.

The nutritional value of the reproductive (alates) and non reproductive (workers/soldiers) termites (Macrotermesbellicosus) were evaluated. The result showed that the non-reproductive termites contain moisture (6.62±0.12mg), crude ash (11.35± 0.01mg), crude fat (13.00± 0.14mg), crude protein (14.58±0.15mg), carbohydrate (462.9 ± 0.01cal)and caloric value (362.48±0,01Kcal), vitamin A (16.30±0.11mg), vitamin C(26.00± 0.13). The mineral element concentration in mg/100g in the non reproductive termites were 22.02±0.01, 14.32±0.03, 6.55±0.03, 13.64±0.02, 4.2± 0.02, 2.08 ± 0.03, 7.16±0.01, 5.35±0.02, 21.40±0.01 and 9.12 ±0.11 for Ca, Mg, Na, K, P,Zn, Mn, Cu, Fe and I2 respectively. The antinutrients content in the non- reproductive termite were HCN; 1.93±0.01mg, phytate; 2.80±0.02mg, Tannins; 2.50±0.03mg, Alkaloids; 1.58±0.02mg and; Saponins; 0.20±0.02mg. Comparatively, the results of this study, show that the reproductive termites contain lesser concentration of toxicants but higher proximate, vitamins and mineral compositions than the non reproductive termites. Hence the reproductive termite (alates) has a higher nutritional value than the non reproductive (soldiers/workers) termites.

Nigeria is one of the countries of the world with a variety of oil seeds, therefore the potential of Nigeria leading Africa, and the world at large, in the area of seeds oil production was examined by evaluating the oil yield and physicochemical qualities of oil extracted from Citrullus lanatus from the southern region of the country. The lipid content of Citrullus lanatus seeds was found to be 57.26%. The iodine, saponification, acid, free fatty acid, peroxide, specific gravity, refractive index and pH, were analysed using standard procedures and values were found to be 114.94g I₂/100g, 220.19 mgKOH/g, 7.09 mgKOH/g, 4.512%, 20.00 meq/kg, 0.913, 1.35, and 4.45 respectively. The oil contains five main fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic are linolenic acids, but the most abundant fatty acid is linoleic with a value of 64.15% which is used industrially as a drying agent in gloss paint. Due to their high oil yield and abundance, oils from Citrullus lanatus seeds may be considered as Nigeria potential asset for soap production and other industrial applications.

The series of spinnel ferrite substance with chemical composition Cu(1-x)ZnxFe2O4 where 0.365

Zinc Ferrite (ZF) is a material that is paramagnetic. Its presence in the universe has a magnetic force that is different depending on the structure and composition of materials. In some cases look almost the same, especially on substances ZF reacted at temperatures between 60 0C to 90 0C. ZF 70 have weaknesses at a temperature of 70, which is where most low coercivity alternating magnetism.

Antioxidant activity of petroleum ether, benzene, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol extracts of the root of mangrove herb Suaeda monaica have been tested using various antioxidant model system viz, DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide, ABTS and reducing power. Methanol extract of Suaeda monaica is found to possess higher DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. Ethanol and methanol extracts of Suaeda monaica exhibited highest superoxide and ABTS radical cation scavenging activity. Methanol extract of root of Suaeda monaica showed the highest reducing ability. This study indicates significant free radical scavenging potential of Suaeda monaica root which can be exploited for the treatment of various free radical mediated ailments.

We are very happy to announce that from 10th January 2018, Dr. A. Prabaharan has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physics. The appointment of Dr.A.Prabaharan as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com

We are very happy to announce that from 4th July 2016, Dr. A. Sasi Kumar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Computer Science. Dr. A. Sasi Kumar working as Associate Professor, Vels University, Chennai, India. The appointment of Dr. A. Sasi Kumar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 17th November 2018, Dr. A.C. Lal Kumar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Educational Psychology. Dr. A.C. Lal Kumar is working as Assistant Professor, G.E.T. B.Ed M.Ed College of Education, VS Puram Village, Paradarami Post, Gudiyattam Taluk, Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. The appointment of Dr. A.C. Lal Kumar as member, Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

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We are very happy to announce that from 11th November 2013, Dr. Abbas Khodayari has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Physical Education and Sport Science. Dr. Abbas Khodayari is currently working as Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Azad University, Karaj, Iran. The appointment of Dr. Abbas Khodayari as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 9th June 2018, Dr. Abd El-Aleem Saad Soliman Desoky has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Agriculture. Dr. Abd El-Aleem Saad Soliman Desoky working as Professor of Agricultural Zoology Assistant in Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, New Campus (ElKawamel), Sohag University, New Sohag City, Sohag, Egypt. The appointment of Dr. Abd El-Aleem Saad Soliman Desoky as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

We are very happy to announce that from 7th May 2015, Dr. Abhijit Ghosh has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Applied Chemistry. Dr. Abhijit Ghosh currently working as Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA. The appointment of Dr. Abhijit Ghosh as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. 

We are very happy to announce that from 19th December 2015, Dr. Aditi Sharma has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Computer Engineering. Dr. Aditi Sharma working as Assistant Professor, CE/IT department in Ramswaroop College of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow. The appointment of Dr. Aditi Sharma as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

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We are very happy to announce that from 5th March 2015, Dr. Ajeet Jaiswal has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Anthropology. Dr. Ajeet Jaiswal currently working as Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Pondicherry University, R.V. Nagar, Kalapet, Puducherry-605014. The appointment of Dr. Ajeet Jaiswal as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.