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Array patterns depends on type of elements, spacing between the elements and length of the array etc., conventionally elements are spaced at ?/2 in an array. However, in this paper we are made to generate the normalized radiation patterns for different spacing and different types of elements. It has been possible to control the radiation pattern by controlling the spacing between the elements. The arrays considered contain non-identical elements with non-uniform spacing. The results are useful for design of arrays to produce low side lobes for EMI suppression.

In adaptive sliding mode observer is designed for momentum biased satellites attitude tracking control with unmeasurable yaw attitude information [1]. A higher-order sliding-mode observer is proposed in nonlinear longitudinal dynamic equations. The observable states can be estimated exactly and the unobservable ones will be identified asymptotically [2]. Firstly, the system is decomposed into two low dimensional subsystems by a restricted system equivalent decomposed method. Secondly, the sliding mode controller is designed based on the restricted equivalent subsystems. The quadratic performance index optimal control technique is introduced to design the optimal sliding mode [3]. The stability of the nonlinear sliding mode is analysed. Simulation results are employed to test the effect of the proposed design algorithm [4]. A decentralized adaptive fuzzy approximation design to achieve attitude tracking control for formation flying in the presence of external disturbances and actuator faults [5].

For many researchers and scholars the first and most important task is to search for finding the relationship between language and sex and becoming aware of the differences between men and women’s speech. The present article seeks to formulate the differences of male and female characterizations in using a number of discursive structures such as nominals, passives and address forms in English and Persian. This article also makes a comparison between using these structures in Persian and English. To do so, three English dramas and five Persian dramas and scenarios are selected. In each language, 120 dyads (pairs of speech act) are separately analyzed, 40 male-female dyads, 40 male-male dyads, and 40 female-female dyads. Then, the frequency of using nominals, passives, first names, imperatives, and tag questions are computed. By using statistical test of nominal data, chi-square, the differences between male and female in using discursive structures are examined to see if the differences are significant or not. Also these differences in male-male interactions as well as female-female interactions are analyzed. This procedure is done both for the English and the Persian data. At the end, the similarities and differences between English and Persian in using nominals, passives and address forms are discussed.

For many of us, the concept of pollution is limited to nature and resources. However, noise that tends to disturb the natural sythms of life makes for one solid pollutant noise takes place when there is either exercise amount of noise or an unpleasant sound that causes temporary disruption in the natural balance. Large number of vehicle on road produce heavy noise and people get it difficult to get accustomed to that the high noise leads to different health problems like hearing problems, health issues sleeping disorders etc. the present work discusses the fundamentals of acoustics and analysis of vehicular traffic noise. A large number of sets of data were recorded at different dates in a random manner in order to account for statistical temporal variations in traffic flow conditions.

We are very happy to announce that from 19th December 2018, Mr. Sathishkumar Mani has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Electronics. Mr. Sathishkumar is working as Assistant Professor, Nehru Arts and Science College, TamilNadu, India. The appointment of Mr. Sathishkumar Mani as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

Leaf pigment content can provide valuable information about the physiological performance of leaves. Measurement of spectral reflectance provides a fast, nondestructive method for pigment estimation. In this paper, a set of vegetation indices belonged to two classes normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and modified simple ratio (MSR) index were tested to explore the potentials in chlorophyll content estimation. In the sensitivity study, two new formed indices NDVI [750,675] and MSR [750,675] were proved to have better linearity with chlorophyll content taking into account the effect of quick saturation at 675 nm with relatively low chlorophyll content. The results showed that the spectral indices NDVI [750,675] and MSR [750,675] are most appropriate for chlorophyll estimation with high correlation coefficients R2 from 0.88 to 0.97 in control and polluted selected plant species even more disturbances such as shadow, soil reflectance, and non photosynthetic materials and cement dusted pollutant are taken into account.

The goal of this project is to automatically detect and recognize some objects in an image by using a multi-agents architecture. A knowledge database is thus necessary and should contain an invariant description of known objects for the desired application. Point matching is an important aim in the research work. A digital image may undergo any arbitrary translational, rotational changes because of which the object shape may change. In this paper we present a novel approach for shape and feature matching using putative point matching.

Education is a basic right and essential part of human rights as recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. For the right to education to be realized, the process of learning should reflect the needs and aspirations of society. Technology is one such avenue through which education objectives may be achieved. Whereas evidence shows an increase in investment in ICTs in education in Kenya, perceptions of teachers on use of ICTs as a teaching and learning tool in secondary school agriculture has not been studied much, more so in Bungoma County. The purpose of this study was to establish the teachers’ perceptions on use of ICTs in the teaching and learning of secondary agriculture in Bungoma County. A descriptive research design was employed. The target population of the study consisted of 498 agriculture teachers of secondary schools in Bungoma County. Purposive sampling was used to select 120 respondents. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Validity of the instrument was ensured by input from the supervisors from the Department of Agricultural Education and Extension at Egerton University. Reliability was established by pretesting it with 30 agriculture teachers from the neighbouring Kakamega County. Data was collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20. The results were presented in frequencies, means and percentages. The study established that the perception of agriculture teachers towards the use of ICTs in teaching and learning was positive as a higher frequency of teachers agreed that use of ICTs in teaching and learning was useful. The study also established that few teachers used ICTs in teaching of agriculture as compared to other subjects as a higher percentage of agriculture teachers agreed that preparation of a lesson that involved use of ICT in teaching and learning was more demanding than the conventional approach. The study recommends that teachers of agriculture should have opportunity to train in use of ICT for teaching and learning, and also develop initiatives at personal level to improve their ICTs skills.

The utilization of wind energy for power generation is becoming increasingly attractive and gaining a great share in the world power market. Wind is one of fastest growing energy source and is considered as an important alternative to conventional power generation. The energy production from a wind energy system depends on many factors namely characteristics of the wind profile, and most importantly, the operational parameters of the wind turbine generator itself. The suitability of a wind turbine to a site involves designing of wind turbine’s operational parameters exactly according to the wind characteristics of the site. The present work is the analysis of energy generation of a 800kW wind project at Belagavi of the state of Karnataka, India. A mathematical model is developed to study the parameters that affect power generation. These include wind speed, air density, pressure, temperature, blade length, pitch angle etc. The study shows that the operational parameters have a direct effect on the power generation. This will lead the developers and researchers to focus on the highest priority parameters for manufacturing and optimizing the new generations of wind turbines. The method can be used in developing stage of wind energy system.

The importance of poultry is undeniable in human food chain and respiratory diseases threaten not only the safety of this food source but also its sufficiency. These threats could be controlled by monitoring system helps farmers and veterinarians to detect any changes in the birds health conditions. There are different sound processing techniques to decompose the target signal and extract appropriate features for detecting these changes. In this paper, a short review of chickens’ vocalization system, related studies in sound processing field their approaches and their achievements, introduction of a three-step approach for developing suggested algorithm, and a list of challenges facing such research are presented. Regarding the destructive effects of respiratory diseases on bird’s vocal system, a correlation between audio signal features and the type and severity of avian diseases is predictable. Among sound processing approach and techniques there is good conformity between wavelet transform abilities and the abilities are needed for such health monitoring system. Despite the existence of some challenges, some of which are listed in this paper and none is incredible, sound signal processing techniques can potentially play the role of a diagnosis tool and find valuable information about poultry health condition in the near future.