Earth Science

Analytical solution of advection-dispersion equation (ADE) is obtained for one-dimensional semi-infinite porous medium with periodic input boundary and periodic flow velocity. The dispersion coefficient is directly proportional to flow velocity. Laplace Transformation Technique is employing to get the analytical solution with exponentially increasing function of space variable initial condition and periodic input boundary condition. Analytical solution is illustrated graphically.

Madurai Block belt is the largest high among the crustal fragments of the Southern Granulite Terrane. Our study focuses on the southeastern part of the Madurai Block which falls in the Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu. The geomorphology of the area is represented by high and mid-land regions with prominent hillocks and associated valleys. This region chiefly comprises of crystalline basement rocks that experienced granulite facies metamorphism. The southeastern region has been mapped, and the major rock types observed were identified as charnockite, hornblende-biotite gneiss, pyroxene granulite, quartzite, granite, pink granite and pegmatite. Massive garnet bearing charnockite exists as hills and which are intermixed with banded and migmatised hornblende-biotite gneiss. Diorite occurs as boudins and small enclaves within the charnockite. The charnockite occurs as both massive and foliated rocks in outcrops. A 5 km long intrusive body of pyroxene granulite is identified during the field study which trends NW-SE. Due to intense weathering they are found as boulders of varying size and shape.

This study was designed to determine the predictors of literacy skills among Chinese preschoolers. There were 136 preschoolers aged ranged between three to six years old with their parents and teachers recruited in this study using a Multi-Stage Cluster sampling technique. Home-based learning activities were measured using Home Learning Environment Questionnaire (Lonigan & Farver, 2002). Meanwhile, children’s literacy skills were respectively assessed using Test of Early Reading Ability Third Edition (Reid, Hresko, & Hammill, 2001). This study found that preschoolers with higher level of literacy skills were came from families who practiced more home-based learning activities, and have highly educated parents and high family monthly income. Besides that, findings revealed that older children perform high level of literacy skills. The findings of this study imply that home learning was the most significant unique predictor of child’s literacy skills within all tested variables.

A study in gully erosion management on lateritic soil is a critical issue in West Bengal. In this paper, we have used field plots data, in combination with vegetation and check dams, for all aspects of lateritic soil erosion management. A program for controlling gully erosion was carried out in Rangamati in lateritic soil region of western part of West Bengal from 2011 to 2012 include two approaches “Check dam” and “Vegetation cover”. Results indicated that at the initial stage, the percent of sand was maximum in the upper catchment of each gully basin and the concentration of silt and clay is less. Gradually as vegetation starts trapping the sediment composition of soil changes registering higher percentage of finer particles. Again, the nutrients detached from the upper catchment were arrested by check dams that induced nutrients supply and water storage, which in turn, increased the growth of vegetation. This result proved the significance of vegetation cover with check dams to curb soil erosion and it may help the planners and managers to take proper decision for the conservation of lateritic soil.

Comparative analysis of the shallow and deep aquifers of Nsukka SE, Nigeria was studied as a preliminary approach for the underground water resource development of the region. Method of approach involves the identification of rock formations and delineation of their stratigraphic relationships. Activities involved collection and analysis of water samples from boreholes and hand dug wells. A total of 14 water samples were collected (7 from shallow and deep aquifer each) and analyzed for inorganic and organic components. Ca2+, Na+, Mn2+, Cl-, Pb and Cd were analyzed using Atomic absorption spectroscopy. K+ was determined using flame photometer method. Copper Cu2+ was analyzed using spectrophotometer, pH was analyzed with the aid of pH meter, Fe2+ was determined calorimetrically using Spekker absorption meter; Tds was determined using glass fiber filter. Turbimetric method was used to assess turbidity. Anions like HCO3- were also estimated by titrimetric method. Coliform analysis was carried out by the most probable number technique (MPN). The result shows that average pH for deep and shallow aquifer gives 5.8 and 6.3, sulphate 14.2 and 10.97, Nitrate 2.5 and 2.2., Phosphate 1.48 and 1.68, iron 1.98 and 1.60 magnesium 11.4 and 11.8, Sodium 1.80 and 2.4, Chloride 8.4 and 9, Tds 33.51 and 62.17. The coliform count ranges from 3/100 to 7/100 ml only for shallow aquifer (pollution), magnesium is the major contributors of hardness in both cases. Deep aquifer water plots as magnesium cation and a no dominant anion and on the transition between fresh and salt water (brackish water). The shallow aquifer has magnesium sulphate and plots in the zone of sea water, and shows hard water. The SAR for deep aquifer is 0.58, while that of shallow aquifer is 0.32 both are excellent for irrigation. Both waters are ideal for use in industries and homes, while the aquifers are highly polluted by iron, the shallow aquifer is polluted by water borne diseases. Reference to these information is ideal for the water resource development of the region

A shale sample was evaluated for its elements, minerals and hydrocarbon potential. Elemental analysis by EDS (energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), mineral analysis by XRD (x-ray diffraction), and hydrocarbon potential evaluation by Rock-eval pyrolysis was done. EDS showed Oxygen, Carbon, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, and Titanium. XRD showed Kaolinite (Dickite), Thaumasite, Calcite, and Quartz as the minerals. Rock-eval showed TOC (total organic carbon) of 15% by weight. Evaluation suggests the shale to have a good hydrocarbon generation potential and Titanium.

Carbonate sequence of Lar formation (Upper Jurassic) have been studied in three subsurface sections in the north east of Iran. This formation is formed of two separated units, white limestone in the upper and gray dolomite in the Lower part. This formation is overlain by yellow detrital sediments of Miocene units and underlain by siliciclastic Shemshak formation disconformably. Thirteen microfacies from mudstone to grainstone and boundstone were found in this formation. They were deposited in four facies environments; open marine, shoal, lagoon and tidal flat. Facies analysis and the absence of slump and sliding structures, reefal facies, gradual facies changes and widespread tidal flat deposits indicate that Lar formation was deposited in a shallow carbonate platform as ramp.

Analytical solution of advective–dispersive solute transport through inhomogeneous porous medium is obtained by using Laplace transformation. Pulse type input point source is considered for constant solute dispersion along non-uniform flow through medium. Flow of the medium is considered exponential function of space variable. First order decay term which is directly proportional to flow velocity of the medium is also considered. Result and discussions are given with different graphs.

The objective of this study is to explore the groundwater availability in the Gadilam River basin mainly for agriculture. Remote sensing data and geographic information system were used to locate Prospective zones of groundwater in the Gadilam River basin. Various maps (i.e., Base, Hydrogeomorphology, Lithology, Drainage, Drainage density, Lineament, Lineament density, Slope and Land Use/Land Cover) were prepared using the Remote sensing data along with the existing maps. The groundwater availability of the Gadilam River basin is quantitatively classified into different classes based on its Hydrogeomorphological conditions. The land use/land cover map was prepared using IRC-1C LISS III, PAN satellite data and other collateral information. Using a digital classification technique with the limited ground truth verification for irrigated area in the Gadilam river basin. The alluvial plain, filled valley, flood plain and deeply buried pediplain were successfully delineated. It demarcates highly prospective Zones of groundwater accumulation in the study area. The overall results demonstrate that the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques provide powerful tools for groundwater development and the design of a suitable exploration plan of the study area. Keywords: Groundwater prospective zones map, Remote Sensing and GIS, Gadilam river basin, satellite data, thematic mapping ArcGIS.

The FMI (Fullbore formation microimager) log provides clear identification of wells geological characteristics. In this study, the identification and interpretation of the structures, texture, lithology, porosity, bedding, lamination, diagenetic processes, porous/non porous layers and determination of facies, sequence stratigraphy and reservoir characteristics in kangan formation, are discussed using FMI logs, thin section, core photograph and porosity logs. The Kangan lower Triassic aged carbonates formation, was deposited in the giant South Pars gas field in the Persian Gulf Basin and consists of limestone, dolomite, anhydritic dolomite, and thin shaly layers facies. The aim of this study is to provide the FMI farcies, sequence stratigraphy and subunits reservoir characteristics changes of Kangan Formation. Based on FMI logs and comparing with thin section, core photograph and porosity logs introduced 12 FMI facies(FF) in kangan formation (Table1). Three major composite depositional sequences have then been defined: K1A, K1B and K2A. They have been further subdivided into 12 depositional units, 6 tight (low reservoir characteristics) and 6 conductive (high reservoir characteristics).

Natural environmental conditions of Iran and its geographical location that falls in the arid belt in one hand, and overuse of non renewable resources in the other hand, cause series of problems and conditions that brings the country into a rapid deterioration. the two main factors of degrdation are natural factors and human factors. Of major natural factors, three factors are notable: climatic, geomorphologic and morphologic. In this study to evaluate the desertification condition regarding to local conditions of the study area, two processes of water and wind erosion were selected and assessment of desertification condition was conducted Based on these processes, wheightening indicators and MEDALUS model. The results showed that Qs and NQts all responsible for much of sentiment delivery and erosion and as a result, desertification severity of these two geological units considered as severe and very severe.

Estimating the annual volume of the aquifer basin is of the main issues in designing the aquifer projects. Since the aquifer basin of central Iran covers half of country and a great number of the aquifer basins are situated in the arid and semi arid regions of the hydrometric stations, their watering figures are estimated by experimental models. The general structure of these models in some cases brings about considerable differences in the estimated and observed figures resulted from an incorrect selection of a model. This study has made use of 9 experimental formulas of Justin, Lisi, the world Meteorology Organization ratio, Agricultural Research Association of India, ICAR, Khosla, Turc, the Irrigation Department of India, and Inglis and De Souza for calculating the annual runoff in the water basin of Iran. Therefore for selecting the basins with the least annual natural and artificial Debi changes, the equal aquifer basins with an area less than 300 square kilometer which had no stank and vast agricultural lands which had little to middle degree of penetrability were firstly chosen. In selecting and determining the basin border two soft wares, Google earth, and ArcGIS were used, then the geological, climatological, and land applicability maps of the studied basin were prepared and their hydro climatologic statistics in the common 30-year-old time limit (1976- 2005) were extracted. At the end, the annual runoff altitude of the selected stations was determined using the aforementioned 9 ratios and these outcomes were compared with the observed data of the stations using four methods MAPE, RMSE, t distribution, and the unilateral analysis variance. The results show the superiority of Khosla to the other methods in the arid and semi arid regions. The estimated data in both arid and semi arid climates were studied separately, in both cases Khosla was selected as the most appropriate method.

Twenty five ditch cutting samples from southwest Niger Delta basin were analysed to determine the palynostratigraphic studies. The samples contained very rich and diverse palynomorphs dominated by pollen grains which consist of 12 species distributed among ten genera. Pollen preservation is good with concentration ranging from 1,640 to 34,900 grains/g. The stratigraphic ranges of Circulina parva, Monoporites annulatus, Psilatricolporites operculatus, Multiareolites formosus, Zonocostites ramonae, Podocarpus milanjianus, Echitricolporites spinosus, Retibrevitricolporites obodoensis, R. protrudens and Retitricolpites bendensis and some other marker species were used to demarcate nine palynozones in the study area. These palynomorphs are mainly made up of mangrove swamp floras which suggest the predominance of a high sea level and wet climatic condition in Miocene-Pliocene during the deposition of the studied sediments.

Gurpi formation (Companian-Maestrichtian) is one of the importance formations that include as a Cap rock for reservoirs Sarvak in south west of Iran. Assessment of Gurpi formation facies in the wells A,B and C lead to know ten microfacies that related to facies belts of middle ramp and outer ramp. Outer ramp’s facies are allocate the maximum thickness in these wells. Field studies and assessment of vertical facies changes in sequence lead to know main surface of sequence in studied area. This formation have been formed of two sequences (3rd cycles). Sequences are separated by sequence boundaries type of 1 and 2 (SB1 and SB2).

Twenty one (21) rock samples were systematically collected during geological mapping of the study area, while 10 representative samples were selected for geochemical and petrography studies. Six lithologies including Quartzite, Quartz-biotite schist, Banded gneiss, pegmatite, biotite gneiss and biotite schist with well defined boundaries were recognized and mapped in the study area. Thin sections were prepared from the rock, and were studied under the research Petrological Microscope. The results of the petrographic analysis of the thin sections revealed that minerals such as quartz, biotite, muscovite and feldspar (plagioclase, orthoclase and microcline) of variable composition were present in the slides. The presence of these minerals could be as a result of the type and nature of magma responsible for the emplacement of these rocks. However, quartz is the most resistant and dominant mineral in all the slides analyzed. Geochemical analysis was also carried out on the rock samples to determine the trace and rare earth elements in them. The results of the trace elements detected in (ppm) includes; Ba (338), Cd (0.054), Ce (42.19), Rb (129.99), S (0.036), Sr (42.7), Th (4.94), Y (4.97), Zn (29.39), Co (39.18), Cs (1.97), Cu (3.86), Li (5.02) Ni (18.05) and W (179.05). The rare earth elements include; Dy (1.68), Eu (0.58), Ga (9.89), Gd (2.70), Hf(1.07), La (20.69), Nd (18.05), Pr (4.92) and Sm (3.40). The results above revealed that Ba, W, Rb, Ce are extremely high in the rocks of the study area which indicate that the rocks are highly radioactive in nature. The concentration of radioactive elements such as Ba, Rb, Ce are useful in energy provision and modern warfare business. Nevertheless, radioactive elements may produce X-ray which can affect the skin and causes skin cancer and other related diseases. Therefore, detailed exploration program to discover hidden natural resources is hereby recommended for the study area.

This study attempts the evaluation of the geogenic release metals due to weathering of basement rock on the shallow groundwater system around Ilesha and environs. The study involves collection of twelve (12) soil samples over four (4) soils profiles. In addition to a total of nineteen (19) groundwater samples obtained from shallow dug wells <25m in areas surrounding the sampled soil profiles. Geochemical analysis revealed the presence of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, MnO, P2O5 and Cr2O3 as the major oxides. Ruxton Ratio depicts weathering intensity decreasing from Muscovite schist (MS) > Amphibolite (AS) > Talc schist (TS) > Quartzite quartz schist (QS). Physico-Chemical results of water samples revealed a slightly acidic to basic water with electric conductivity values of 443µS/cm, 94µS/cm and 267µS/cm for the AM, QS and MS respectively. Hydro-geochemical analysis of the groundwater samples indicate the presence of major cations and trace elements and further analysis revealed the order of mean cations abundance for the mafic unit to be Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+, and Ca2+>Na+>K+>Mg2+ for the felsic. Groundwater around the mafic bedrocks shows high concentration of the major cations, except for Potassium (K), thereby revealing a relationship that correspond to the mineralogy of the bedrock and weathered profile.

In recent decades, drought events caused many adverse effects on humans and environment, notably in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This many worsen the desertification process and throw away many opportunities. Several droughts have been occurred in Sistan plain south eastern Iran, and the most recent one (1999-2006) said to be the worst drought in the past 600 years and has much negative environmental, economical and social effects. In this study, changes of vegetation cover was assessed using the pre and past drought data. After interpreting the results, it was found that quantity and quality of plants reduced by 100% and that much of changes occurred in abandoned lands. Moreover, it was discovered that the main causes of plant cover desertification are natural factors and human factor of mismanagement.

This study was conducted with a view to identify the socio-economic characteristics of processors of Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa; to examine the role of the rural dwellers in the sourcing and processing of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa; to examine the different benefits that accrue to commercial processing of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa and to investigate strategies put in place for sustainable use of V. paradoxa and P. biglobosa in the study area. Three (3) Local Government Areas were purposively selected for the study and purposive random sampling method was adopted for the selection of respondents. Primary data were obtained through the use of questionnaires while secondary data was gathered from relevant literature. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and gross margin analysis. The result showed that 90% of Vitellaria paradoxa and 94.3% of Parkia biglobosa processors were female. Majority of the processors of V. paradoxa (77.1%) and P. biglobosa (58%) fell within the age range of 21-40 years. Fruits of V. paradoxa (84.3%) and seeds of P. biglobosa (77.1%) were obtained from processors farmlands as a result of the relative availability of the trees on their farmlands. The remaining processors of V. paradoxa (15.7%) and P. biglobosa (22.9%) had no trees on their farmlands so they gathered the fruits and seeds from and around forest lands. 84.37% of V. paradoxa and 88.5% of P. biglobosa processors indicated that income was the main economic benefit derived from this business while social benefits highlighted by the respondents ranged from produce been used as food, medicine, condiment and cosmetic. The result also showed that processors of V. paradoxa incurred more costs, produced more output and had a higher average gross return in processing than P. biglobosa processors. The RORI for the processing business in the study area was 51% and 96%. To promote sustainability the people have adopted local means of sustaining production by preventing indiscriminate livestock grazing and bush burning.

Bitumen is a hydrocarbon material that accumulates near the earth's surface in the form of asphalt springs or in other forms under the act of hydrostatic pressures of oil reservoirs, it will form bitumen mines after undergoing polymerization process. This mineral (organic) matter is in close relationship to oil reservoirs present in the area, i.e. when oil moves or migrates from one place to another place some part of it will be separated and will remain in the form of streaks, lenses and etc. In this work, the exploration of bitumen resources in Saleh-Abad area, Ilam is carried out using geoelectrical data that were gathered in two-dimensional form, exploration drilling data and also geological data. Today the best method for underground studies and mineral explorations is geophysical studies and drilling exploration wells meanwhile. One of the best data acquisition methods in the Geoelectricity is two-dimensional data acquisition or in other words electrical imaging in two dimensions. Tomography or electrical apparent resistivity tomography is a geophysical technique that investigates underground structures in two or three dimensions. The advantage of ERT method in comparison with other traditional and routine methods is that it investigates the changes of electrical apparent resistivity either laterally (constant spacing traversing or CST) or vertically (vertical electrical sounding, VES) in space. Geophysical data acquisition of the mentioned mine was done using dipole-dipole array in two profiles upon which some points were proposed for exploration drilling. Exploration drilling was done in powder method on the geophysical profiles in six 15-meter bores which proved the high precision of apparent resistivity method for bitumen exploration. Interpretation and modeling of two profiles was carried out using RES2DINV and modeling of drilling Logs was done using LOGPLOT that both had a good conformity with geological data and surface outcrops.

The application of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) numerical modeling and Hilbert transformation for the image enhancement and detection of buried engineering utilities using surface ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technique is demonstrated in a typical sedimentary terrain of Lagos Nigeria. Accurate delineation and precise location of such subsurface features is of effective use for engineering and environmental studies. A traverse magnetic (TM-) mode formulation was adopted for the models; and perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundaries were implemented for wave absorption at the modeling grid edges. Four synthetic models were developed; three single-layer models of a single pipe buried at depth (z) of 2m, two pipes 10m apart and concrete bars buried at z=1.5m, and one double-layered model of multiple pipes buried at z=1.5m. The electrical properties of the models are; single-layered earth-system (vadose zone): ?_r=9, ?=1mS/m ; pipes: ?_r=12, ?=1mS/m, bars: ?_r=16, ?=1mS/m. The two-layered subsurface, had a thin-layer of air-earth interface of ?_r=1 and ?=0, upper layer of vadose zone sediment and lower-layer (saturated zone) of ?_r=25 and ?=5mS/m. The µ was set equal to its free space value, µ_0 for all the materials. The 2D GPR data acquired in some parts of Southwestern Nigeria and processed using basic functions such as dewow, filtering and application of gains. The resulting GPR radargrams were subjected to advanced attribute analysis using Hilbert transformation (HF) in order to establish the suitability of HF for GPR signal image enhancement that would aid the interpretation of the location of the buried utilities. The model investigations revealed that the electrical and the magnetic properties of the medium hosting the buried utilities, and the depth of burial plays a major role in controlling the image resolution obtained in a sedimentary terrain. The results from the field data are in general agreement with the numerical FDTD modeling experiments.

Groundwater chemical behaviors in various locations are one of the most dynamic fields of research in the present world. In the present study, groundwater sampling was conducted with an aim to assess the groundwater chemistry and to compare the water types using piper and Chadha´s plots. Groundwater chemistry was assessed and natural processes are identified as the controlling factors of hydrochemistry. Piper and Chadha´s diagram was created for comparing the results of water types. Majority of the samples were behaved in more or less same way except few samples. The prominent type was Ca-Mg-Cl type of water in both methods. However, a slight variation was observed in the Na-Cl type of water. Easily accessible software’s to plot is the Chadha´s diagram major advantage observed

Gravity data were acquired along two profiles in some parts of the Njaba River sub-basin located in Southeastern Nigeria. Profile A-A’ runs for about 30 kilometers from Ogbaku to Oguta lake and Profile B-B’ (covers about 12km) runs from Mgbidi to Oguta lake with the end of the two profiles meeting at the lake. The corrected data is interpreted to prove the petroleum potentiality of the study area. The Bouguer gravity anomaly along Profile A-A’ revealed an initial positive gravity values (+50 to +10 g.u.) to a wavelength (distance) of about 21km and then followed by a sudden drop of the observed gravity showing a significant gravity minimum to a value of about -150 g.u. Profile B-B’ showed an alternating gravity highs and lows which was followed by a sharp drop in the observed gravity (-140 g.u.) when getting close to Oguta lake where the ends of the two profiles (A’ and B’) met. Further investigation showed that the structure modeled is graben (gravity low) and horsts (gravity high) bounded by two normal faults. The gravity high observed is due to the lesser density contrasts between the sediments and the basement, that is, the basement is closer to the surface (when compared with the areas showing negative anomaly) which could be explained to have resulted from the upwarping of the crust. The area showing gravity low shows thick sedimentary accumulation of recently deposited alluvium deposits deposited in the subsided area bounded by these two faults. The structural framework of the parts of the Njaba River sub-basin studied in particularly the northwestern part of the sub-basin in which structural faults and thick sediment pile were observed suggests an environment favorable for large-scale entrapment of hydrocarbons. This is justified by the ongoing exploration and exploitation of petroleum resources in the area and its environs (Oguta, Izombe, and Ossu oil fields). Further geologic and geophysical (3D seismic survey) studies is recommended to accurately map and obtain more information on the subsurface geological structures and stratigraphy of the sub-basin.

Ogbum-nu-Abali Creek of Port Harcourt metropolis was undertaken to assess the impact of human activities in relation to physico-chemistry between March – May, 2006. Results of physico-chemical parameters showed that most of the parameters were higher than the maximum permissible limits for surface waters and discharge of wastewaters into surface waters. Results further showed that pH ranges from 6.20 – 6.70 with a mean value of 6.54 mean values of parameters included: conductivity (1602.03 ?s/cm), TSS (174.78mg/L), TDS (5187.577mg/L), Turbidity (8.12NTU), BOD5 (27.95mg/L), DO (4.51mg/L), Oil and Grease (5.77mg/L), Phosphate (0.443mg/L), Lead (0.3mg/L), Fe (2.74mg/L), Manganese (11.54mg/L), Chromium (0.33mg/L) and Temperature (28.170C) respectively. The creek was transparent, foamy, slimy, slightly smelly and no animal life was sighted in it due to deterioration of water quality as evident by high BOD and low oxygen content. It is pertinent to state that anthropogenic activities in and around the creek have given rise to alteration of the physico-chemical characteristics of the water quality rendering it unfit for recreational exercise, therefore, the abattoir at Ahiamakara leading to Nkpogu community should be discontinued to avoid water pollution. Keywords: Anthropogenic activities, pollution, discharge, creek, and rivers.

Weather Generators (WGs) are widely used in water engineering, agriculture, ecosystem and climate change studies because observed climatic series have deficiencies related to length, completeness and spatial coverage. WG models can simulate daily temperature data in a few parametric ways. One way is to simulate daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) temperatures using an autoregressive model. Another way consists of the simulation of daily average temperature (Tav) and daily temperature range (R) and then the calculation of Tmin and Tmax indirectly. In this study, four different algorithms were assessed for daily temperature in combination with a well-tested weather generator. M1 and M2 algorithms simulated the daily Tav and R values directly and Tmin and Tmax indirectly. M3 algorithm simulated Tmin and Tmax and M4 algorithm simulated Tmin and Tav directly and the other variables indirectly. The results showed that each algorithm could perform better in simulating primary variables (which are simulated directly). This issue was more considerable in relation to daily R values. M2 overestimated the cross-correlation coefficients of this variable because of the assumption of a strong autocorrelation structure between primary variables in the WG model. M3 and M4 outperformed the other algorithms in relation to most studied indices. This study showed the importance of choosing the best temperature generation algorithm according to the requirements.