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The paper analyzed the socio economic characteristics of charcoal marketers in Bodija market of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Primary data was used for the study. The data was collected using structured questionnaires administered to 57 charcoal marketers from different parts of the market. Data were collected on the socio-economic characteristics of the marketers such as age, marital status, educational status, gender, cost and returns. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data and regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between gross margin and socio economic characteristics of the marketers. The result indicated that most of the marketers fall between two age groups which are the active age group (21-40 years) and the aged ( >50 years). Female (73.7%) dominated charcoal market in the study area. Similarly, 73.7% of the marketers were married and used the business to support their home. One- fourth of the marketers have no formal education. Majority has primary and secondary school education (68.4%) and only 7% has tertiary education. Marketing is very important for any marketers to flourish in charcoal business with a minimum of 1-5 years experience. Yoruba is the dominating tribe in charcoal business in the study area. Wholesalers (42.1%), retailers (29.8%) and those that act as both wholesalers and retailers altogether, that is, wholesaler/retailers (26.3%) are mostly found actively engaged in charcoal business in the study area with only 1.8% of the producer/ processors. Charcoal market association is very strong in the study area as 98.2% of the marketers are aware of the association and fully participate as members. Sex, marital status and amount of capital set up owned by the marketers have significant impacts on the gross margin realized in the business. It is therefore recommended that there should be the creation of proper awareness on the prospect of charcoal business among young people; this will be an avenue to alleviate the scourge of unemployment in the study area and in the country at large.

A rough set, first described by Zdzis?aw I. Pawlak, is a formal approximation of a crisp set in terms of a pair of sets which give the lower and the upper approximation of the original set. Soft set theory is a generalization of fuzzy set theory, was proposed by Molodtsov to deal with uncertainties. In this paper, we present concepts of soft rough neutrosophic Sets and neutrosophic soft rough Sets, and investigate some of its properties. Furthermore, we develop a decision making approach to neutrosophic Soft Rough Sets and a numerical example is illustrated.

In this paper we prove that the graphs obtained by duplication of an edge in , mutual duplication of pair of edges and mutual duplication of pair of vertices between two copies of cycle admit product cordial labeling. Moreover let and be two graphs such that their order and/or size differ by at most 1 then we prove that the new graph obtained by joining and by a path of arbitrary length is a product cordial graph.

Thirty six (36) cross combinations developed by crossing 2 CMS lines with 18 testers in line x tester mating design were evaluated for to find out best heterotic combinations in terms of yield and yield components. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes, crosses, lines, testers and line x tester interactions for all the traits studied. The SCA effects along with per se performance revealed that some of the crosses showing desirable SCA effects were also having superior per se performance for most of the traits thus indicating the selection of these crosses on the basis of per se performance will be effective. Assessment of heterosis based on standard checks (SR-1 and Jhelum) of effectively restored cross combinations showed that there was significant heterosis for all the traits except number of filled grains per panicle and the degree of heterosis varied from trait to trait. All combinations that showed superiority over standard checks for grain yield per plant also showed significant heterosis for majority of other traits. The average proportion of restorers, partial restorers, partial maintainers and maintainers were 16:22:33:27, respectively. The best cross combination in terms of grain yield was SKAU7A x K-08-61-2 and for early maturity SKAU11A x SR-2 over check SR-1 only. Cross combinations SKAU 7A x K-08-61-2, SKAU 7A x SR-2, SKAU 11A x K-08-60-2, SKAU 11A x K-08-59-3 and SKAU 11A x SKAU-389 were found to be good specific combinations for grain yield per plant and other desirable traits and needs to be tested on large scale for their commercialization under temperate conditions.

In this article, we try to explain the concepts of the words like sustainable development, human development, and social capital and analyze the role of human sources for development and performing development programs by considering the model of development on the base of entrepreneurial. for this purpose, we express the scientists' point of view about entrepreneurial in the organizations of public section and in addition of connecting the concepts of human development and sustainable development with entrepreneurial in government, we consider and criticize the programs of reforming administrative structure and management in the third development program by considering development model on the base of entrepreneurial.

The Ganges basin is the largest river basin of India. It is one of the geologically youngest and tectonically active drainage regimes of the world. The sediment load of the basin consist of fine sand, silt and clay and mineral assemblage is dominated by quartz, feldspars, illite and kaolinite. For the present study of Ganges river basin middle Gngetic plain was chosen because of its immense cultural and economic significance. It covers the Bihar plain and entire Eastern Uttar Pradesh on either side of Ganges and Ghaghara rivers within Himalaya and peninsular ramparts on the north and south respectively. The sediment samples were collected from three locations, viz., upstream at Varanasi, midstream at Ghzipur and downstream at Patna, twice once in pre-monsoon period (April, 1999) and other in post-monsoon period (October, 1999). The sediments were analyzed to understand the distribution and biogeochemistry of C, N and P. The Organic Carbon (Corg) was found to be decreasing with depth due to the age of the sediment and extent of anaerobic decomposition. The post-monsoon concentrations were lower than pre-monsoon due to conducive environment for decomposition of organic matter. Total Carbon (Ctotal) was found to be comparable at all these three locations. The substantial part of Ctotal is found to be inorganic in origin. Nitrogen contents were very low decreasing with the depth due to mineralization of organic matter, as more than 90 % of nitrogen is organic in nature. Phosphorous content in all these three locations were comparable. The phosphorus content was decreasing with the depth due desorption of Fe-bound phosphorous under anaerobic condition formed by burial and compaction of the sediments. A distinct spatial pattern was obtained in the distribution of phosphorous. Corg/N ratio was found to be increasing with depth by mobilization and leaching out of nitrogen, due to its mineralization.

The stock market is one of the important financial sectors of the economy that affect it by various forms. Form the view of many experts, the importance of financial sector development emanates from the point that, an efficient financial sector has a key role in mobilizing financial resources for investment, encouraging the entry of foreign investment and optimizing resource allocation mechanism. This study investigates the relationship between inflation and stock market development in Iran during the spring of 1999 up to in late summer of 2008. According to characteristics of the Iranian economy, the used model was based on Boyd, Levine and Smith (2001) models. We first used a linear model to control other economic factors that may have correlations with the performance of financial market. Then the threshold regression has been used to show the nonlinear relationship between inflation and financial market development. In this model, different thresholds have been considered for inflation. With attention to considered variables, the conditional least squares method (CLS) was used to estimate the model, which, by minimizing squares of errors, is a good criterion for selecting the optimal inflationary threshold. The results showed that, in the studied period, first, there is a positive relationship between inflation and indicators of stock market development and second, there is no threshold for effect of inflation on stock market.

Learner`s mistakes and feedbacks proceed an error are two remarkable parts of learning procedure. Teacher should manage the class and know how to promote learners. This article aims to discuss the issue of feedback by providing arguments that feedback is helpful and language learners do need it. 150 participants who were intermediate Iranian EFL learners participated in this study. There were two groups one experimental, and another one control one. Then researcher had 50 participants and two groups. 25 of the participants assigned for control group and 25 for experimental participants. The researcher had 5 sessions for training, how to correct their mistake and how to write errorless or lessens writing. After 5 sessions they wrote 2 paragraphs. The researchers corrected their errors, collected data and compare them. The T-test analysis revealed that the experimental group out performed on post- test. The findings can be applied for teacher training, classroom teaching and language assessment.

This study aims to observe relationship between leadership behaviors and employee’s innovation; and to analyze the impact of leadership behaviors on employee’s innovation in public and private sector organizations individually and collectively. Two questionnaires were developed, one for employees and one questionnaire for leaders/managers. Sample comprises of randomly selected five hundred managers and five hundred employees of different private and public sector organizations. Percentages, compute variable technique, independent samples T-test, correlation analysis, and regression analyses have been used to analyze data. Results indicate that: firstly, same leadership behaviors are adopted in public sector and private sector organizations but heterogeneity prevails in providing vision leadership behavior and consulting leadership behavior. Secondly, all leadership behaviors are positively interrelated with employee’s innovation. Thirdly, all leadership behaviors have no effect on employee’s innovation based on individual analysis; whereas, only innovative role modeling leadership behavior has significant positive impact on employee’s innovation based on pooled analysis.

Nowadays society is changing faster than ever and is making increasingly complex demands on schools so in-service is particularly important. Staff has to introduce changes in school structures and curricula. Falling school rolls are causing new problems, including reduced promotion possibilities for Staff. In-service training is an important instrument for school improvement as well as personal development. In-service training is necessary to maintain the professional standard and to raise standards of teaching and learning and therefore regular in-service training should take place. This paper shows necessity of Staff’s professional development with respect to in-service training. The aims of this paper are to define staff’s professional development, elaborate educational system, clarify In-service training of Educational, describe history of in-service training in Iran, explain teaching, state the necessity of staff’ in-service training, discuss the necessity of teachers’ training , describe the kinds of Staff’s Training, explain Training-Needs Assessment and discuss concepts of Adult Education.