Historic Preservation

The close relationship between religion and burial architecture as well as the special respect and reverence of Muslims to the holy shrines was the main reason of the development of burial architecture. Thus, the structure of such constructions is associated with holiness and symbolic values, on the one hand, and with the religious and political identity of the deceased person, on the other hand. Various types of dome such as rok, nar, and double-shelled have been introduced to the world and their functions have been investigated. In this architecture, ourchin dome, which is of typical characteristics of the tombs in southern part of Iran, has been neglected. Little information about this type of dome is available in the history of Iranian architecture. And this little information is limited to some reports and pictures from foreign tourists and unknown writers, including no more than a few names and dates of constructing of such structures. Therefore, the origin and the reason for the development of such domes as well as their role are still mysterious. In different parts of the present study, comparative, retrospective, and fieldwork studies have been used, whenever needed. In the current research, the root of the word, ourchin dome, and its meaning are pointed out. Also, the origin of Iranian architecture, which dates back to Seljuqid period, is introduced. Then, the geometric relationships of its sides are examined and different varieties of this dome [star and polygonal] are drawn. Studying the typology of the examples of this dome in Iran and Iraq revealed some remarkable points about the geometric, height, and shape of the dome, in addition to the number of its stories. Some factors, like the function of the crown, method of its construction, cover of the dome, and the system of the distribution of the load are clarified. Finally, by investigating the influential cultural and historical factors, we concluded that that the main reason for the development of the general structure of this type of dome was symbolic, not simply religious. This dome by its own or in combination with religious places has played an affective and functional role over time.

There has been an increasing concern in many parts of the world, particularly in developing nations on the poor living conditions and deteriorating state of most urban residential neighbourhoods. The failure of many public and private housing projects has been attributed to the lack of consideration for adequate housing, as relevant parameters and indicators required for determining the quality and performance of residential neighbourhoods were ignored. Access to adequate housing has therefore remained one of the greatest challenges to human and sustainable urban development. Through a survey of two medium-sized private and public residential developments:- Bodija and Moremi, this study evaluates and compares neighbourhoods’ quality in order to determine the performance of housing development in Southwestern Nigeria. Using Analysis of Variance test; eighteen variables consisting of the dwelling, environmental and neighbourhood features were identified as significant determinants of residential quality in the study areas. These variables were rated and their total weight values obtained. Residential quality index (RQI) was calculated for each of the variables and different indices - 4.12 and 3.24 were obtained for Bodija and Moremi Estates respectively. These values indicate existing variation in the quality of the two neighbourhoods; with Bodija- a private residential estate having a higher quality rating than Moremi estate. The study showed that different factors determine neighbourhood quality and these affect users’ view on the performance of their dwellings. Rather than making a broad generalization in housing provision, the performance and quality of residential development could be measured and improved upon using appropriate indices based on users’ ratings of their dwellings.

AbAnbaar, lake, pool have been made to provide drinking water supply in Iran and other countries. However access to water was not same, but all of them have one thing in common, the storage of water. Haj KazemAbAnbaar was located in Maghlovak district which have made in Ghajar dynasty. This structure are include reservoir, stairway, Pa Shir, Sar Dar (portal) and two Bad gir (Windward). Reservoir capacity is 1870 m3and rectangle shape, which build from east to west. Tall portal have eight meter height and decorated with Maegheli (Islamic calligraohy). Date analysis has been indicated that excavation and construction of this AbAnbaar was done by Rikhtai method (pouredi.e made of poured lime-plaster) and while digging out, its ceiling was constructed. The construction material used for abanbars were, slaked lime mortar,Saruj ( the type of plaster most commonly used called sarujm is a compound from six part clay, four parts lime, one part ash), stone, wood and AjorAbAnbaari( special bricks for construction of cistern). The roof of the reservoir has constructed barrel-vault and roof of the stairway constructed with two incrustration and Taghahang (kind of vault). This building have SaghaKhane and Moazeneh(on top of the portal there is a place which called Moazeneh). This study has been taken by data libraryand conducting field studies of AbAnbaar plan with triangulation method and technology of construction.

Globalization and the rise of modern cities in the early twenty-first century, two important events in the history of human life. Globalization means the dense accumulation of knowledge about the world. In thinking and action are to measure one place .At the national societies, especially individual to accept as part of a larger set entity themselves. The modern city is a city that has global diffusion of power. Globalization and modernity and modernization of leading to Trends, changes in lifestyle and less Significant of native elements of architecture and urbanism and urban design affects. This study is descriptive and analytical that using a library research tool attempts to analyze the impact on the historic context of the cities that are global, in that order. Kermanshah city has been selected.

North of the Punjab the land rises into the Himalayan foothills, towards the snows. Politically, the hills are divided between the states of Jammu and Kashmir. To the north, beyond the Banihal Pass, lies the Kashmir Valley, over 5000 feet above sea- level. The Vale and its fringes are rich in timber, which was and remains the primary building material. Tall houses lining the Jhelum River in Srinagar are wood-framed, as are more handsome mosques, which take a form unique to Kashmir. Persian influence on Indian Culture is a vast subject with many sides to it. This research is based on just one aspect of it, that is, the role of Persian architecture on Indian landscape architecture, and in particular Kashmir cultural architecture.

In this study, the role of meaning in the process of formation of a sense of place and it,s tremendous affected on the feeling morphology of sense of place examined. For this reason, this paper, By finding root of the theoretical and empirical literature in the sense of place and sence of meaning, investigated by studying quantitative and qualitative indicators in order to gain a better understanding of the relationship meaningful role in shaping the dealt sense of place. The aim of this paper was to receive and review of the role of meaning in the process of making sense of place on the way human perception and its role in architecture and its audiences. The findings of this research means if we understand and use morphology of sense of place in the role of meaning factor used, the Residents feel happy more than belonging to the past and to have a sense of place.

Iranian garden is the original output of Iranian life and mental interaction in their natural environment. Zand dynasty, commenced in Iran after overthrowing of Safavid and Afsharieh, is a short period from 1750 to 1794. Yet, not so much studies have been done in Zand architecture and urban planning. In this article, the gardens of Zand dynasty in Shiraz will be functionally, geometrically and structurally analyzed, and in this way the typology of gardens during this period is presented. General speaking, Zandiyeh gardens can be divided into two classes of "state gardens" (e.g., Jahan-Nama, Nazar, Divankhane Gardens) and "graveyard gardens" (e.g., Chehel-Tanan and Haft-Tanan Gardens). Not that Zandiyeh gardens are of ample variety and complexity from viewpoint of form or shape. Pergolas are oblongs of extended length to the northern side of the land or possibly as octagons. The building materials are mostly plain bricks with tiling ornamentations in a minimal. As compared with the Safavid dynasty gardens, the Zandiyeh's are generally of smaller size not to mention their being of more humanitarian scales collated with the Safavid's. The aim in building those gardens had not been amusement of the ruling clause but, rather, focusing on national-urban-state needs.

There are many studies on the relationship between geographical features and the design of houses but few studies have investigated the role of culture and social factors in people’s decisions on how to build their houses. This paper investigates the cultural, political, and social factors affecting the structures of traditional houses of Isfahan, Iran. First, a short introduction to Isfahan is presented, then the structure of traditional houses is analyzed, and finally the environmental and humanistic factors affecting the design of Isfahan traditional houses are discussed.

The structures such as windmills, which are remained from past to add to the knowledge and understandings of the today and future generations, are the indicators of creativity of our ancestors and ancient people. Windmills, dating back to 2800 years ago, are among the oldest examples of using the power of nature by human beings. In Netherland and other European countries, some windmills which are similar to Iranian windmills have been found. Some believe that the art of windmill building has been transferred from Iran to the European countries during the Crusade. Because of blowing a type of wind called 120-day wind in Iran, people of Sistan Province made several attempts to exploit the power of this wind. As a result, they invented the Windmills, which are considered as one of the most important inventions of human, to both control and take advantage of the wind power. The earliest windmills had vertical sails and dated back to the seventh century AD. They had six to twelve sails which were covered by cloth or the leaves of date tree. The main function of these mills were milling or drenching the grains.The present study is of descriptive-analytical type. Data gathering was done in library and fieldwork method. To this end, the Lutak, Neshtifan, and Nehbandan mills, located in Sistan Province, were studied. Following the study of the mill history of Sistan Province and southeast of Iran, the quotations from foreign tourists as well as the stand and the function of the mills in Iran’s architecture were investigated. It is noteworthy that the functional elements of the mills are designed according to the aerodynamics rules. This fact suggests that the builders of these mills were cognizant of the capacity and behavior of the wind to satisfy the daily needs of people. It also is a proof for the updated technology of people of that era and the reason for the continuity and uniqueness of these mills throughout the centuries. We can conclude that the mills are the indicators of our antecedents’ good command of how to construct such useful structures. Recognizing such unique patterns can guide us to build comfortable environment to live and to dwell in harmony with the existing organized arrangement of nature. Thus, the current study is conducted by getting help from the tourists’ reminiscences, the scientific books which are left from that era, and the native people of the lands.

The conservation of towns is a growing field in Malaysia. In the context of cultural heritage, the exceptional conservation practice in this country has enabled Malacca and Georgetown to be chosen as two of UNESCO’s world heritage town. The conservation of towns emerges from the awareness that cultural heritage possesses eminent uniqueness which must be conserved in order to safeguard it from extinction. In the context of Malaysia, the traditional shop lots are the remaining cultural heritage from the past, for the present and future. The variety of shapes and architectures of the shop lots makes them unique and should be preserved for the future generation. Therefore, the efforts to conserve a city or town usually concern the conservation of traditional shop lots. Nevertheless, the conservation efforts usually put more emphasis on facade that an equally unique element is overlooked. The element is the walkways of the shop lots. This article aims to discuss the need and significance of traditional shop lot walkways as one of the elements in the conservation of towns. The need for shop lot walkways has an apparent motive in term of a town’s image or in the epistemology perspective of the town conservation field itself.