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Sediment management strategies are a key requirement in developing countries including Iran because of the limited resources available. These targeting however hampered by the lack of reliable information on catchment sediment sources. This paper reports the results of using a quantitative composite ?ngerprinting technique to estimate the relative importance of the primary potential sources within the Amrovan and Royan catchments in Semnan Province, Iran. Fifteen tracers were first selected for tracing and samples were analyzed in the laboratory for these parameters. Statistical methods were applied to the data including Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). For the Amrovan catchment three parameters (N, Cr and Co) were found to be not significant in making the discrimination. The optimum fingerprint, comprising C, P, Kaolinite and K was able to distinguish correctly 100% of the source material samples. For the Royan catchment, all of the 15 properties were able to distinguish between the six source types and the optimum fingerprint provided by stepwise DFA (Chlorite, XFD, N and C) correctly classifies 92.9% of the source material samples. The mean contributions from each sediment source obtained by multivariate mixing model varied at two catchments. For the Amrovan catchment Upper Red Formation was the main sediment sources as this sediment source approximately supplied 36% of the reservoir sediment whereas the dominant sediment source For the Royan catchment was from Karaj formation that supplied 33% of the reservoir sediments. Results indicated that the source ?ngerprinting approach appears to work well in the study catchments and to generate reliable results.

Recently the sediment tracing has been increasingly employed as a means of establishing sediment source information. The first step of this approach is the selection of diagnostic properties, which distinguish potential sediment sources in an unequivocal manner. However the selection of the most effective properties is required in the design of cost-effective catchment management strategies. This contribution reports an attempt to address this issue by testing the discrimination of sediment source within two small drainage basins in Iran using four base cations (Na, K, Ca and Mg). By field investigation, 10 representative samples were collected from each sediment sources per catchments. Several statistical methods were applied to the data including the Kruskal-Wallis, discrimination function analysis (DFA) and multivariate stepwise selection algorithm. The results indicate that in the case of the Amrovan basin, K is the most sensitive discriminator of source type (65 %), followed in decreasing order by Na (60 %), Mg (55 %) and Ca (45 %).  In the case of the larger and more complex Atary drainage basin, Na and Mg are the best individual properties which successfully classify 54% of source material samples into the correct categories, followed in decreasing order by Ca (52 %) and K (45 %).

Investigation of combustion properties of five selected indigenous fuel wood samples was carried out in this study. Combustion properties such as high heating value (HHV), proximate and ultimate analysis, density/specific gravity, thermal conductivity, particle size, flame temperature and porosity were obtained using standard experimental procedures for the selected wood samples. The higher heating values of the five wood samples varied from 2282.117 – 4461.9326 Kcal/kg (9.55 – 18.682 MJ/kg). These values were better than some reported values in literature. The flame temperature for the five samples ranged from 531 – 700 oC. Proximate analysis results revealed that the ash content for the five samples varied from 6.79 to 48.24 %, fixed carbon varied from 9.45 to 21.30 %, volatile matter varied from 64.23 to 66.64 %, moisture content varied from 3.01 to 5.63 %. Ultimate analysis result revealed that hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen contents also range from 3.1128 to 5.5642 %, 22.9981 to 40.6901 % and 0.3630 to 0.65221 % respectively. Some of the values of density/specific gravity, porosity, thermal conductivity, particle size obtained were within values reported by other researchers. The result of the fuel rating properties revealed that African Prosopis has the best fuel property with fuel rating of 1.68 and Quassia undulate the worst with fuel rating of 3.68 compared to the other samples.

In this study, the solid phase FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-nitropyridine (HM5NP) was recorded in the range 4000–400 cm^–1 and 3500–100 cm^–1, respectively. Theoretical information on the optimized geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies, Infrared and Raman intensities were obtained by means of density functional theory (DFT) using standard B3LYP/6-311++G** level. This information was used in the assignment of the various fundamentals. Comparison of the simulated spectra with the experimental spectra provides important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes.

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-nitropyridine (HMNP) have been recorded and analyzed. The optimized geometry, and harmonic vibrational wave numbers of HMNP have been investigated with the help of B3LYP scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method supplemented with 6-311++G** basis set. The infrared and Raman spectra were predicted theoretically from the calculated intensities. The observed and simulated spectra were found to be well comparable.

The assessment of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Pb and Cd) by means of a Peroxidase - based assay is here presented. The method is based the inhibition of peroxidase activity by heavy metals. Measurements were made spectrophotometrically via the catalytic oxidation of guaiacol in the presence of H2O2. Preliminary characterization and optimization of the assay system revealed enzyme activity of 130 U/ml, Vmax of 0.178mM/min and Km of 0.184mM. Optimal reaction time was found to be 7 minutes; optimal pH was 6 and temperature was 40°C. Inhibition-based estimation of heavy metal ions was evaluated via calibration curves of metal concentration against %inhibition of peroxidase activity. The assay revealed detection limits between 0.006 – 0.045mg/L for the metals and repeatability in the range of 2.3 – 5.4% RSD. Application of the method to water analysis revealed percentage recoveries between 76.0 – 124.0%. Overall, the method showed good potential for further use in the biomonitoring of heavy metal pollutants

In this letter, the fractional modified decomposition method has been implemented for solving nonlinear sine-Gordon equation of fractional order. The fractional derivatives are described in the Caputo sense. In these schemes, the solution constructed in power series with easily computable components. The method is powerful tool for obtaining analytic and approximate solutions for different types of fractional differential equations.

A site earmarked for radioactive waste disposal facility was subjected to geophysical assessment and characterization. The principal aim was to ascertain the ‘competence’ or otherwise of the site and to determine whether or not the geological setting is stable enough to contain the waste. The investigation employed two geophysical techniques; electrical resistivity and seismic refraction surveys. The resistivity profiling survey have shown some zones of low resistivities at specific stations on all four survey lines which implies discontinuities in the rock formation suggesting the presence of geological contact. The seismic surveys have also revealed weak zones at same and close to the stations of the resistivity surveys. These weak zones suspected to be as a result of faults or fractures have been mapped. With the aid of the resistivity sounding data and that of the seismic refraction, the site was thus characterized as a four layer formation with geological contacts at certain points.

Common field practice for electrical surveying relies on directly placing an electrical current into the ground (direct current electrical resistivity surveying) and measuring the response (the electrical potential drop) to that current over a set distance. Resistivity analysis was conducted at a site earmarked for a radioactive waste disposal facility known as the Borehole Disposal Concept (BDC) at the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission’s site located at Kwabenya, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Both resistivity profiling also known as electric trenching and vertical electrical sounding also known as electric drilling were employed in this study. The results from both techniques were processed and discussed. Medium to very low apparent resistivity were measured at certain stations/points on the survey lines which suggest the presence of geological structures/contacts such as faults and fractures at or around these stations. With the aid of the electrical sounding data the site was characterized as a four layer formation with the bedrock lying at depth of 17 m and beyond.

The most likely process that can lead to the release of radionuclides from a repository to the geosphere is transport by groundwater. Hence, waste disposal-related safety analyses must assess the possibility of the migration of radionuclides in the conservative assumption of leaching by groundwater after the destruction of the engineered barriers. The need to protect groundwater from possible radioactive contamination and the need to investigate radionuclide migration through soils and rocks of the zone of aeration into groundwater has become very urgent at a time when geological disposal of radioactive waste is being considered. This is why the Borehole Disposal Concept (BDC) is being implemented to address the problem. The BDC involve the conditioning and emplacement of disused sealed radioactive sources in an engineered facility of a relatively narrow diameter borehole (0.26 m). This concept is inherent with physical and chemical characteristics such as intrusion barriers, casing, lining materials, back-filling materials and stainless steel waste containers that prevent or delay the movement of radionuclides between components and inadvertent access to humans, animals and plants.

The Discrete Tchebichef Transform (DTT) based on orthogonal Tchebichef polynomials can be an alternative to Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for JPEG image compression standard. The properties of DTT are not only very similar to DCT; it has also higher energy compactness and lower computational advantage using a set of recurrence relation. In this, DTT is coupled with Set partitioning in hierarchical coding techniques (SPIHT).It has been demonstrated that, DTT requires lesser number of bits to encode the coefficients than DCT for a given compression ratio. We present SPIHT which provides better performance than EZW .Later median filter is added in order to increase the PSNR and improve the quality the taken input image.

Soils inherently low in nutrients may respond dramatically to conservation management, yet evaluation of soil nutrients on absolute basis may not detect change. This study was primarily aimed at investigating the depth distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), soil carbon: nitrogen ratio (C:N), soil dry bulk density (BD), total porosity (TP), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) and their stratification ratios as affected by conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) under cocoyam in a Typic paleudult in two agroenvironments in southeastern Nigeria. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Agbani Enugu (06?52' N, 07?15' E) and The Research and Experimental farm of Enugu State College of Agriculture and Agro-Entrepreneurship, Iwollo (06026'N; 07016'E), respectively during 2013 and 2014 planting season. The design of the experiment was Randomized Complete Block (RCBD) with five replications and four treatments which comprised of conventional tillage with 150 and 300 Kg/ha of NPK15:15:15 and No-Tillage with 150 and 300 Kg/ha of NPK15:15:15. Soil analysis was carried out at both pre- and post planting at two soil depths (0-20cm and 20-40cm) in both locations. The data collected was analyzed using Analysis of variance test (ANOVA). Result showed that Conventionally-tilled plots that received 300 Kg/ha NPK had 0.121percent N. This plot had between 7% - 30% lower N content when compared to No-till plots amended with both 300 and 150 Kg/ha for 2013 and 2014 planting season. The results showed that No-till plots had significantly higher (18-43%) post-harvest percent soil nitrogen, organic carbon and carbon: nitrogen content when compared to conventionally-tilled plots at both 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil depths. The stratification ratio of N (1.09-2.14 and 1.02-2.29 for CT and NT respectively), OC (CT, 1.10-3.07; NT, 1.01-2.42) and C:N ( CT, 0.79-3.02; NT, 0.74-1.99) whereas stratification ratio of bulk density (CT,0.72-0.98; NT, 0.74-0.99), total porosity (CT, 0.98-1.20; NT, 0.90-1.22) and hydraulic conductivity (Ksat)(CT,1.07-1.29; NT, 1.03-1.49) for both sites and years did not follow any particular trend. This implies that soils vary in inherent properties and that absolute values of soil properties at the surface can vary. However, a reference is needed to separate inherent from management-induced changes. Generally taller plants (P>0.05) were found in Conventionally-till plots when compared with No-till plots. At harvest (210 DAP), the highest corm yield was obtained in Conventionally-tilled with 300kg/ha N plots which gave 8.58 and 7.83t/ha in Iwollo site for 2013 and 2014 planting season respectively followed by no-till treated 300kg/ha of NPK which also had 6.58 and 6.00t/ha. Conventionally-tilled plots amended with 300kg/ha N had 35% and 36% higher yield when compared with No-till plots amended with 150kg/ha of NPK plots for 2013 and 2014 planting season. The high yield advantage of Conventionally-tilled with 300kg/ha N over the other treatments may be due to differences in tillage practices and N fertilization rates. Tillage and fertilization helped increase the rate of crop emergence, improved soil moisture status, soil air (aeration), and improved general edaphic conditions of plants resulting in better yields. The relatively high stratification ratio of soil organic C, and some other soil properties, implies that conservation tillage and fertilizer application can compensate to some degree for the removal of above-ground plant residues

In practical problems involving flow past a porous lining, it is necessary to involve directly the thickness of the porous lining to have an increase in the mass flow rate. The peristaltic pumping of a Newtonian fluid in an inclined channel lined with porous material is investigated under long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. The velocity distribution, the volume flow rate, the pressure rise and the frictional force are obtained. The effect of thickness of porous lining on the peristaltic pumping is discussed.

The main aim of this study has been to assess the variability of groundwater parameters to develop water quality of Sanayapalem area. The ground water is a major source for irrigation in many arid and semi arid regions of India. A total of 30 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. The parameters like sodium absorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium, potential salinity, residual sodium carbonate, non carbonate hardness, Kelly’s ratio, permeability index, indices of base exchange and Gibbs ratio were also calculated. Major ionic relationships indicate that weathering reactions have significant role in the hydrochemical processes of the groundwater system. Hydrogeochemical processes controlling the water chemistry are rock- water interaction. Various determinants such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Percent Sodium (Na %), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), and Kelley’s Ratio revealed that most of the samples are suitable for irrigation.

The conventional double pipe heat exchanger has less heat transfer rate, so to overcome this problem, this paper focuses on establishing the Triple Tube Heat Exchanger (TTHE) is modified constructive version of double concentric tube heat exchanger by adding an intermediate tube for hot fluid. In this paper the experimental data obtained during the test in a double and triple concentric tube heat exchangers are very much impressive. However, U valve also fitted and were analyzed and the experiment results conforms the effectiveness of the triple tube heat exchanger.

In this paper, we consider a deterministic mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease in a community. Although, the equilibria of the model could not be expressed analytically, their existence and the threshold conditions for their stability are theoretically and numerically investigated. We analyzed the stability of the model using the linearization techniques via the Jacobian matrix approach and the Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria to determine the equilibria for the model. The basic reproductive number of the model was determined using the next generation matrix operator. Their numerical results were shown in graphical forms using some hypothetical values for the parameters used in the model. It was shown graphically that the mathematical model produced asymptotically stable population when the parameter values are perturbed to a certain degree.

A study was carried out at the Toxicology laboratory of the Department of Crop and Environmental protection, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, to determine the effects of powdered castor oil seed (Ricinus communisL.Euphorbiaceae) on kidney, liver, spleen of albino rats. The rats were in five groups, which were replicated three (3) times. The castor oil seed was turned to powdery form using pestle and mortal. Four feed formulations were used;powdered castor oil seed and commercial rat feed mixed in ratio 1:1,1:2,1:5, 1:10and ordinary commercial rat feed, which serves as the control.These formulations were given to four separate groups of rats for a period of three days.Thebehaviour of the rats was monitored over the three day period. The histology of the kidney, liver andspleen which was initially preserved in formalin was later analysed.Compared with the control the hemorrhagic and necrotic tissues in rats administered with ratio 1:10 and ratio 1:5 showed mild disruption. In ratio 1:2 fed group, hemorrhagic and necrotic tissues showed complete disruption while group fed with 1:1 were extensively disrupted. The results also relayed changes in the body weight and the spleen weight where significant highest, spleen weight were recorded for the rats fed with commercial feed (control) than the rats fed with the treated feeds. The rats fed with ratio 1:1 (treated feed) had the least spleen weight compared to the animals fed with treated feed of ratio 1:2 and 1:5 respectively. No significant difference was observed in the kidney fresh weight for all the treatments. Also, there is significant highest liver weight in rats fed with control feed when compared with rat fed with treated feed, followed least concentration ( 1:10 ) of the treated feed. The observation revealed that a powdered castor oil seed to commercial rat feed can be effectively used as rodenticide and it is clearly seen that the function of a powdered castor oil seed affected the internal organ tested.

In this Paper numerical study with swept ramp injection in supersonic combustion of hydrogen has been presented. Coupled implicit scheme with finite rate chemistry model and K-? Turbulence model have been used for modeling of supersonic combustion. The main issue in supersonic combustion is proper mixing within short burst of time. Because of the step on the top wall of the combustor, there exists an expansion fan generated just on the top wall at the entrance of the combustor, which is interacts with the oblique shock wave formed upstream of the combustor due to the shear layer deflecting into the core flow. The static pressures along the walls are normalized by the static pressure of the core flow. The present result is very promising and demonstrates that flamelet approach seems to be feasible to high-speed flows. The stagnation temperature in the combustion reaches up to 2830 k. Fluctuation in pressure and Mach number was due to shock train.

Management education is increasingly becoming important and plays a major role in the success of managers and organizations worldwide. The importance of the education sector, particularly a professional discipline like management studies, is increasing day by day in Indian country. The quantitative growth of institutions in private sector smacks of attempts to commercialize and these needs to be curbed. These institutions need to play a major role in producing the right quality and quantity of managers to meet the requirements of the market place. Nowadays the management institutions are facing a lot of problems for attaining quality in management education. In order to improve the quality Management education is being imparted in 17 National Institutes of Technology (former Regional Engineering Colleges, RECs) and to grade them to the level of IITs, these institutions have been fully- funded by the central government.

The application of artificial neural network (ANN) methodology for modeling flood prediction for a large size catchment of the river Jhelum in Jammu and Kashmir (India) is presented. Development of flood prediction models for river Jhelum, flowing through the Srinagar city (J and K ) based on the tail side discharge of upstream tributaries is studied because major inundation caused due to the floods in river Jhelum occurs in the highly populated and largely developing city of Srinagar. The 22 years data records between the years 1990-2012 were used and ANN technique along with conventional regression analysis was employed. The performance was compared based on statically parameters root mean squared error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and absolute average deviation (AAD) values. NNtp model emerged as the best model with the highest value of R2 compared to other models as 0.93, value of MSE and RMSE being the least as 0.008 and 0.09 respectively. The study proved ANNs to be much better in predicting the flood discharge when judged on all the above parameters. It also showed that transfer function tan-sig performs better than pure-lin in the networks developed for flood prediction. The flood discharge could be thus predicted at least a day before the discharge reaches the station with a high predictability based on the ANN model NNtp.

Water pipelines are also called as lifelines as they serve the most important parameter to the peoples. Hence water pipelines are most important structural element and to make it more safe take utmost priority. When pipelines are subjected to various loads such as earth fill or surcharge load, uplift pressure, lateral side pressure and sometimes may be subjected to superimposed traffic load if roadway or railway comes over it. The various factors such as depth of fill above pipe, side trench width, internal water pressure, support conditions are the some factor which are observed, which greatly affect he stress behavior in the pipeline. The study and experimental work done shows the satisfactory parameters for making underground pipe structure more safe and efficient and thus will prove beneficiary to society even in worse disasters such as earthquake.

The aim of this project is investigating parameters that affect response of buried pipelines due to high-frequency seismic excitations. The main focus of the study is on reinforced concrete pipelines. Steel pipelines are also studied for comparison purposes. Two-dimensional finite element models are developed for dynamic analysis of pipelines loaded by seismic waves that propagate from the bedrock through the soil. The models describe both longitudinal and transverse cross-sections of pipelines. The interaction between pipelines and surrounding soils is accounted for, including a nonlinear behavior. The pipelines studied are assumed to be surrounded by frictional soils with dense, medium and loose stiffness. The effects of water mass, burial depth, soil layer thickness and non-uniform ground thickness caused by inclined bedrock are studied. It is demonstrated how two-dimensional plane strain models can be used for seismic analysis of pipelines with circular cross-sections.

Modern probability theory studies several processes for which the knowledge of previous outcomes influences predictions for future experiments. When we observe a sequence of chance experiments, all of the past outcomes could influence our predictions for the next experiment. In this work, our aim is to discuss the properties of the Markov Chain model applied to the data set which includes the details on smoking cessation of U.S.A. adults. In this set of data, the selected possible outcomes are, an adult being a non – smoker (A),a smoker who is interested in quitting (B),a smoker who is not interested in quitting (C). All the data was taken from CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly reports 2011 and 2009. Using the information given in the data set, the transition probabilities of matrix P were calculated and they are PAA = 0.951, PBA = 0.062, PCA= 0, PAB= 0, PBB = 0.524, PCB = 0.879, PAC = 0.049, PBC = 0.414, PCC = 0.121. Since column entries of matrix P add up to 1 this is a stochastic matrix (a Transition matrix). Then, the probability vector for this study was obtained and named as X0, X0 = [ 0.794 ; 0.0933; 0.1127]; which explains the probability of non- smokers in 2008 = 0.794, probability of smokers who are interested in quitting 2008 = 0.0933, probability of smokers who are not interested in quitting 2008 = 0.1127. Furthermore, the properties of P were analyzed and regularity was determined and the equilibrium approach was calculated. Using this method smoking behavior of US adults was predicted. Our choice of transition probabilities for each outcome, lead to a regular transition matrix P. Hence, after 92 steps, the system converged to a steady state vector V = [0.4508; 0.3562; 0.1929]. This can be seen after 184 years. Therefore, mandatory actions can be taken to prevent tobacco smoking. All the matrix calculations were implemented by MATLAB software.

Primes are the building blocks of integer universe. Prime numbers plays a major role in number theory. This paper is a detailed survey on prime numbers.This describes different types of primes and some testing methods. In addition to that, we have constructed MATLAB programs using popular primality tests to determine a given positive integer is prime or not. Further, this concises the definitions regarding prime numbers, history of prime numbers, distribution of prime numbers, some mathematical occurrences and open questions concerning prime numbers. Moreover, the usage of primes in nature and in the real life has been considered.

The concept of Soft storey has taken its place in the Indian urban environment due to the fact that it provides the parking facility in the soft storey of the building. The cost of construction of this type of building is much less than that of a building with basement parking. The collapse mechanism of such type of building is predominantly due to the formation of soft-storey behavior in the ground storey of this type of building. The sudden reduction in lateral stiffness and mass in the ground storey results in higher stresses in the columns of soft storey under seismic loading. The study of behaviour of RCC structure with change in soft storey location for that G+4 RCC structure with parameter define liner is modeled and analysis 6 times. In which case 1 is for the structure without infill wall where case 2 to case 6 is for the RCC structure with infill wall except soft storey at particular levels. The result are considered under maximum bending moments shear force, storey displacement, base shear value. From the analysis, it is observe very clearly that the displacement of structure without infill wall is considerable very high as that compared to structure with infill wall. Further it is observe that, when the soft storey at ground level the nodal displacement are more and as the location of soft storey moves to the upper floor of displacement value decrease when the soft storey at the top. The reaction value increase when the soft storey location changes from top to bottom. The nature in base shear distribution changes with the change in soft storey location from the study done

The main objective of Load Frequency Control (LFC) is to regulate the power output of electric generator within an area, in response to the changes in system frequency and tie-line loading. Thus, LFC helps in maintaining the scheduled system frequency and tie-line power interchange with other areas within the prescribed limits. Most LFCs are primarily composed of an integral and PID controller. The integrator gain is set to a level that compromises between fast transient recovery and low overshoot in the dynamic response of the overall system. This type of controller is slow and does not allow the controller designer to consider the possible changes in operating condition and non-linearity in the generator unit. Moreover, it lacks in robustness. FACTS are designed to overcome the limitations of present non-reheat thermal-thermal power systems and enhance the power system stability. One of the promising FACTS devices is the Thyristor controlled phase shifter (TCPS) to alleviate this difficulty. TCPS is connected in the tie-line to self-tune the parameters of integral and PID controller. Two area system, have been considered for simulationof the proposed TCPS connected integral and PID controller .The performance of the Conventional controller, TCPS connected Integral and PID controller have beenCompared through MATLAB Simulation. The qualitative and quantitative comparisonshave been carried out for Integral, PID controllers. The dynamic of performance responses of Integral and PID controller with TCPS shows that in terms of settling .Time, peak overshoot and steady state error are greatly improved than that of without TCPS.

The use of various fixed beds having higher surface area is effective in removing organic matters and nutrients from municipal wastewater. Due to the higher specific surface area, fibrous materials are often considered a better choice for increased microbial support and treatment efficiency. In the present study two naturally available fibrous materials such as sisal and Oil palm Empty fruit Bunch (OPEFB) fibers having higher specific surface area were used as packing media in two different bio-reactors for sewage treatment, under batch mode and similar experimental conditions. Experimental results obtained were satisfactory at a packing density of 50 kg/m3. The reactors were continuously aerated for different contact times. At a contact time of 72 hours and Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids(MLSS) concentration ranging from 1500-2000 mg/L, the reactors filled with Sisal and OPEFB fibers shows satisfactory COD removal of 69.5% and 73%, BOD5 of 74% and 79.7%, NH3-N of 69% and 72.7%, and Ortho-phosphate of 81% and 82.3% respectively. The study reveals that these fibrous medias could be acceptable for efficient removal of organics and nutrients present in the sewage.

The hindrance corrosion of Carbon steel in one molar Hydrochloric acid by Levofloxacin antibiotic was considered utilizing Electrochemical techniques ( EIS, EFM, and Tafel plots) and Chemical (WL, HE and thermometric) at 25ºC. The inhibitor was adsorped on metal surface is steady with Langmuir isotherm adsorption. The curves of polarization reveal that the expansions of Levofloxacin movements the cathodic and anodic branches towards lower currents. Such moves demonstrate that Levofloxacin goes about as a mixed inhibitor. The thermodynamic elements of adsorption procedures were ascertained from weight loss at distinctive temperatures information were utilized to analyses the mechanism of drug. The surface morphology of the metal examples was evaluated using (EDX and SEM) analysis.

Inhibition of copper corrosion by some thiazolidine derivatives in 1 M HNO3 was inspected by" WL (weight loss),(EIS) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, (EFM) electrochemical frequency modulation and potentiodynamic polarization measurements". The inhibition effectiveness expanded by the expansion in the concentration of inhibitor and deceased when temperature increased. It is clearly that these mixes work as mixed type inhibitors and that was proven by Potentiodynamic polarization study. These inhibitors whose adsorption was found to comply Langmuir adsorption isotherm. When a number of unique strategies were in great understanding, the outcomes resulted. Relationships of quantum structure-movement have been utilized to examine the molecular structure impact on the inhibitors efficiency. The surface morphology of copper specimen was explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

The use of sumac plant extract as corrosion inhibitor for ?-brass in nitric acid solution was investigated using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) measurements. It was found that sumac extract behaves as inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing sumac concentration, but decreases with raising the temperature. The adsorption of sumac on the ?-brass surface follows Langmuir's adsorption isotherm. The effect of the temperature on the corrosion rate of ?-brass in 1M nitric acid was studied. Potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that sumac extract is mixed type inhibitor and the results obtained from different techniques are in good agreement.

The effect of the addition of safflower extract on the corrosion of ?-brass in nitric acid done by chemical method (WL), electrochemical method "electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) technique". The efficiency of inhibition rise with increment the concentration inhibitor, but diminishes with expanding the temperature. The adsorption of safflower on the ?-metal surface takes as Temkin adsorption isotherm. Impact of the temperature on the consumption of metal in one molar nitric corrosive was additionally mulled over. Potentiodynamic polarization studies demonstrated that safflower concentrates is blended sort inhibitor and the outcomes got from the systems are in great understanding.

Anticorrosion activity of Pluchea dioscoridis (L) extract (PDE) as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1M HCl has been investigated using mass loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mass loss results show that PDE is an excellent corrosion inhibitor. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the temperature from 25 to 45oC, reaching a maximum value of 82 % at the highest concentration of 300 ppm at the temperature of 45oC. Polarization measurements demonstrate that the PDE acts as a mixed type inhibitor. Nyquist plot illustrates that on increasing PDE concentration, the charge transfer increases and the double layer capacitance decreases. The adsorption of PDE on mild steel obeys Temkin adsorption isotherm. SEM studies confirm the adsorption of PDE on mild steel surface.

Inhibition of C-steel corrosion by metal-organic frameworks containing heterocyclic ligand of Ag (I) in 1 M HCl was investigated by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) measurements. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in inhibitor concentration but decreased with rise in temperature. The thermodynamic parameters of corrosion and adsorption processes were determined and discussed. The adsorption of these inhibitors was found to obey Temkin’s adsorption isotherm. Whereas thermodynamic suggested that a physisorption process occurred.The surface morphology of carbon steel sample was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

This paper focus on the investigation of kinetic and thermodynamic characteristic of adsorption of Pb2+ ions unto functionalized Nigerian Ahoko Kaolin. The adsorption rate of Pb2+ onto the TPP-functionalized and the un-functionalized kaolin was found to increase from 0.479 to 1.915 and 0.340 to 1.894 (mgg-1min-1) in the first 10 min while increasing the initial Pb2+ concentration from 250-1000 mg/L. There was decrease in adsorption thereafter attaining equilibrium after 70 min. Increase in temperature from 298 to 323 k increase both the pseudo-second order reaction rate constant K2 and the initial sorption rate h on both the functionalized and un-functionalized kaolin. The values of K2 increase from 0.365 to 0.426 (mgg-1min-1) and 0.217 to 0.296 (mgg-1 min-1). The values of enthalpy obtained suggest that the adsorption process is endothermic in both material used with the functionalized kaolin showing higher endothermic behavior. The values for entropy and enthalpy are 106.40 and 33318.82 (kJmol-1) for functionalized kaolin and 109.78 and 34624.73 (kJmol-1) for the un-functionalized kaolin. The adsorption process follows a pseudo-second order reaction path.

The Synthesis and functionalization of Zeolite A from Nigerian Ahoko Kaolin for adsorption studies of Methylene blue (MB) was studied in this paper. Zeolite A was successfully synthesised from metakaolin earlier developed from refined kaolin using conventional hydrothermal method. The synthesised zeolite A was thereafter functionalized using Hexamethyltetraamine (HMTA) and characterized. The effect of initial concentration, adsorbate dosage, pH, temperature and contact time were studied in a batch adsorption system for both unfunctionalized zeolite (UFZA) and functionalized zeolite A (FZA) under the following condition of initial concentration of 100 mg/l, temperature of 303 K, and pH of 7. The adsorption rate increases with increase pH, temperature, initial concentration but decrease with adsorbent dosage for both UFZA and FZA. Langmuir, Feundlich and temkim isothermal were also investigated and was found out that Langmuir isotherm is the most suitable. The pseudo–first order and pseudo-second order kinetic equation were evaluated and adsorption of MB onto UFZA and FZA followed the later. The thermodynamic studies indicate that adsorption of MB onto UFZA and FZA are spontaneous and endothermic reaction.

The present study is an in depth empirical study of dowry-related offences. It makes a critical analysis of judicial activism-a new development- in liberating women. The specific objective of this paper was to study the socio-educational profile of victims of dowry offences and relate it to the socio-cultural practice of dowry. It also makes an analysis of the laws related to dowry and their effectiveness. The findings of the study show that section 498-A and section 304-B have provided teeth to the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, but Article 51-A of the constitution remains ineffective because the socio-cultural norms related to the practice of dowry have remained unchanged and therefore, the practice of giving and receiving dowry continues as such. Even otherwise law abiding citizens are giving and receiving dowry. Adequate social awareness and education is necessary, along with legal punishment, to do away with this evil practice.

This research work was done to design oral controlled release matrix pellets of water insoluble drug Indomethacin (IM), using blend of Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and glyceryl palmito stearate (GPS) as matrix polymer, methyl crystalline cellulose (MCC) as spheronizer enhancer, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) as pore forming agent. Drug loaded pellets were characterized with regard to the drug content, size distribution, and pellets were further characterize by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetrydsc), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X ray diffraction study (XRD). Stability studies were carried out on the optimized formulation for a period of 90 d 40 ± 2 oC and 75 ± 5% relative humidity. It was found that drug content was in the range of 92.11 to 97.45 %. The mean particle size of drug loaded pellets was in the range 1032 to 11176 mm. SEM photographs and calculated sphericity factor confirms that the prepared formulations were spherical in nature. The drug loaded pellets were stable, compatible, as confirmed by DSC and FTIR studies. XRD patterns revealed the crystalline nature of pure IM. The higher amount of IM released was observed from formulation A5 (97.12 %) and Microcid SR?– 75mg capsule (98.43%) as compared to all other formulations and mechanism of drug release followed Fickian diffusion. It can be conclude that formulation A5 is an ideal formulation for once a day administration.

The inhibition efficiency of coffee husk extract and extract of Ziziphusspina Christi on the corrosion of aluminum in 0.5 M NaOH solutions was investigated using weight loss method at 25 and 45°C. Surface was examined using energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental investigations showed that coffee husk extract and Ziziphusspina Christi extract reduce the corrosion of aluminum in 0.5M NaOH solutions. The inhibition mechanism was deduced from the temperature dependence of the inhibition efficiency as well as from activation parameters that govern the process. The adsorption of two extracts on the aluminum surface was found to obey Langmuir, Temkin and thermodynamic/kinetic model of adsorption isotherms. The obtained results are consistent with physisorption adsorption.

Cyperus Articulates extract (CA), was investigated as a green corrosion inhibitor for C steel in 0.5 MH2SO4 solution using mass loss, electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), potentiodynamic polarization, and (EIS)electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The temperature effect on corrosion behavior with addition of various concentrations was done in the temperature range of 25-45 ºC by weight loss. Polarization diagram given that the investigated extract is a cathodic behavior. The inhibition efficiency was found to rise with increase in the investigated extract concentration and lower with increase in solution temperature. Adsorption of inhibitor on metal surface found obeyed the adsorption isotherm Langmuir’s. The activation and adsorption parameters were measured and illustrated. The data from electrochemical and chemical methods are a good agreement.

Ziziphus Spina Christi Extract (ZSCE) was tested as corrosion inhibitor for aluminum in 0.5 M HCl using weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) measurements. Surface morphology was tested using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of Al in 0.5 M HCl with and without different concentrations of plant extract was studied at temperatures of 298 and 318 K. Inhibition efficiency of 85.7% was achieved with 500 ppm ZSCE at 298 K. It is evident from the results obtained that ZSCE inhibits the corrosion in 0.5 M HCl through adsorption process following Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in extract concentration but decreased with raising temperatures. The mixed mode of action exhibited by the extract was confirmed by the polarization studies while SEM analysis substantiated the formation of protective layer over the Al surface. The values of inhibition efficiency obtained from different techniques are in good agreement.

The influence of a natural extract of fenugreek on the corrosion of steel in 10 ppm NaCl and 35 ppm Al2(SO4)3 has been studied by weight loss, polarization and EIS measurements. Results obtained show that the natural substance inhibits the corrosion process. It acts on the cathodic domain without modifying the reduction mechanism. The inhibition efficiency increases with fenugreek concentration to attain 75 % at extract of 0.6 g/L of fenugreek at temperatures between 303 and 333K. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behaviour of steel indicated that inhibition efficiency is temperature dependent. The activation energy of adsorption is determined.

The use of inhibitors for the control of corrosion of metals which are in contact with aggressive environment is an accepted practice. It is needless to point out the importance of cheap, safe inhibitors of corrosion. Plant extracts have become important as an environmentally acceptable, readily available and renewable source for wide range of inhibitors. The inhibition of the corrosion of copper in nitric acid solutions by senesio extract has been studied using chemical and electrochemical techniques. Inhibition was found to increase with increasing concentration of the senesio extract. Senesio extract is a rich source of ingredients which have very high inhibition efficiency. The adsorption of senesio extract on copper surface was found to obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The polarization data revealed that senesio extract acts as mixed type inhibitors. The surface morphology was analyzed.

The effect of ampicillin and amoxicillin on the corrosion of copper in 0.1 M HCl was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. The results of polarization studies indicate that the investigated drugs are mixed type inhibitors. It was observed that inhibition efficiency increased with increasing drug concentrations and decreased with raising temperature. Thermodynamic activation and adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of these drugs on the copper surface was found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The experimental results are supported by the theoretical data.

In this paper, slow evaporation method was used for the synthesis of 4-aminopyridinium adipate in triclinic crystal system and it was characterized by the powder X-ray diffraction pattern. Using the X-ray broadening, the crystallite sizes and lattice strain on the peak broadening were studied by Williamson-Hall plot. The result of mean particle size showed that the particle size increases with the decrease in breadth (in degrees) with mosaic defect. Key words: 4-aminopyridine, adipic acid, Powder X-ray diffraction pattern, Williamson-Hall plot

With an aim to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of a cocurrent solid-liquid-gas phase fluidized bed, experiments were conducted using 3 different sizes of gypsum particles, water and air as three respective phases. The characteristics studied were pressure drop and solid, liquid, gas holdups, which were observed to be influenced by three factors namely particle size and superficial velocities of gas and liquid. The Response surface Methodology was applied to investigate the individual and combined effect of the three factors on hydrodynamics characteristics. An attempt has been made to develop quadratic models for pressure drop and phase holdups. The predicted values were compared with experimental values which gave a satisfactory fit with R2 values around and above 0.95, indicating that the values predicted by the models were in good agreement with the experimental values.

In this paper the thermodynamic evaluation of cooling with process heat for industrial application in India has been investigated to identify the effects of various operating parameters. In this system simultaneous production of vapor absorption refrigeration (VAR) cooling and process heat from different heat sources with higher energy efficiency take place. This is one of the solutions to fulfill energy requirements from solar energy and also helps in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. The VAR cooling system operates using the heat taken from parabolic trough collector and condenser heat of the VAR cooling system is used in process heat for various applications as per demand requirement. Though the production of cooling effect decreases due to extraction of heat from condenser for process heat application i.e. specifically in dairy industry, the complete cycle meets the energy requirements in industrial sector & also increases the overall efficiency. The different parametric study is also carried out to simulate the results of various useful outputs by varying various input points.

Obesity has been pointed as a major issue plaguing in the World. Currently the Indian community has more of overweight / obese, people with excess body fat, abdominal adiposity, increased subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat, and deposition of fat in ectopic sites. Fat is still the number one nutritional concern for most people because the continuous consumption of fat may lead to certain major health disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, hypertension, some types of cancer, high blood cholesterol etc. Evidence suggests that lowering total energy intake along with a reduction in total fat intake can have a substantial impact on body weight and risk of chronic diseases. Thus, the fat replacers have opened the door for a new generation of reduced fat foods that have the taste and texture of the high fat foods that consumers enjoy, without unnecessary calories, cholesterol or fat. By considering the current issue prevailing in India, effort was taken to prepare a modified rice starch to replace fat in certain food products without affecting the taste, texture and flavor. Though 100 percent replacement of fat is impossible it is feasible to reduce the fat content to an acceptable level with the help of modified rice starch.

A single feed circularly polarized c-shaped and circular patch antenna with improved axial ratio bandwidth is presented. In this article, both c-shaped slots and circular patch antenna were designed and by using the concept of switches like PIN diodes the circular polarization have been obtained. In this article the circular polarization was achieved by creating some asymmetry in the structure of an antenna. The performance characteristics of an antenna were explained in terms of its return loss characteristics and elevation radiation pattern of gain by using IE3D simulator.

The study was under taken to find out the effect of different organic manure on the yield and carbon sequestration potential of fodder maize. Result revealed that green fodder yield were significantly (P<0.01) higher in improved, enriched and vermicompost method. Similarly carbon sequestration potential was significantly higher in improved (4.19 t/ha) followed by enriched (4.16 t/ha) and vermicompost (4.09 t/ha) methods. It was concluded that the application of vermicompost, improved and enriched manure increased fodder yield and sequestered higher carbon from the atmosphere than other treatments.

The study was under taken to find out the effect of different organic manure on the yield and carbon sequestration potential of fodder cowpea. Result revealed that green fodder yield were significantly (P<0.01) higher in improved farmyard manure, vermicompost and enriched farmyard manure application. Similarly carbon sequestration potential was significantly higher in improved followed by vermicompost and enriched methods. It was concluded that the application of vermicompost, improved and enriched manure increased fodder yield and sequestered higher carbon from the atmosphere than other treatments.