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The present study is an attempt to explore the effect of concept mapping, as a learning strategy, on the receptive and productive knowledge of lexical collocations of Iranian high school EFL learners. It also explores whether teaching lexical collocations through concept mapping will be effective in terms of retention of lexical collocations or not. Sixty female Iranian third-grade high school students participated in this study. They were randomly divided into two homogeneous groups; control and experimental. In the experimental group, lexical collocations were taught through concept mapping, and in the control one, Persian translations of the same lexical collocations were provided. Both groups received 12 sessions of instruction by the researcher. Data analysis indicated a statistically significant difference between the receptive and productive knowledge of collocation of those learners who are taught lexical collocation through concept mapping and those who were taught traditionally. In other words, in terms of both receptive and productive knowledge, concept mapping strategy outweighed the traditional one in learning English collocations. However, there was no statistically significant difference between retention of receptive and productive collocational knowledge in the experimental group.

Environmental concerns have become an important obsession around the world. Architecture plays an important role on the effects of human built environment to the globe. Passive solar energy helps to alleviate the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) costs and helps to lower the environmental effects. Central and east parts of Iran, called Central Plateau, have hot dry weather. Its traditional architecture propounded some solutions like using thermal inertia of materials to alleviate the severe weather condition of this area. Now, we have more developed industry and different innovations have enhanced buildings materials. In this research, it has been tried to propose a solution for gathering the benefits of traditional and today architecture n hot arid zone of Iran. The proposed system is based on motility of insulation for optimizing the use of thermal inertia and thermal insulation daily and annually. Using smart buildings saves lots of energies and lets the building to respond to its environmental changes like a living creature.

Graphene oxide (GO) is an amazing nanostructured material with a wide range of possible technological applications, including its use as filler for thermoplastic polymers or thermosetting resins. A combination of graphene-related substances with other systems often leads to promising nanocomposite materials with unique mechanical, chemical, and physical properties. In this work, we study morphology and elastic properties of a composite consisting of polystyrene (PS) and graphene oxide (GO). We prepared several composite films of this nature with a varying polystyrene concentration on a fixed amount of graphene oxide. The morphology of the composites was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The SEM image shows the higher the concentration in polystyrene, the more compact structure of graphene oxide and polystyrene are observed. The mechanical properties of the composite films were analyzed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). It is found that the Young’s elastic modulus of the composite film changes drastically from the value of its pure constituent solutions though it shows a rather weak dependence on the polystyrene concentration for the values considered.

Managing the marketing mix makes marketing seem to easy to handle and organize. Marketing is separated from other activities of the firm and delegated to specialists who take care of the analysis, planning and implementation of various marketing tasks, such as market analysis, marketing planning, advertising, sales promotion, sales, pricing, distribution and product packaging. Marketing departments are created to take responsibility for the marketing function of the firm, sometimes together with outside specialists on, for example, market analysis and advertising. Both in the marketing literature and in everyday marketing vocabulary the expression “marketing department”, and organization unit, is used as a synonym for marketing function, which is the process of taking care of the fulfilment of customer needs and desires. However, the organizational approach inherent in the marketing mix management paradigm is not very useful either. The psychological effect on the rest of the organization of a separate marketing department is, in the long run, often devastating to the development of a customer orientation or market orientation in a firm. A marketing orientation with, for example, high-budget advertising campaigns may be developed, but this does not necessarily have much to do with true market orientation and a real appreciation for the needs and desires of the customers. The existence or introduction of such a department may be a trigger that makes everybody else lose whatever little interest in the customers they may have had. The marketing department approach to organizing the marketing function has isolated marketing from design, production, deliveries, technical service, complaints handling, invoicing and other activities of the firm. As a consequence, the rest of the organization has been alienated from marketing. Therefore, it has made it difficult, often even impossible, to turn marketing into the “integrative function” that would provide other departments with the market-related input needed in order to make the organization truly market oriented and reach a stage of “co-ordinated marketing”.

In the modern commercial era, companies and their managers are subjected to well publicized pressure to play an increasingly active role in society – so called “Corporate social responsibility”. It has been argued that an element in this development is simply enlightened self-interest in that social responsibility enhances corporate image and financial performance. To date the evidence to support this thesis derives from North America. Outside this continent evidence for any relationship is sparse. This study will initially attempt to definethe concept of corporate social responsibility and to examine its guiding principles. Subsequently, the available empirical research into the link between corporate social responsibility and economic performance will be evaluated this study examines different impacts of positive and negative CSR activities on financial performance of hotel, restaurant and airline companies, theoretically based on positivity and negativity effects. Findings suggest mixed results across different industries and will contribute to companies’ appropriate strategic decision-making for CSR activities by providing more precise information regarding the impacts of each directional CSR activity on financial performance.

In today’s globalize economy, competition is becoming ever more intense. Many companies are trying very hard not only to satisfy their customer’s needs but where possible exceed them. This can only be achieved through cost reduction, improvement in product performance, increased customer satisfaction and a constant effort towards world class organizations. In order for companies to survive and grow in the future, it is essential that they deliver high quality goods and services. Those that can deliver quality are the ones that will prosper in the next century (Ross, 1994). The main aim of this research focused on a set of concerns regarding HR initiatives focused on employees’ commitment and quality awareness, developed in smaller firms. These concerns gave rise to the research’s main focus and got materialized through the following purpose: the study HR initiatives focused on employees’ commitment and consciousness/awareness about the importance of quality improvement in firms’ competitiveness.

Today, for motivation, good behavior, to achieve organizational goals and increase labor productivity, managers of high levels of new strategies and efficient use of these strategies, creating a favorable organizational culture in order to conduct human behavior in organization and management of ideas in society is an organization of consumer goods and services. This article discusses the different definitions of organizational culture experts in the field of management, different models of culture, power and functionality desired organizational culture (a culture of quality) are examined.

This study is based on observation on court-domination; it tries to answer how the governmental organs and their staff who were not chosen by people directly should answer people. The same essay has introduced some concepts of answering, it is to examine some answering goals in the governmental centers and their different aspects. This study is to assign an example as a theoretical form in order to compare some of usual answering systems in the world. The writer, by using the same examples of answering systems in English and America which are two political (parliamentary and boss) systems and those of Pakistan and Bangladesh have explained all details. The writer hops to study the reply systems in the foresaid societies, let us know about these systems and their effects.

The paper aims at assessing cost of governance and revenue assurance mechanisms. The methodology adopted by the paper involves the use of quantitative data for 9 years, from 2002 to 2010, which was generated from the annual report and accounts of the Central Bank of Iran. The data generated for the study was analyzed using graphs and simple percentage analysis. The finding of the paper shows that Cost of governance at state level has greatly increased in Iran. Similarly, the trend of Extra-Budgetary Expenditure put to question the implementation of budgets at the States. The paper concludes that the task of reducing cost of governance for revenue assurance at states level does not rest on the executive, legislature and judiciary alone. It is task demanding the collective effort of all stakeholders. Finally, the paper recommends that there is the need to reduce recurrent expenditure to sustainable level through reducing waste, inefficiency, corruption and duplication in government, as well as, make capital spending more effective.

The aim of this study is to explore the linkage between data mining and CBBE model to increase our brand knowledge by employing consumer questionnaire to determine the linkage between data mining and CBBE model. Two questionnaires are developed, one from the consumer opinions of analyzed with association rule to understand the relationships between the association rules and each stage of the brand equity pyramid; the other based on the literature review about brand equity factor and brand equity pyramid to design expert questionnaire to explore the linkage between brand equity pyramid and factors. Three main objectives in this study were: (1) to address solutions to the three questions related to brand image and each point of brand development; (2) to derive nine association rules in total by using association rules analysis; (3) to construct an expert questionnaire, and assess the relationships between the questionnaire items and measurement factors in the brand equity pyramid. The results not only helped to understand the status of their brand development but also provided strategies recommendations to improve the weak or underdeveloped stages in the process of brand building.

Social responsibility of organizations has been the most important elements of philosophy, So that it is important to abide by organizations within the social identity theory, Satisfaction of stakeholders outside the organization to legitimate organizations will strengthen. Many of the behaviors and actions of managers and employees, was influenced by moral valuesrooted in ethics. Due to lack of work ethic in management, organizations, societies such as Iran, which was one rich in moral values? The advanced countries have a considerable distance, can create problems for organizations. In addition to increasing the social expectations of organizations, societies, such issues as the environment, women, children, minorities, disabled people, equal employment and staffing reductions, are more sensitive. Organizations ignoring these rights and ethics in dealing with external stakeholders can cause problems for the organization and the organization and action of legitimacy put it, profits, and thus affects the success of the organization. Poor work ethic, the attitude of jobs, organized and effective managers, can affect the performance of individual, group and organizational influence.

The purpose of this study is the review of the relationship between organizational trust and knowledge management in the national company of refining and distribution of the oil production in Kermanshah – Iran. This research is on the basis of the descriptive type, and the questionnaires are used in it. Aloonen et al., (2008). Questionnaires are used for organizational trust and for knowledge management evaluation is the questionnaires of Proset et al., Capacity of statistical society consist of 270 employee of the national company on the basis of the class accidental sampling among them, some of them have selected as a statistical sample and finally, 134 questioners have collected. Kolmogorov -Simonov test was used for the determining of the normality collected data, and to confirm the results of it. Hypothesis of the research were put in test container with spearman conjunction test. Results show meaning full and positive conjunction between trust and knowledge management. That is as trust of employees about their organization, increases; they should show much knowledge management.

Wave propagation method (WPM) is utilized, for the first time, to study the resonance response of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The damping coefficient with in the interaction of tip-sample, which is assumed as a linear visco-elastic force, is considered in this paper as it has been neglected in the WPM studies of beam in previous investigations. Experiment and analytical results are provided in order to show the reliability and correctness of WPM method. The results are in good agreements with the experiments and show that the WPM is more accrue than analytical method.

This study aims at assessing the compatibility of critical success factors in new products developments with structural variables of various sports manufacturing industries in Tehran. Use of a descriptive correlational study, 80 employees and managers of various sports manufacturing companies in Tehran were totally examined, 70 of which delivered the completely filled-in questionnaires. After the approval of validity and reliability of researcher-made questionnaire, data were collected. The results revealed that indices of NPD's critical factors are able to predict structural variables, and critical success factors of new products have positive and significant relationships with structural variables. Finally, it can be said that the research model consists of optimal independent variables (critical factors in new product development) and dependent variables (structural variables), and the set of independent variables are able to explain changes in structural variables. The sport industry was ranked twenty-third with an income equivalent to 50.2 billion dollars in 1987, and after ten years in 1997 it attained the rank of eleventh with an income equivalent to 152 billion dollars. In 1999, it reached 213 billion dollars and the sports.

This study examines the effect of advertising on Iranian audience using the total sample of 274 Iranian male and female. The study used the t-test model to determine the significant differences between Iranian male and female attitudes on different facets of advertising if any. As the researcher found that there is a statistically significant difference between the Iranian male and female in advertisements which create needs but do not fulfill them perfectly, this type of study would help the industry to realize the need of measuring the pulse of the general consumers from time to time and fulfill their needs. Knowledge of these in different segments of society will help the industry and advertising agencies in the development of creative strategy and media planning for targeting specific groups. At the same time, the practice of advertising should be improved and its credibility has to be enhanced among its recipients. This research has tried to demonstrate that there are some people who always think the positive consequence of advertising and at the same time there may be others who think negatively the consequences of advertising, Therefore, the long-term goal of the industry should be to improve its performance over time.

One psychological factor which has recently gained importance in translation studies is the concept of willingness to translate (WTT). As a new notion, this willingness has not been probed regarding its relationship with translators' personality. Therefore, the present study, at first, focused on the analysis of the relationship between MA students’ three levels of WTT and their personality types, and then in the second step it tried to test this relationship between students’ WTT levels and their eight personality dichotomies. The quantitative data of this study were gathered through the administration of two questionnaires: willingness to translate (WTT) and the Persian version of the Myers Briggs type indicator (MBTI). The first hypothesized relationship was examined via One-Way ANOVA Test. The result demonstrated no relationship between these two variables. On the other hand, for testing this relationship between students’ WTT levels and eight personality dichotomies, a correlation test was applied. The results indicated a weak and positive correlation between Thinking and WTT and a weak and negative correlation between Feeling and WTT. Based on the results, it can be concluded that students’ personality types and dichotomies can have no effect on their three levels of WTT.

This study examines the relationship between job stress and mental health in governmental agencies of Sarpol-e-Zahab city. This research method is descriptive-correlation. Statically population is all staffs of governmental agencies. Statically sample is 160 people from governmental staffs. Samples were tested by Job stress questionnaire (IVJSI) and public health (28- GHQ). Results indicate that the positive relationship between job stress and mental health is significant. There was a significant and positive correlation between job stress and physical symptoms of anxiety and depression, but between job stress and social function symptoms is significant negative correlation; thus attention to work environment and agencies work condition cause to enhance the quality of work, employee mental health and efficiency.

Social network based-recommendation has some benefits that it approach used for improve of recommendation systems. Recommendation systems are appropriate tools for provide useful and suitable recommendations in social networks. However, in recent years researches has been done on recommender systems on social network, but there is the lack of a comprehensive study on the literature review and classification of these models. We reviewed the related articles and then classified those by the year of publication and their main techniques. The articles are categorized into four techniques, includes tag-based, context-based, social influence-based and trust-based recommendation system on social network. Our research provides information about trends in recommender systems on social network research by examining the publication years of the articles and used techniques, and show future direction on recommender systems on social network.

Death is an inevitable phenomenon that we should accept it as a part of our life. Because everybody will die and we cannot disregard it in our life. One of the most difficult events that may occur for every child or teenager is that one of his/her relatives be died. In order to therapy the consequences of death, it is necessary to acquire different information about its therapy methods such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. This is why that the present study was aimed to examine the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy methods on decreasing symptoms of depression among students with abnormal grief. The research methodology of this study is a pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study includes the students with grief that experienced one of their relatives’ deaths and had symptoms of abnormal depression based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IR-IV). The sample members have been selected randomly and then were appointed to experimental and control groups randomly. In order to collect the research data, the questionnaire of child and teenagers’ depression has been used. In order to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, Covariance analysis has been used in the SPSS. The results revealed that there is a significant difference between control and experimental groups’ depression after intervention (p?0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that the cognitive-behavioral therapy has a significant effect on decreasing symptoms of depression among students with abnormal grief.

This article is concerned with the economic impacts of tourism industry, especially in developing countries. It initially reviews the concept and using a model, it deals with the factors affecting the economic impacts associated with tourism. The research findings indicated that with short-term and long-term strategic planning and using the specific abilities and tourism products of developing countries, which suffer from some indices as unemployment, limits in earning and currency flows, inflation and other problems, most of their economic problems can be solved.

This article studies the problems and obstacles impeding the development of tourism industry in Iran focusing on marketing and promotion. For this purpose, it initially deals with the literature of tourism and marketing and then the importance of the research is expressed. After the data was collected and analyzed, the following items were identified as main obstacles to the development of tourism industry in Iran: lack of promotion in Iran’s attractions in target markets; inefficiency of national and international transportation facilities and systems; low quality of services such as hospitality and entertainment facilities; International negative publicity against Iran and insufficient training of people who are involved in the country’s tourism industry. The results from the research indicated that lack of promotions in the target markets (outside Iran) has become an obstacle to attracting tourists to Iran and negative untrue publicity against Iran launched by some international communities has become an obstacle to attracting tourists to the country. It was also confirmed that lack of suitable accommodations and recreation/entertainment facilities has become an obstacle to attracting tourists to Iran and the low quality of transportation in the country has become an obstacle to attracting tourists to Iran.

The use of tractors for agricultural works showed an important role to mechanized agricultural sector. A repairable mechanical system (as agricultural tractor) is subject to deterioration or repeated failure. In this study, the regression model was used to predict the failure rate of MF399 tractor. The machine failure pattern was carefully studied and key factors affecting the failure rate were identified in five regions of Khouzestan province. Results showed that different annual use hours (AUH) and maintenance policies affected failure rate. According to the data, the MF399 tractors included in 300-1000 AUH were commonly in a randomized breakdown period during their useful life but these tractors tend to enter the wear out period in the 1200-2000 AUH.

This study aimed to compare the effect of balance training methods including core stability, plyometrics and their combination on static and dynamic balance in female futsal players. To this end, a number of 60 female futsal players from Shahrekord city were selected as the participants using purposive sampling method. Then the subjects were randomly assigned into four groups each with 15 members including three experimental groups (core stability training (N=15), plyometric training (N=15) and combination training (N=15)) and a control group (N=15). Height, weight and leg length were measured in the subjects. In the pretest, the subjects performed Stork Test and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) to examine their static and dynamic balance performance, respectively. Based on the training protocol, the experimental groups did 8 weeks of their assigned exercise training. The training sessions were held three times a week and 45 minutes per session. The control subjects performed their routine trainings. After eight weeks, all variables were measured in the four groups again. Paired t test was run for within-group comparison, and one-way ANOVA was used for between-group comparison. The results showed that combination training group achieved the best performance in both static and dynamic balance comparing with other groups. Based on the present findings, it can be concluded that a combination of core stability and plyometric exercises may improve static and dynamic balance in female futsal players. Thus, it is recommended that these exercises be included in training programs for futsal players.

The aim of the present study is Legislative review of criminal policy towards the prevention of drug offenses. Position, role and importance of law in society makes an order, regulation, reduced social costs, etc. The basic principles and logic to struggle with drugs is law. It brings a sense of urgency for researchers that in Iran what is the status of preventive law? However given that drug crimes and has become one of the most sophisticated and the most important organized crime, Damage of personal, social, political and economic is essential to deal with criminal comprehensive policy.

In enzymology, the palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase is the enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of acyl-CoA esters to free fatty acid and coenzyme A. This enzyme regulates the intracellular concentrations of acyl-CoAs, free fatty acids and CoASH. This enzyme show broad specificity towards its substrates, i.e. fatty acyl-CoAs with different chain length. Using different previously described inhibitors of palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase including Niacin, FMN, Ibuprofen, Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (DCFA) and Clofibrate in molecular dynamic experiments we simulated enzyme complexes with its inhibitors separately. The simulation media were aqueous solution, 37?C and 1 atmosphere of pressure. In order to construct reasonable complexes between enzyme and its inhibitors we made molecular docking using HEX and Argus Lab software. Our results indicate that the hypothesized mechanism responsible for enzyme inhibition is the structural changes in enzyme protein induced by inhibitors that leads to increased content of irregular random structures in enzyme secondary structure. The structural alteration in enzyme is not necessarily manifested as protein denaturation but instead it appears as increase in protein compactness that brings the protein to go far from its native relaxed structure with enough flexibility and minimum tension. Our results also show that the more effective inhibitor induce the more compactness in protein structure in concomitant with increase in random structures.

Reading strategies are of interest for what they reveal about the way readers manage their interaction with written text and how these strategies are related to text comprehension. The aims of this study is to compare using of metacognitive strategies in reading skill by advanced, intermediate and elementary levels learners of English language. 200 Iranian EFL students both male and female were participated in this study. Their language proficiency level was classified to elementary, intermediate and advanced learners. It is convincing to mention that the participants were English major in teaching, translation and literature. The researcher utilized a questionnaire which was 22 items based on Likert Scale. The metacognitive reading strategies questionaire (MRSQ)is administered to investigate the frequency of participants'useof metacognitive reading strategies developed by Taraban,Kerr and Rynerson (2004). The results of the chi-square indicate that there is a significant relationship between the proficiency level of the students and their use of meta-cognitive strategies (x2 (8) = 74.67, P = .000 < .05). That is, as proficiency level increases the students make more use of meat-cognitive strategies. It should be also noted that gender as an independent variable in this study didn't cause any significant difference in the performance, i.e., we can claim that no significant differences between male and female students exist regarding the use of metacognitive strategies.

During the last two decades, Relation between trade liberalization & increasing exports with the achievement measure to environmental standards has attracted the attention of researchers. In economy area, this subject has been considered with a specific approach. For this purpose, in this article we are tried with the using of dates ways panel, the exports impact of industrial goods, besides the other effective variables on the environment as income, population & Value Added of industry sector for two groups of The organization of economic & development member countries(OECD) and selected developing countries, like Iran in the period of (1991-2007) has been studied on emission measure of carbon dioxide’s greenhouse gas .Also, the effective of variable model on emission measure of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide as the dependent variable, in OECD member countries has been tested in the period of (1991-2002).The relations between variables with the using of estimation to the ways of fixed impacts , random effects & the way of Generalized method of moments is estimated .The results of model estimation is indicated that the economic development, population growth & the add value of industry sector have positive & significant effect on the emission measure of Pollution in both groups of selected countries. Exports of industrial goods in OECD member countries have positive & significant effect on the emission measure of Pollution & in developing countries have the positive & significant effect too.

Test-task characteristics have been considered as an important factor affecting the test takers’ performance on a test (Bachman, 1990, p. 156). Response format is one part of test-task characteristics that affects the performance of test takers. This study investigates whether the kind of response format would affect the performance of test takers. For this reason two test methods - - multiple-choice and free-response - - have been compared. The tests, together with a checklist of test taking strategies were administered to forty undergraduate English students of Rasht Azad University. The analysis showed that two tests with identical content but different formats did not yield measures of the same trait. In addition, the discrimination indices showed that two reading tests could discriminate students differently. This was more investigated by analyzing data obtained from the checklists of test taking strategies.

In this study, estimation capabilities of response surface methodology and optimization acceptability of desirability functions methodology in an air drying process were investigated. The air temperature, air velocity, drying time and banana thickness were selected as independent factors in the process of drying banana slices. The dependent variables or responses were the moisture content, drying rate, energy efficiency and exergy efficiency. A rotatable central composite design as an adequate method was used to develop models for the responses. The regression coefficient, regression equation and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also obtained to analysis of responses. In addition to this 3D response surface plot were helpful to predict the results by performing only limited set of experiments. Simultaneously, a minimum value for the moisture content and maximum value for the other responses was desired. Finally desirability functions found a maximum desirability equal to 0.49.

Fetal protection is an issue that has been outlined in human societies and it has been considered in many legal systems throughout the world. In Iranian criminal law, fetus has a human personality and is respectable and protective. Any violation from this law is legally forbidden and is considered as a crime because like other human beings, fetus has rights such as rights of living and being healthy. So protection of fetal rights is not limited to support of its life by abortion ban or other practices resulting in life deprivation rather it includes protection of fetus’s health right.

The present article is an attempt to study Annie Proulx’s short story collection: Fine Just the Way It Is in the light of Judith Butler’s concepts of vulnerability and gender performativity. According to Butler, all bodies are manipulated by regulatory norms and existing cultural power to perform a predefined gender role as well as vulnerable from the start to the world of others. By exploring the stories through Butlerian concepts of gender performativity and vulnerability, this article presents that Proulx’s characters not only gain their recognition in a political project through following their gender performativity, but also experience the collective condition of vulnerability to the socioeconomic structures as well as conditioned by power. Therefore, this analysis inevitably seeks to particularize the way Proulx’s characters portray the norms of performativity which have to be performed in order to be recognized in social realm through ‘desire’ and ‘enactment’. Furthermore, by paralyzing Butler’s concept of vulnerability to the literary pieces, the present study delineates the situations in which characters experience ‘violence’, ‘insecurity’, and ‘lack of autonomy’ instigated by interdependency and imposed conventions of social structures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the sonographic characteristics of retained products of conception after second-trimester abortion. Methods: 187 women clinically suspected for retained products of conception referred for abdominal and if needed transvaginal ultrasound between 2015 and 2016. If remnants of pregnancy were suspected due to prolonged symptoms, and some specific sonographic findings (echogenous or heterogeneous mass, upper or lower segment maximal anterior-posterior endometrial thickness of more than 15 millimeter) dilation and curettage was performed and the specimen was sent for pathological confirmation. Information regarding age, gestational age, and number of previous pregnancies, as well as sonographic findings were recorded. 55 patients (29.4%) were found to have retained products of conception. Every patient with retained products of conception had at least one positive sonographic finding. A lower segment endometrial thickness of more than 15 mm was the most specific characteristic of retained products of conception (97.7%) with the highest PPV (83.3%), followed by endometrial mass with 94% specificity and 65% PPV.  Lower segment endometrial thickness of more than 15mm is the most specific sonographic finding for remnants of pregnancy; while, upper segment thickness of more than 10mm is the most sensitive one. 

To investigate the differences between advanced and (lower) intermediate learners' sources of errors, two groups of eighty homogenous EFL Iranian learners were selected. The first group were eighty advanced English learners of one institute in Kerman at FCE (pre-intermediate level) level and the second group were eighty lower intermediate English learners of the same institute at COMB 1 (advanced) level. The researcher observed the subjects' performances and made a ten-hour audio-recording of their performances. The recorded tapes were transcribed. The findings of the study revealed that firstly, lower intermediate learners committed much more errors than the advanced ones (3360 errors versus 753), having equal time; secondly, there were significant differences between the intermediate and advanced learners' sources of errors. The intermediate learners mostly committed interlingual errors while most advanced learners committed intralingual errors. Both groups committed idiosyncratic errors too. Thirdly, there were meaningful differences between the two proficiency groups' types of intralingual errors; the intermediate learners committed much more overgeneralization and undergeneralization errors than the advanced learners, while both groups had equal faulty categorization errors.

Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory, infectious disease of tissues that support the teeth and caused by a particular microorganism or group of specific microorganisms. Periodontitis associated with other condition, such as candidiasis caused different and resistant clinical signs. The aims of this study is finding presence or absence of the fungus Candida albicans in patients with periodontal pockets in chronic periodontitis with various grades of slight, moderate and sever before and after periodontal treatment phase I. Patients with chronic periodontitis criteria into three groups of 21 people with slight moderate and sever groups. After sampling the deepest periodontal pockets of patients using paper point No.45.samples of paper points placed in 1 ml sterile saline, centrifuged and then were transferred to medium chrome agar. The green colonies of Candida albicans were found in the culture medium were counted for each patient then patients treated by mechanical periodontal treatment phase I, including health education, scaling and root planning. After 6 weeks, the patients re-sampling of deepest periodontal pockets were planted just like before and Candida albicans were counted again. The colony before treatment (p<0/001) and after treatment (p<0/001) was associated with disease severity; and disease severity in all three groups, the mean of colonies was significantly reduced after treatment (p<0/001), so that the average number of colonies decreased in patients with sever disease and it was significantly higher than the mean and the median was more than slight (p<0/001). It appears that fungus Candida albicans colonies influenced on the severity of the disease and periodontal treatment phase I can be effective in reducing the fungus and decrease was associated with disease severity.

Human civilization formed from several communities and each community is growing and developing all the communities. We are observing the evolution of human civilization. Why do some countries get richer every day? And some of the highest incomes in rich countries pay for improving their innovation and development costs and the future of the country but low-income and poor countries does not do anything. Several communities are always people who are hard-working creative and entrepreneurial addition to their problems; help others to solve community problems. Joseph Schumpeter the father of enterprise believed that the scientific and economic development growth and job creation that is possible when a system the people in the community take risks and to new innovative methods of alternative solutions and approaches to per inefficient and archaic .This means anyone with a new idea of entrepreneurship and business process mobilization marketed through the new product or service. The human society development process since the beginning can see with help of a time machine from the beginning until now and we see that in each period and creative entrepreneurs have pioneered new developments. From the Renaissance to the present number of experts on entrepreneurship has researched and everyone has tried to encourage every person in own age. Entrepreneurs are individuals with special characteristics such as courage, innovation, hard work, creativity, with the goal of success, etc. These special conditions during childhood and adolescence and therefore pursue the implementation of their projects. However, the development of national and international entrepreneurs is not possible without new ideas, way of life and their composition, creativity, design, fight hard, take risks and succeed with hope and confidence is high. These three personal skills, technical and management required.The main advantages of entrepreneurship for job creation, completion of civilization and industry increased productivity, preventing brain drain then increase national wealth and etc. Because governments use this key and scroll and progress must appropriate and use this important legislation and provided with the necessary facilities to encourage youth entrepreneurship and to transform society and in the international competition and to succeed in their community.

Management nowadays is something more than a job or a profession and it became the combination of science, art, skill. Managers in such a complex and dynamic industrial societies of these days, regarding the increasing knowledge in all fields and unreliable conditions of global competitive, cannot succeed just by using managing skills and there is no option but using leadership skills. Management is the art of making others do the job for you, but leadership is the process of influence others in the way that they conduct the work of their own accord and prefer the organization's interest to their own in all areas. A manager needs four skills: understanding, humanity, technical, and specialist. So he can do his duties such as planning, coordinating, organizing, controlling and supervising leadership and guidance, budgeting and industrial innovating. the manager's characteristics are (managing knowledge, art, experience and intrinsic management competency; however a leader must have characteristics such as great intelligence ,self-control ,self-confidence, charm ,speech influence ,high understanding ,emotional stability in addition to above items) and therefore ,when science and technology leaders come to an agreement and experience the deepest human relationship with their employees ,they achieve the most successful outcomes. The fast changes are permanent in the nowadays industrial world and leaders most perform different roles in this changing world so they can be successful in all aspects. Effort for success in the new science, specially nano technology and it`s application in the petroleum industry, definitely needs to such leaders who can lead the employees through the recognition of their potentials and used each of them in its place and to help leaders to achieve results.

Stock price forecasting is a prominent phenomenon for investors and other financial information users. Indeed, stock price prediction has been regarded as an interesting yet challenging process in the advanced world of business. Various economical or non economical factors have effected on stock market behavior, hence stock price forecasting is recognized as one of the most complicated subjects in business. In past, statistic-based methods were suggested to solve this problem. In recent decade, nonlinear based fuzzy time series models methods, artificial neural networks, fuzzy neural networks and combined prediction models have been recommended. There have been permanent debates about different methods of forecasting precision among those authors who selected artificial intelligence in forecasting. Therefore comparative analyses are crucial. This study by applying neural networks and minimizing stock price forecasting error designs and provides stock price forecasting model, in comparison to combined artificial neural networks technique. Results show that the combined neural network model forecasts more appropriately and is faster with higher estimation capability in stock price forecasting in relation to single neural networks.

This study was a quantitative one that aimed at examining any probable relationship between two fundamental constructs in the area of language pedagogy. These constructs were EFL teacher’S self-efficacy and tacher empowerment. The participants of this study were 80 female and male language EFL teachers who were working at ten language institutes in Shiraz, Marvdasht and Zarghan. They were selected via convenience sampling method due to some restrictions. The study was conducted utilizing two questionnaires. There was an efficacy scale by of Tschannen-Moran and Woolfolk Hoy (2001) and an empowerment questionnaire by Short and Rienehart (1992). To obtain the result, the researchers run Pearson Correlation. The result showed a significant correlation between the two constructs at 0.05.

This study endeavored to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and mental health of Iranian elementary students using descriptive research method. To measure the variables used in the study, two questionnaires of parenting style of Bamrynd (1991) and general health (GHQ- 2) were used and the findings revealed that the relationship between authoritative parenting style and mental health was positive. In similar, the relationship between permissive parenting style and mental health of elementary students of Shemiranat was positive. However, there was a negative relationship between authoritarian parenting style and mental health of students. Also, the results of regression test showed that among the three dimensions of parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian and permissive), merely the authoritative parenting style had the ability to predict the mental health of students.

This study was to "examine the relationship between family functioning and parenting style and perfectionism of adolescent students of Shemiranat that has conducted in a descriptive-correlation style. The statistical population in this study includes all high school students in the Shamiran city that has been done according to the latest available statistics and data in 10625. According the extend size of the studied population, a simple random sampling method is used. Finally from the mentioned population, a sample size with amount of 371 students was chosen. To measure the variables used in the study, I used 3 questionnaires according to BOMRIND (1971) parenting style, NATAN B. ENSTIEN et al (1998) questionnaire and HILLS perfectionism questionnaire (2004). The content and form of the questionnaires was approved by experts. The GERONBACH ALFA for parenting style questionnaire was 0.85, for family functioning questionnaire was 0.86 and for perfectionism questionnaire was 0.87. The data analyzing was according to the results of Pearson correlation test and Regression. Pearson correlation test results indicated that there is a positive and meaningful relation between authoritative parenting style and perfectionism style. But between authoritative parenting style and perfectionism there is a reverse and negative relation. Finally there is no meaningful relation between Leniency style and perfectionism. Also the results of regression test showed that there is a meaningful relation between family functioning (solving problem, communication, roles, emotional replication, emotional involvement, behavioral control, general family functioning) and perfectionism. In general, the results showed that among family functioning features, four features (emotional involvement, behavioral control, general functioning, and emotional replication) have the ability to predict perfectionism.

The present study aimed to compare mental health of female athlete and non-athlete students in the city of Indica. The research methodology was a descriptive survey, which initially described the mental health and then compared it among the students. The statistical population of the study included all high school girls in the academic year of 2012-2013 in the city of Indica accounting for 919 subjects. The sampling was done in this study by two methods of census (enumeration) and multi-stage cluster random sampling. Due to the limited number of athletes (85 subjects), all were included in the study sample. Of the non-athletic population, 106 non-athlete subjects were selected using Cochran formula by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The measurement tool in this study was the Goldberg and Hiller GHQ Standard Questionnaire (1979) consisting of two parts. The fist part includes demographic information, including questions about demographic and individual characteristics of study samples such as age, type of illness, etc. The second part consisted of 28 questions to measure four subscales (somatic symptoms, anxiety, social functioning and depression). The reliability (reliability coefficient) of the questionnaire was obtained as 0.85 through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. For data analysis, the descriptive statistics was used in order to summarize the data, and the inferential statistics, including Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney tests were used to test the hypotheses. The results showed significant differences between physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and depression in two groups of female athlete and non- athlete students. It also indicated that the athlete students had a better status than the non-athletic students regarding mental health and its four subscales. It is therefore suggested to encourage students to participate in sports activities in order to enhance their mental health.

Helping English learners acquire a foreign language effectively is an essential issue which needs to be investigated. Obtaining a good listening comprehension which acts as a basis for the development of the other skills is very important. This study intended to explore and see whether using authentic English songs can improve the EFL learners’ listening comprehension. This paper reported the results of this study which was implemented on two groups in Tarlak English institute in Bandar Anzali. The study determined the effect of English songs on the language learners’ listening comprehension. This study was executed on 40 intermediate level students who were assigned to two groups as the control group and the experimental group. A pre and postlistening test was applied to both groups. The findings showed that the use of English songs had statistically significant impact on the language learners’ listening comprehension. Key Terms, listening, songs, authentic listening

To help the user to cope with such a variety of interfaces, instance types, and pricing models, cloud brokers have emerged as a powerful tool to serve as intermediary between end users and cloud providers. A cloud broker can provide a uniform interface independently of the particular cloud provider technology, can collect automatically information from providers (instance availability, prices, etc.), and can help cloud users to choose the right platforms when deploying their services across multiple clouds, also allowing them to switch between platforms to get the best conditions.

Schools and more primary schools often use of workbook. They believe students learn better with this activities and workbooks. And some schools don't believe in using these books. Hands on Activities & Manipulative VS. Worksheets & Workbooks for Pre-K and Kindergarten (Love, Yahoo Contributor Network Nov 3, 2010). Workbook is the creative resource for photography and illustration portfolios, a source for memorizing, cutting edge marketing tools, industry news, contacts. Workbook is a leader of students.(WORKBOOK Photography & Illustration Portfolios, Creative Contact ...(www.workbook.com)

We aimed to investigate factors associated with the creation of a learning organization at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran through the perspective of faculty members of the university. research method is Descriptive- survey. Sample population in this research include faculty members of Shahid Beheshti University which 517 subjects were selected using multi-stages cluster sampling and the researcher questioner was delivered to the subjects. The question numbers were determined based on Morgan among 221 people. Data collected via questionnaire regularly. Questionnaire used in this study is feasibility of the approach and is based on the Likert scale ratings. Towards data analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical has been used. Descriptive statistical estimates the frequency distribution , percentage, density , mean , and .... . For hypothesis test, inferential statistical parameters such as Pearson correlation coefficient , ANOVA , t independent groups , multiple regression, post hoc Tukey test was used for data analysis . results showed that among the eight -component communication patterns , reward system , individual autonomy , risk - taking, conflict , identification, management support, coherence, integration and creating a learning organization at Shahid Beheshti University is a significant relationship between them which the description of each component of the items discussed during the study findings are presented.

The modeling of a parallel ferroresonant circuit leads to a single-phase model formed of many elements, which of course translates into a large number of state variables, and therefore of high dimension. We show how it is possible to gradually reduce the adopted model dimension while retaining certain characteristic quantities which seemed important for the ferroresonance study; and validate the different approximations made. Different results temporal and frequency obtained numerically on the developed models (simulating parallel ferroresonance real cases), are presented and commented. We confirm that the parallel ferroresonance is sufficiently represented qualitatively by a reduced model of dimension three.

University graduates stand at the dawn of their careers, seeking meaningful employment in a labour market that is characterized by volatile change and globalization. This new world of work requires flexibility, versatility, and creativity skills not traditionally required of an employee. Graduates today are required to develop a skills-set that enables pro-active career behavior and, furthermore, aid the employer to utilize such abilities as business solutions. Outstanding academic achievements and development of graduate?s skills generally determines graduates employability. This project examined factors affecting graduates employability in Somalia; case study of Mogadishu and SIMAD universities. The specific objective of the project is first to examine how quality of high education affects graduate employability in Somalia; second to determine how education policy affects graduate employability in Somalia and finally, to establish how learning environment affects graduates employability in Somalia. The study also used human development, quality and performance theories to analyze graduate employability factors. The study sets out methodology on various stages that researcher followed in completing the study. The researcher identified the procedures, population of 300 and the sample size of 60 and techniques which is 20 percent of the target population (Mugenda Mugenda ) approach (Theuri, 2014). The researcher developed self administered survey questioners and distributed 60 and only 48 of them returned which 80% of the sample. Analysis of data employed by percentages and frequencies to analyze the results of questionnaire using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 and the result will be presented in the form of summaries, such as statistical tables and charts with clear discussions and illustrations. It involves a blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. The study idea started on May 2015 and completed June 2016 with delays. The study found that quality of high education has highly positive effects to graduate employability. The education policy and learning environment also showed that it has moderate effects to graduate employability. The universities have to work hard to improve quality of high education and establish supportive learning environment, government has to work to establish education policy that applicable to the local context and all will contribute future graduates' employability. Finally, further research should be carried out on employers' behaviors and availability of jobs in the market that could be other factors that could have effect to graduate employability.

Titles are multi-layered and functional in nature. In the recent years, the academic field of titrology has paid particular attention to the analysis of titles from different scopes, but research on the translation of titles has been very limited, especially in the context of Persian language. This study has addressed structural differences and generic peculiarities of book titles and investigates the translation methods adopted by Iranian translators. To this aim 180 English book titles and their translations were analyzed according to the methodology proposed by Nord (1995) and their translation strategy is categorized according to Vinay-Darbelnet's model of translation strategies. The results showed Iranian translators' preference of direct translation methods, while indirect strategies were applied where generic conventions and cultural differences imprinted structural and lexical shifts.

A typical presentation of miliary tuberculosis is radiologically defined by the presence of diffuse micronodules of different size and irregular contours distributed throughout the lung parenchyma. We report the case of a 24-year-old young adult, who presented a metastatic adenocarcinoma revealed by respiratory symptoms, and a balloons releasing image on the chest scanner.

In this paper, we expanded the application of Shehu transformation to obtained the solution for system of ordinary differential equations that subjected to known or unknown initial conditions, which applies in calculation for the cost of activity.