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The main objective of this study is to find out if there is any relationship between Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and organizational performance in Nigerian banks. Relevant literature was reviewed and a model consisting of twenty six variables was conceptualized and tested by means of empirical data collected through a questionnaire survey. A total of two hundred and twenty four (224) copies of a questionnaire were administered, two hundred and eleven (211) copies were duly completed and returned. The result of the descriptive statistics shows that Customer Focused Services, Information and Communication Technology, Complaints Management, High Quality Service, Timeliness in Service Delivery, Security of Money, Friendliness of Employees, Ease of Opening Account, Competitive Charges on Services, Availability of Credit are CRM strategies used in Nigerian banks. It also reveals a difference in the perception of staff and customers. The result of the spearman rank correlation, Mann- Whitney U test and partial correlations provided support for these findings and confirm that there is a positive relationship between customer relationship management and organizational performance (as conceptualized by customer satisfaction, customer retention, increase in number of customers and increased net profit. It was also found that companies image and branch network intervene in the relationship between CRM and organizational performance.

The study investigates the effect of Staff Socio-Mobility skills on Library Staff Productivity in seven Academic Libraries in South West, Nigeria. The focus of the study is to identify socio-mobility skills of staff, determine the effect of staff socio-mobility skills on staff productivity in these libraries. The sample population consisted of 150 librarians, and a descriptive survey was adopted for the study with the questionnaire used as the main instrument of data collection. However, a total number of 113 copies of the questionnaire were returned, thus giving a response rate of 75%. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents agreed that library resources management has positive effect on their productivity. Librarians at Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta (FUNAB) have higher productivity than those in each of the other academic libraries. In order to determine the effect of socio-mobility skills on library staff productivity, an hypothesis was formulated and tested and it shows there is no significant effect of staff socio-mobility skills on staff productivity in the selected academic libraries. The study concluded that library staff should be encouraged to attend seminars, trainings, and workshops in order to improve their socio-mobility skills, and librarians should ensure they publish regularly in learned journals to enhance their productivity.

The physico-chemical characteristics of Otamiri River were investigated using digital meters and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). The aim of the study was to provide information that will be useful in the sustainable development of the River. The results indicates that the mean pH concentrations of the Otamiri river obtained at four strategic gauge stations designated SSWS1 - Egbu, SSWS2 –Timber Market, SSWS3 – FUTO and Downstream-Mbirichi were 6.45, 6.58, 6.45 and 6.50 respectively for the mean pH while the mean values for Pb2+ were 0.02, 0.02, 1.67 and 0.02 mg/l respectively, that of Cd2+ was 0.004, 0.0036, 0.004 and 0.002 mg/l respectively while the mean concentrations for Fe+ were 0.01, 0.016, 0.23 and 0.10 mg/l. The result of stream sediment samples indicates that the concentrations of pH were 5.8, 5.90, 6.30 and 4.45 respectively while mean concentrations values for Pb2+ were 0.08, 0.07, 0.06 and 0.05 mg/kg respectively while the values for Cd2+ were 0.32, 0.28, 0.30 and 0.25 mg/kg respectively. The values for Hg were 0.10, 0.13, 0.15 and 0.18 mg/kg. The results for both water and sediment samples with respect to pH and some heavy metal concentrations were not in conformity with World Health Organisation (2011) standard for safe drinking water as well as Federal Ministry of Environment (2006) standard for soil respectively thus, constitute a threat to the River; these are attributed to waste dumps and anthropogenic activities around the four stations The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) of the river indicates that it is excellent for irrigation purposes even though correction of the pH needed to be done. The pollution index (PI) of the river shows that it is tending towards its critical value of 1. The pH of the water can be treated using sodium bicarbonate while the sediment by liming method while the excessive concentrations of heavy metals can be treated using acornic acid.

The leaves extract of abutilon indicum leaves herbal preparation that has been suggested as useful in the treatment of varies diseases anti microbial, anti wound killing agents and anti oxidant etc. In this study to determine the gastro protective effect of abutilon indicum leaves in a model of Indomethacin induced ulcer rat. The extract was given by oral gavages (100 and 200mg/kg) three times at 12 h intervals after administering indomethacin 30mg/kg. Treatment with the extract resulted in a significant decreased of the ulcerated area. The results were comparable with the positive control (ranitidine 50mg/kg). Further the results were confirmed using Histopathological studies of the stomach. Thus, we concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of abutilon indicum leaves possess good preventive and therapeutic action on the gastric ulcers.

This study summarizes the steps for forecasting Natural gas consumption in Bangladesh’s power sector using Box-Jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model. For this study a structure for ARIMA forecasting model is being proposed where a time series is expressed in terms of past values of itself plus current and lagged values of a ‘white noise’ error term. Validity of the model was tested using standard statistical techniques and the best model is proposed on the basis of various diagnostic and selection & evaluation criteria. The findings of the study will provide policy makers in Bangladesh a long term perspective of natural gas consumption in power sector along with necessity of exploring other alternative energy sources and assist in adopting proper strategies to address the power supply situation of Bangladesh.

Tourism is one of the major sources of income for most countries and using the internet as a new channel for providing different services of tourism is growing rapidly. But it is clear that focusing on technology alone can’t lead the business to success. The key point of successful business in e-tourism is to concentrate on the customers and their behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate influential factors for predicting intention of tourists and travellers in e-tourism in Iran, based on a modified model designed according to the principle of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). For this purpose, the specific features from modified model were investigated through a survey involving 259 respondents. In our study, the results reviled that “attitude”, “subjective norm” as well as “perceived behavior of control” significantly affects Iranian tourists’ intention to use e-tourism. In this research we not only worked on evaluating a model and the relationship between constructs, but also tried to find specific factors that drive people to use e-tourism. This study investigated the relationships among beliefs about Internet privacy and trustworthiness; in short its shown respondents who believed in the trustworthiness of the tourism websites were more likely to use e-tourism. In addition to using descriptive method, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) has also been utilized to fathom out to what extent the specific factors defined by modified model are influential for motivating people to use e-tourism websites.

To assess socioeconomic status, empowerment level, and habitual food intake pattern among ethnic women living in the north-west part of Bangladesh. An observational study. Ethnic women of two selected districts (Dinajpur and Joypurhat). 106 females at their reproductive age (15-49 years) were selected for the study. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, women’s empowerment indicators in agricultural index, food frequency patterns were collected during interviewing the women. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the habitual intake of dietary patterns. Results revealed that almost all of the ethnic women were over 19 years old in which the mothers/caregivers were the dominant groups (62.2%). The secondary schooling rate (27.3%) was higher among the mother or caregivers although Illiteracy was widespread (36.7%) for all ethnic women. Income strata between two districts showed that their mean monthly incomes (4418 ± 397.49 TK. and 5347.72 ± 743.21 TK. for Dinajpur and Joypurhat district respectively) were below the national income level and households from both districts spent their major proportion of income for purchasing the food items (mean; 1592.95 ± 98.13 TK.). The rate of women empowerment was very low for all five domains, and particularly 33% of women felled little decision power over the use of income domain. Further, the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) showed that the entire studied women consumed rice daily, and almost all of the studied women (94%) never consumed wheat flour. Around 90% of women consumed dark green leafy vegetables between 1-2 days per week and half of the women consumed vitamin-A rich fruits and vegetables on average two days per week. The current observational study provides a piece of important information of ethnic women of the north-west part of Bangladesh, who were socioeconomically poor, less empowered and consumed inadequate nutrient-dense foods

This study investigated the total quality management practices and competitiveness in Saudi Arabia contractors. The effectiveness of total quality management initiatives that result in sustainable competitive advantage and enhanced business performance have been a major subject of interest for business and academia. Total quality management is about continuous organisational success based on customer satisfaction and the contribution of all employees constantly working to enhance organisational processes, services, and products. Thus, a quantitative approach using the survey method was employed. With assistance from the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, survey questionnaires were distributed to selected contractors from across five geographically diverse areas in Saudi Arabia. The collected data were analysed using correlation, multiple regressions. The key findings were the confirmation of significant relationships between all total quality management practices and competitiveness, significant relationships between total quality management practices and quality culture, and a positive relationship between total quality management practices and competitiveness. Furthermore, total quality management practices were found to be able to explain 36.6% of the variance in competitiveness while quality culture explained 12.5% of the variance in competitiveness.

This study was conducted to investigate the factors that contribute towards the turnover intention of teachers of private sector schools of Sargodha division. For this purpose several factors of satisfaction i.e. security, nature of work, working condition, colleagues (integration), principal, students, recognition, social status and promotion are considered because these are the main factors which increase or decrease the turnover intention of teachers. Data was collected through paper and pencil technique from various private schools of Sargodha division. Pearson correlation and zero order correlation were used to test the hypotheses. Only four factors i.e. principal, promotion, pay and working conditions were proved to have a strong negative relationship with turnover intention.

Now-a-days employees become the most important assets of the organizations. Organizations spend millions of rupees for their employee’s trainings and developments. But after certain time they quit because of many factors. In present study, we focus on two factors that contribute in this problem i.e. pay and supervisor. This study investigates the relationship of employee’s satisfaction of supervisor and pay with organizational commitment. Data was collected from 157 employees of banking sector. The results show that if employees are satisfied with their pay as well as their supervisor then their commitment towards their organization is strong.

Existing and in recent times proposed clustering algorithms are studied and it is known that the k-means clustering method is mostly used for clustering of data due to its reduction of time complexity. But the foremost drawback of k-means algorithm is that it suffers from sensitivity of outliers which may deform the distribution of data owing to the significant values. The drawback of the k-means algorithm is resolved by k-medoids method where the novel approach uses user defined value for k. As a result, if the number of clusters is not chosen suitably, the accuracy will be minimized. Even, K-medoids algorithm does not scale well for huge data set. In order to overcome the above stated limitations, a new grid based clustering method is proposed, where time complexity of proposed algorithm is depending on the number of cells. Simulation results show that, the proposed approach has less time complexity and provides natural clustering method which scales well for large dataset.

Electronic Mail is the “killer network application”. It is ubiquitous and pervasive. This paper presents an implemented framework for data mining behavior models from email data. There are different methods for detection of spam through email. The main goal is to develop a method that outperforms the existing methods in terms of detection of spam, ham and wrongly classified spam, that is, the accuracy of the proposed method is higher compared to the other existing methods. The other goal is to implement the proposed algorithm for reducing the time. So, to recapitulate, this paper deals with the accuracy and process timing based on prioritization of detecting email messages.

Wireless ad-hoc networks allow the construction of flexible and adaptive networks with no fixed infrastructure or any base station. The core challenge is to develop efficient routing protocols for the dynamic nodes to commune with each other without any hazard or latency. A number of routing protocols such as Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV), Destination–Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA) have already been presented for the communication purpose while AODV outperforms the others in terms of the efficiency. Considering several performance factors such as the packet delivery fraction (PDF), end to end delivery, normalized routing overload and the normalized MAC, this paper has proposed an improvement over the existing AODV protocol and termed it as I-AODV (improved AODV). Effectiveness of the proposed I-AODV algorithm under different level of nodal mobility is confirmed through Cygwin simulation.

Over centuries the field of psychology has been dominated by men. For a long time, women have been labeled as inferior and men have dominated the field of psychology. Male superiority and dominance has infiltrated the social structure and reduced the role of the female in society. Myths of Social Darwinism based on sexual selection among other attributes saw the females struggle over centuries. There were many others who refuted this myth including Helen Thompson, Mary Calkins, and Mary Putnam Jacobi. Their theories include equity model and relational theory that has left the women fighting for equality based on early concepts of feminism. The main purpose of the paper is to investigate the history of women psychology and liberation of feminist in research and psychology. Narrative analysis of various literature from different nations on feminism, women and psychological research. The findings indicate that feminism is a thing of the past, there has been development in gender equality. Both men and women have been given equal chances in practicing psychology and more scholarships have been given out to women to encourage them to participate in research and psychology. Continuous empowerment has encouraged women to grow and develop their self-confidence, self-efficacy, and self-esteem.

Motivation seems to be one of the most important tools of managing employee performance. Organizations design motivation systems (strategy) to encourage employees to perform in the most effective way but also to attract potential candidates. The case study was chosen to represent other strategies in place that will improve staff performance through motivation within the organization in which staffs were dissatisfied as a result of ineffective use of non financial motivation. The non monetary rewards available at MMM includes promotion, appreciation certificates, housing facilities, training scholarship, good working conditions, gift offering and recognition, responsibility and training. On the other hand, employees consider non-monetary incentives among the most important factors that increase their desire to exert more effort in their jobs. The general objective of this proposal was to explore the effect of motivation strategy over staff performance in MMM, and also to realize this, the following objectives were looked in details, to allow employees to perform well at MMM include financial motivation, non-financial and the management style of MMM that had motivate staff, researcher during the study use different theories and models that relate with the topic under study which was drive theory and incentive theory and Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs model the researcher use descriptive survey design and he will target 300 Employees of MMM Ltd. The sampling techniques that researcher used was stratified sampling and the sample size was 156 employees of MMM Ltd which was out of 300 employees as the targeted population of the study, data collection tools were questionnaires. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to analyze the data collected and finally data was presented through the use of bar graphs and pie charts where possible. Findings were there was a clear financial compensation strategy as it indicates the organization has clear compensation policy. The respondents believed that management of MMM Ltd was responsible for both the big structures that serve as the foundation of confidence, and the human touches that shape a positive emotional climate to inspire and motivate and some of the recommendations that researcher has pointed for MMM Ltd was Management and departmental heads should deliver confidence to the employees by exposing high standards of training programs and motivation strategies in the organization. Since mangers are responsible for bridging the gap between staff motivation strategy and the final decisions on how to train on the best of their knowledge and the reality of implementing the changes within the organization, they should always involve employees in decision making.

The main purpose of this paper is to overview the goal and objectives of corporate governance from the theoretical perspective within the financial sector of Pakistan. This sector has experienced some high profile corporate scandals in all over the world, for example BCCI, Baring Bank, and Equitable life. The corporate governance structure set the rules and regulations for the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different stakeholders to avoid fraud. In this conceptual paper first the broad parameters of corporate governance are discussed, from a theoretical perspective, and specific characteristics are derived from theoretical knowledge that is applicable to financial services sector of Pakistan. Different issues are examined and the extent to which they have been addressed by contemporary academic or policy-related studies is considered. The main focus of this paper is banks. The key issue arising is the rapid changes brought about by globalization, deregulation and technological advances are increasing the risks in banking systems. External regulators, SECP, and auditors should play significant role to minimize these risk and should encourage sound governance practices. One avenue of future research would be to assess the effectiveness of compliance in the Pakistan; given that financial companies have obligations concerning code provisions. Some key issues pertaining to corporate governance in financial services are addressed, highlighting their significance to encourage further research by academic and practitioners in the field.

The main purpose of this paper is to present the importance of benchmarking in TQM and organizational performance. To determine the various benefits an organization can derive from the application of total quality management practices, or the relationship between total quality management and quality outcomes/benefits in services sector of telecom industry of Pakistan. The study is based on primary and secondary data. Eight most important constructs were found through literature review for conceptual framework in this study. Primary data is collected through questionnaires. The same questionnaire was used in comparison of TQM practices in different countries such as India, USA, Mexico, China and Norway. The theoretical framework adopted is by Raghunathan et al. (1999). Findings revealed that TQM practices and implementation have positive effects on quality benefits or outcome (productivity, profitability, competitive position, reduce customer complaints, cost reduction, reduce rework level, reduces scrap level, stay in business) in services sector of telecom industry of Pakistan. Benchmarking also plays a significant role in the development of organizations. In addition to the research data, findings from different field studies and other research works have further supported conclusion drawn from this research, that TQM practices have positive effect on organizational development. The findings based on this empirical research would be useful to both decision makers and researchers.

Dal Lake, situated in the heart of Srinagar city in India is under tremendous anthropogenic pressure. This study was conducted to determine physico-chemical water quality parameters for the Hazaratbal basin of the Dal lake. Water quality was surveyed from May 2013 to August 2013 at three different sites which were located on the Hazaratbal basin. There were two types of data obtained from the lake water quality sampling exercise, i.e in-situ and laboratory analyses data. A total of seven water quality parameters namely pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC),Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Turbidity, Air temperature and Water temperature were measured at the sampling sites. While for laboratory analysis, there were fourteen parameters namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Dissolved Salts (TDS), Free Carbon-dioxide, Acidity, Nitrite, Phosphate, Sulphate, Colour, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Chloride, Calcium and Magnesium ion concentration. Monthly changes in various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed.

Water quality monitoring has been high priority to determine the current conditions of the water system. Water quality indices provide the first hand assessment in a simplified manner on the quality and possible uses for irrigation. Many indices are required for specifying the quality of water for irrigation purposes as a single parameter can be restrictive at times. The intent of this paper was to put forth a quality profile of irrigation water. As a case studied, the water of Jhelum was studied. Samples were collected during the period from October 2016 to April 2017. pH, conductivity, total hardness, nitrite, alkalinity, sodium, magnesium, DO, TDS etc were analyzed. Permeability Index (PI), Kelly’s ratio, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Hazard (MH) was calculated based on the analytical results. It was observed that water quality profile was good and normal for irrigation purposes.

The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between the Stature and Popliteal Height Sitting, PHS. 161 male occupational bus drivers were randomly selected for anthropometric characterization of Stature and PHS using standard measuring equipment. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 and Design-Expert 6.0.8. Then regression model was used to estimate PHS. The model shows that there is a linear relationship between the Stature and PHS with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.8258 (p < 0.0001). The model mitigates time required for gathering anthropometric data. Designers would find this as a huge working tool for adequate productions.

Methyl-2-dihydroxyphenylsulfide was synthesized with the aim of characterizing antioxidant action. Its ability to break off oxidation chain in the reaction with peroxide radicals, as well as parameter of f•k which characterizes inhibiting activity of inhibitor, were studied.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of self-efficacy as a moderator between individual’s absorptive capacity and knowledge acquisition behaviour among engineers in the electrical and electronic (E&E) sector in Malaysia. The study utilized survey method to collect the data. There were 305 responses for the survey. Partial least square (PLS) properties of structural equation modelling (SEM) were used to measure the interaction between absorptive capacity and self-efficacy and its effect knowledge acquisition. The study found no support for self-efficacy as a moderator between the two variables.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between individual’s absorptive capacity and innovative behavior among engineers in the electrical and electronic (E&E) sector in Malaysia. The study utilized survey method to collect the data. There were 305 responses for the survey. Partial least square (PLS) properties of structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to measure the relationships between the variables. The study found only partial support in absorptive capacity ability to influence innovative behavior.

The study investigated the replacement value of plantain peel meal for maize on feed intake, live weight gain and feed efficiency of a snail species (Achachatina marginata). Four diets were formulated as follows: diet 1, 30.7% maize without plantain peel; diet 2, 20.7% maize and 10% plantain peel; diet 3, 10.7% maize and 20% plantain and diet 4 ; 30.7% plantain peel without maize.48 medium size snails were randomly divided into four groups and each group was fed with one of the experimental diets for 3months . The snails were examined for performance using live weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. The statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the treatments (experimental diets) but the result revealed that snails fed with diet 1 had the highest performance in live weight gain (5.67) and feed efficiency (0.56) while diet 4 had the least in live weight gain (4.03) and efficiency (0.41) but the greatest in feed intake (10.83).However, plantain peel is a feed ingredient that has no side effect on the snails although poorly consumed. Its inclusion in the diet should not exceed 10% based on the result of the study.

Gurpi formation (Companian-Maestrichtian) is one of the importance formations that include as a Cap rock for reservoirs Sarvak in south west of Iran. Assessment of Gurpi formation facies in the wells A,B and C lead to know ten microfacies that related to facies belts of middle ramp and outer ramp. Outer ramp’s facies are allocate the maximum thickness in these wells. Field studies and assessment of vertical facies changes in sequence lead to know main surface of sequence in studied area. This formation have been formed of two sequences (3rd cycles). Sequences are separated by sequence boundaries type of 1 and 2 (SB1 and SB2).

Nigeran medicinal plants (Acanthospermum hispidum DC, Emilia coccinea (Sims) G. Don and Euphobia heterophylla) were analysed for their chemical composition. Phytochemical screening indicates the presence of saponins (0.22 to 0.37 mg/100g), flavonoids (0.96 to 1.87 mg/100g), alkaloids (1.52 to 1.71 mg/100g), phenols (1.07 to 1.55 mg/100g) and tannins (0.06 to 0.37 mg/100g). The medicinal plants contained ascorbic acid (24.35 to 31.79 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.04 to 0.31 mg/100g), thiamin (0.20 to 0.22 mg/100g) and niacin (0.08 to 0.10 mg/100g). These herbs are good sources of minerals such as Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe and Zn. The plants gave appreciable antimicrobial activities in vitro against both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms with the zone of inhibition values ranging between (16.00mm – 32.00mm) and (11.00mm – 22.00mm) respectively. The importance of these chemical constituents is discussed with respect to the role of these herbs in ethnomedicine in Nigeria.

System Dynamics Modeling quality of work life at academic sector,” includes all aspect of employee’s life, specially his work and work environment. Quality of work life programs encourage employees, make balance between professional, personal & social life and ultimately enhances employee job satisfaction. Factor that are favorable for quality of work life are job satisfaction, working environment, career and professional growth, motivation and rewards, fare salary and compensation, communication and job security. Workload, occupational stress and un-fair compensation are factors that affect the quality of work life.

The present study was conducted to assess the impact of academic staff functioning on research in higher education organized by the University Grant Commission. The present study based on to find out research abilities of teachers such as knowledge up-gradation, art of thinking, research skills, technological information environmental awareness and writing skills etc. Primary and secondary data collected and analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. The study carried out during the UGC sponsored Orientation Programme and Refresher Course in their respective ASCs in year 2013-14, for measuring the impact pre-programme and post-programme survey was conduct on the same participants. On the basis of the findings of the research the Z test value inferred that all the parameters had predicted a significant impact on research abilities in orientation and refresher programmes offered by ASCs.

Number is the language of science and the best way to express it is symbols, and numerals are forms(symbols) written by the numbers codes. Alsumariun expressed Semites for numbers letters alphabet, and the Babylonians expressed them in cuneiform, and Egyptians wrote numbers in the form of horizontal and vertical lines and fees hieroglyphics and the Greeks used first letters of words to denote numbers, as did the Phoenicians and Hebrews, while Romans used vertical lines and then evolved to take the form of letters of the alphabet. Arabs before Islam expressed numbers in terms of Alphabet and after the advent of Islam and the descent of the Holy Quran and the receipt of a lot of numbers in it written in Arabic language Muslims expressed numbers writing method instead of symbols.

In this article we introduce different proofs to the total sum of special sequences given by muslem mathematicians during the golden age of Islamic civilization

Indigenous knowledge is otherwise known as African science and knowledge. It was conceived, born, processed, disseminated but preserved through natural inheritance from succeeding generations without written document. This study was done to discover the various indigenous knowledge jobs available, the employment status, the challenges they encounter and suggest what government can do to help. Out of four hundred and fifty (450) copies of questionnaire that were distributed, four hundred and eighteen (418) copies (92.9%) were returned with usable responses, while thirty two (32) copies (7.1%) were not returned. Descriptive statistical method was applied for the study, Questionnaire, and observations were the research instruments used for data gathering. Data were analysed using the use of frequency counts and percentages method. Findings revealed that indigenous knowledge is the pivot of Nigerian economy. If indigenous knowledge is better funded by the three tiers of Nigerian government, it is capable of reducing unemployment syndrome that besieged the country. The various levels of government should intensify efforts to improve the adult literacy programme, public orientation and enlightenment, accreditation of indigenous knowledge practitioners, grant interest free loans and establish more indigenous knowledge skill acquisition centres nationwide.

This paper examines the availability and variations of timber species within Ibadan Metropolis and Oyo Town Oyo State, Nigeria. Sixty copies of structured questionnaire were randomly administered on timber sellers from randomly selected timber markets in Ibadan and Oyo town. The selected markets in Ibadan were Bodija Timber Market (18), Sango Timber Market (12), Oke-Ado Timber Market (7) and Apata Timber Market (7). Those visited in Oyo were Sabo Timber Market (5), Owode Timber Market (6) and Oroki Timber Market (5). Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage distributions were used to analyze the collected data. Study revealed that 70% of the timber dealers were between 30 and 70 years of age, with 60% of them having been in business for more than 40 years. Various reasons were given by the traders on why they engaged in the timber business and these include availability, durability and demand, with majority (38.3%) of them citing the demand for the timber species as the reason why they traded the species. It was discovered from the study that certain timber species have become endangered species due to over- exploitation and these include Nauclea dideriichii, Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp., Khaya senegalensis Milicia excelsa, among others. The scarcity of these fine quality species has then brought into the market species in a few years ago were considered only suitable for low-end uses. These include Daniella oliveirii Pycnanathus angolensis(Akomu), Albizia zygia(Ayunre) and others. Therefore, there a is need for the planting of fast growing plantation species by State forestry departments in six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, as a replacement for commercially popular species; and as alternatives to decreasing availability of popular timber species so as to avoid running out of valuable and good quality timber species in the nearest future.

The study focused on the economic assessment of marketing of Non-Wood Forest Products in Ibadan metropolis with a view to identify the socio-economic characteristics of marketers of NWFPs, to identify various NWFPs marketed by the people, to estimate costs and returns from marketing of NWFPs and to identify factors influencing the marketing of NWFPs in the study area. The data for the study were collected through the use of structured questionnaires randomly administered to one hundred and twenty (120) marketers of various NWFPs in eight (8) selected markets. The result from the study revealed that women were mainly involved in the marketing of NWFPs (85%) being their primary occupation with a higher percentage of the marketers earning above N20, 000 monthly. Profit margin analysis showed that the business is both feasible and viable with the marketing efficiency and rate of return on investment between 1.18-1.90 and 28%-75% respectively. However, marketing of NWFPs in the study area was confronted with some challenges including transportation, perishability, seasonality, poor storage facility, price fluctuation, poor processing facility and poor market structure.

This research was conducted to study the importance of co-curricular activities of primary school students in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. This research was conducted using the descriptive research. The result was interpreted in four elements of co-curricular activities. The perception towards the co-curricular activities is positive and the implementation of co-curricular activities help to enhance the skills of students.

This article tried to identify the role of internet in shaping the youth’s national identity and determine factors affecting the identity of the youth who use the Internet. The population included all the youth users of Internet. In this research, quantitative survey method was applied and the research tool is questionnaire which is prepared by the researcher. It can be concluded that using Internet affects the youth’s identity in terms of their cognitive, feeling and value identity, and in general, the research showed that using internet has a great and undeniable role on shaping or even changing the youth’s national identity.

This research is an attempt to study the supervision system of elementary school teachers in Kermanshah Province in order to develop a conceptual framework applying a descriptive-method. To do these first 176 factors were derived through studying the literature of models and theories in Iran which resulted in 93 factors after surgery. The suggested framework includes five main categories: philosophy and objectives, theoretical principals, supervision functions, operation stages and the model's evaluation system. The statistical community of this survey includes all teachers of Kermanshah elementary schools of which 384 teachers have been selected based on multi stage grape sampling. The content of the questionnaires developed based on educators suggestions about the content and analysis of factors and necessary modifications applied. The stability of the questionnaires has been estimated by Krenbach's Alpha method in a desirable value of 0.901. For evaluating the validity of the model 30 scholars have been selected. For data analysis descriptive statistics were applied. The main findings are: 1. in studying the current situation of the teachers' supervision system, the factors of class management and the school regulations had better results than other factors. In the factor of evaluation from the students learning the performance was average but in sustainable development of educational quality, teacher professional development and commitment, motivating students, determining educational and curricular objectives, teacher performance evaluation less work has been carried out. And in analysis of the factors, the factors classification has changed from seven to 13 factors. 2. Developing a suggested framework in order to study the teacher supervision including five categories of philosophy and objectives, theoretical principals, supervision functions in 13 branches, operation stages, and evaluation system. 3. The findings from validity of questionnaires from scholars indicate a 91.78% suitability ranking by the scholars which shows a high validity of the model in the eyes of the scholars.

Taxation has ever been an important policy field throughout history and will stay a crucial aspect in future politics since it creates the basis for the state to work. The edifice of modern market oriented economy is focused on its money-making strength and the gusto for mammon worship. This pursuit for economic wealth and capital formation often leads to misfeasance, fraud, and unfair practices, indulged in by individuals or corporate giants, commonly known as socio-economic or white-collar crimes. White-collar crimes have expanded vertically, as well as, horizontally to include, embezzlement, false advertising, bribery, unfair competition and above all tax evasion. An incessant global effort is on to contain the subversive effects of white-collar crimes especially in the field of tax evasion or tax lately tax avoidance. The present-day economic milieu based on liberalisation, open market access and trans-border transaction, though aim at reducing the tariff and non-tariff barriers, including rationalization of international taxation, stumble at the gate of phenomenal growth in tax evasion. Besides, the astonishing reality is that tax avoidance which is treated legal by almost all the countries, has turned out to be a camouflage to conceal wealth and thereby liability. There is a need to understand the basic pitfalls in the tax regime to ascertain the menacing effect of this growing phenomenon in the rubric of tax jurisprudence especially in context of India purporting to emerge as a growing economy in the 21st century. India has come up with a New Tax Code in order to decipher the tax maneuvering and tax avoidance by corporate sector given her burgeoning role at the international level. How far the new tax regime is going to arrest the menacing effect of tax evasion or avoidance shall form the general theme of this paper.

The optimization of the complicated computational problems using algorithms based on population is increased, considerably. In this paper, we use Genetic Algorithm (GA) with a new structure to optimize the optimal solutions to solve N-Queens which is one of the combinatorial optimization problems. For increase the efficiency of GA and prevent from premature convergence, it is used crossover operator. So, to keep the primary population and optimal solution in each generation, it is selected the most fitness population. By performing operations, it is created chromosomes with less conflict. In this case, not only we prevent premature convergence, but also keep the population variety in a balanced scale. In this way, not only we prevent from premature convergence, but also keep the variety of population in balanced way. So, more parts of search space will be explored. The experiment results showed that GA has high efficiency to find optimal solution by combining crossover operators.

Nowadays, optimization algorithm has good efficiency in solving complicated optimization problems. The main capabilities of theses algorithms are the ability to search in very big spaces in short time, escape from local optimal points, low computational costs and easy implementation. Therefore, one of the popular methods for solve complicated optimization is to use optimization method based on swarm intelligence. In this paper, we discuss about Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in continuous optimization area and use them in minimizing the number of continuous functions. The obtained results indicated that PSO had better efficiency to solve continuous optimization problems.

The research that has been done in the area of evaluation methods all seek to achieve an efficient evaluation system for employees. The purpose and expectations of an organization determine performance evaluation method. Although most researchers and human resource managers believe that comprehensive and time consuming methods provide us with more effective information, the important point is that a suitable method based on organization situation and using cost analysis must be selected. 360-degree evaluation is an evaluation method in which a list of the merits is provided and all people involved in organization including superiors, colleagues, subordinates and the individual will be asked directly and indirectly to assess somebody on the basis of the merits required. The appraisee also participates in the process of self-evaluation. The present paper aims to investigate the difference between two types of evaluation methods including 360-degree evaluation and traditional evaluation among the employees and managers of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah Province. The study sample is composed of all staff involved in Imam Reza Hospital including 50 managers, 46 physicians and also 479 employees who were surveyed by traditional evaluation method and 360-degree evaluation method. The data obtained using independent t-test and F-statistics and multiple comparison Tukey test showed that there is a significant difference between the means of the results obtained from the traditional evaluation method and 360-degree evaluation method, and 360-degree method provides the system with the a more accurate evaluation than the traditional method.

An experimental investigation of applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another, current range passing through alloy is (1-3) AMP. Alloy conductivity increase with magnetic field strength in the case of applying a magnetic field horizontally with the electrons movement direction once and vertically in another. Alloy electrical conductivity decreases with irradiation time when applying a magnetic field horizontally with the electrons movement direction once and vertically in another. Alloy conducutivity decreases with irradiation time by applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another. Magnetic field intensity increases with temperature when applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the electrons direction in the alloy once and vertically in another.

An available gas fired diffusion-absorption heat pump 150 liter (5ft) refrigerator has been modified by substituting the original heat input by transferring solar thermal energy from solar collector to the generator. At the beginning, a pipe with 90cm height, filled with hot water (97oC) is used as a generator heat input but the Ammonia vapor does not generate because the temperature is low to allow Ammonia-Water mixture to boil. Therefore the Water is replaced by high boiling point fluid (liquid paraffin wax), boiling point 310°C), and the generator with pipe with 30cm height and 5cm in diameter. Then Ammonia vapor generates at fluid temperature of 140oC up to 190oC where the pipe near the condenser becomes hot. This mean that the Ammonia vapor generate up to the condenser. The flow rate required to supply heat input to generator, the solar collector receiver area and the volume of hot fluid storage required to operate the refrigerator for 24 hours has been calculated.

An experimental investigation of applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another, current range passing through alloy is (1-3) AMP. The increase in temperature will lead to reduce electrical conductivity. The increase in input power causes an increase in output power. The increasing in magnetic field intensity will increase alloy efficiency. The increase in radiation time will increase alloy efficiency. The increase in magnetic field intensity in the presence of radiation will increase the alloy efficiency.

An experimental investigation of applying a magnetic field and a radiation source horizontally with the direction of alloy once and vertically in another, current range passing through alloy is (1-3) AMP. When a magnetic field applied vertically with the direction of alloy, the resistance is higher than in case of applying it horizontally. The increase in radiation time will increase the alloy resistance. The increase of resistance will increase temperature in case of applying the magnetic field in vertical direction. The increase in resistance, the temperature approximately satiable.

Cricket is known as the most popular sports in Bangladesh. Female participation in professional cricket is increasing day by day. The Present study was conducted to find out the cricket injuries & its related pattern among injured female cricketers. A cross-sectional study was carried out by a self-constructed questionnaire. 51 injured female cricketer comprising 21 Bowlers, 21 Batsmen & 9 Wicket keepers were included in this study. The maximum age range was 18 to 20 years old (56.9%) where a greater percentage of participants had 4 years of cricket experience. Results indicated that Bowlers are more prone to injury than any other cricketing role. Shoulder, Elbow, & Ankle injury were founded as the high prevalence of injury compares to other anatomical sites of injury. Senior female cricketers were reported more likely to experience a recurrence injury than junior cricketers. Proper Knowledge about the mechanism of injury & its related factors might help to reduce the prevalence of injury.

The present research is about the omission of schwa in Pakistani English as observed in the electronic media of Pakistan and can be taken as an extension of the works carried out by Tariq Rahman, Robert J. Baumgardner, and Riaz Hassan. The research has been carried out in order to determine the variations emerging in the variety of English used in Pakistan. It has been observed that this variety abounds in phonological deviations which are so recurrent in their frequency that they have emerged as a distinct linguistic feature of this variety. Among these phonological variations schwa has been found to be the most peculiar in its behaviour. In order to determine its peculiar behaviour the research was conducted on 750 participants taken from 200 current affairs programmes from four domestic news channels, and the participants were observed for the phonological variations in their speech. It was found out that omission of schwa is a regular feature of Pakistani English.

This research has cautiously reviewed past studies on Meta cognitive strategies encompassing on planning, monitoring and evaluating learners. The basic purpose of these reviews was to identify strategies to assist children in enhancing their reading and understanding potential. On basis of those reviews seven well defined strategies were formulated for the teachers to apply in a group of 8-9 years old learners for developing reading comprehension by an experiemnt.Study indicates that if proper strategies applied during reading sessions, positive change in the learners is significant. This study is helpful for readers specially teachers to consider cognitive and metacognitive strategies as a mean to plan their reading lessons on vocabulary building, making connections, questioning, summarizing, predicting, visualizing and monitoring. Therefore, it is recommended that these strategies be incorporated for teaching English reading lessons.

The impact of code switching on the speaking of EFL students’ learning ability, the significance of code switching in classrooms where medium of instruction is second or foreign language is approved reality. Observation of bilingual or multilingual classrooms show that teachers use code switching in different situations for different purposes. In speaking classes using code switching in Iranian school classes reduced the scores of the students and it has negative effect on the students. The researcher used code- switching in two groups of students in six grade of primary school. In the speaking class by the two groups of 40 students, using code switch of the 20 of the student and not using code switching of 20 of the other students. Teaching them for about ten sessions the result has been shown that by those students that using code switching the score of them is low and those who haven’t used code switching was wonderful. Key words: Bilingual, Multilingual, Code-switching

Teaching of Physics at secondary level of education is most crucial. Secondary education is a decisive stage of individual’s entire academic tenure; at this level any ambiguity regarding concepts may deprive an individual intellectually and potentially. Keeping importance of physics in view this study was intended to develop module based on some innovative practices to teach physics effectively. The objectives of this research were to analyze the current methods of content presentation of physics, commonly used to teach in secondary level classroom and to develop a concept maps for content presentation of physics for secondary level students.

In this paper, we proposed the development of neural adaptive controls to ensure the robustness of uncertain nonlinear multivariable systems. We used two techniques: Robust neural adaptive control and neural indirect adaptive control. The study of the stability and robustness of both techniques was performed by Lyapunov theory. To validate these techniques and discover their effectiveness, a simulation example was considered. The simulation results obtained by these two control techniques have shown the effects of disturbance compensation, good performance tracking data paths and stability control systems. Comparative studies between these two techniques show that the neural indirect adaptive control cannot mitigate the effect of disturbances compared to the robust neural adaptive control.