Civil Engineering

The use of industrial by-products in concrete is becoming more popular for producing high performance concrete. Industrial by-products act as pozzolanic reaction and hydration reaction as well as micro fillers in concrete. Industrial by-products such as silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate are introduced to enhance the overall performance of concrete. Their use in high performance concrete (HPC) enhances its properties of strength and durability. The scope of the present study is to investigate the effect of industrial by-products of silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate replaced by cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate respectively towards the functioning performance of HPC. An effort has been made to focus on the influence of industrial by-products on strength properties and load carrying capacities of RC beams. The need for the present study arises from the requirements to improve the overall utilization of combination of industrial by-products in correct proportions in concrete particularly in aggressive environment depending upon the requirements. The effect of those industrial by-products towards the enhancement of the strength and durability of HPC needs to be researched.

This work presents the buckling analysis of thin laminated composite plates using Euler-Bernoulli equilibrium equation. The project aims at obtaining the exact equation which will not depend on assumed shape function which charcterised the anlaysis of composite plate. The present equation is based classical plate theory which is widely used for analysis of thin plate. The governing equation for the thin laminated plate were obtain considering the total potential energy function which was in turn minimized to obtain equation for analysis of buckling. Numerical work examples were performed considering different aspect ratio and elastic modulus for SSSS laminated plates at orientation 0/90/90/0. The results were compared with the work of Reddy, Osman and Sulieman. The maximum percentage difference between the present work to the work of Reddy for SSSS laminated plate is 0.06 while the difference with Osman and Sulieman work has maximum of 1.81. Reddy presented also an exact method base on the SSSS shape function, recorded minimal difference may be as result of round off errors introduced along the computation line while the difference with that of Osman and Sulieman is because he used finite element method with assumed shape function which gives approximate result.

The major objective of this survey was to evaluate the influence of Rynite PET particles on the mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt mixture by conducting several tests such as, indirect tensile resilient modulus, dynamic creep and wheel tracking test. As identified by the result of MR test, the stiffness of Rynite Polyethylene terephthalate mix was reasonable and guaranteed the proper permanent deformation characteristics of asphalt mixture at intensive loading situation, while result of dynamic creep has shown a better improvement to rutting, likewise wit wheel tracking test. The testing results of wheel tracking test proved that the applied of Rynite PET in the asphalt mixture improved significantly the resist to permanent deformation (rutting).

The main objective of the present study is to predict the ultimate strength of PVC-concrete composite columns (a new type of composite columns consisting of a PVC tube filled with concrete). The study aimed at to investigate the potential of using fuzzy inference system (FIS) to predict the strength of the composite columns. Two models, Mamdani and Sugeno FIS model, having three inputs, one output, and twenty linguistic rules were constructed. The models were trained with input and output data. Using only the input data in trained models, the ultimate strengths values of PVC-concrete composite columns were found. According to the coefficients of correlations, both models have high prediction performance. The obtained values ewre very close to the experimental results. The average values of ratios of experimental to predicted ultimate loads were 0.994 and 0.999 for the Mamdani and Sugeno FIS model, respectively. Fuzzy inference system (FIS) model has been proved to be very effective in predicting the ultimate strength of PVC-concrete composite columns without attempting any experiments in a quite short period of time with tiny error rates.

Concrete is the most extensively used construction material. Despite the rising cost of production, the demand for concrete is increasing. The negative consequences of the increasing demand for concrete include depletion of aggregate deposits, environmental degradation and ecological imbalance. Recently river sand mining was banned. To this effect, the work is carried out to study the prospects of the uses of manufactured sand (M-sand) in our country. In this present experimental investigation M20 and M25 concrete is used as control mix with M-sand in various percentages. Strength of M-sand concrete is compared with normal concrete. The results show that the significant improvement in the strength of the M-sand concrete. 

The trend of urbanization in Iraq is exerting stress on civic authorities to provide basic requirement such as safe drinking water, sanitation and infrastructure. The rapid growth of population has exerted the portable water demand, which requires exploration of raw water sources, developing treatment and distribution systems. There is a need to study the water treatment plants for their operational status and to explore the best feasible mechanism to ensure proper drinking water production with least possible rejects and its management. A case study has been conducted to evaluate the process of treatment and to find out the problems of drinking water treatment process in Al-Rumaitha drinking water treatment plant(RWTP) lies in the city of Rumaitha in Muthanna province,Iraq. In general, conventional treatment is provided having a sequence of alum addition, coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection by chlorination. Water treatment plants are playing an important role in purifying and supplying the pure water to the people. This plant consists of two projects, The design capacity of the old project (88000 m3 / day ) and for the new project ( 820 m3 / hr) while not know the actual capacity of the plant due to lack of flow gauges. In this study, the removal efficient of turbidity will be addressed as well as three factors are, total dissolved solids , pH and values of chlorine added at February,2015 of old and new project for raw and treated water, then compared within Iraqi limits to note the problems of the plant and how to avoid them in the easiest and cheapest methods. It was found that the average value of the removal efficiency of the turbidity were about 51.5% of old project and 53.8% of new project which is relatively low due to the absence of the permanent maintenance and the continuous clean out for the sedimentation basin. The average value of T.D.S concentration of treated water were 910.8 ppm of old project and 911.5 ppm of new project . The free chloride (CL2)of old project was 2.1 ppm and of new project was 2.6 ppm. While we don't note that the strong influence of the change in temperature on the factors which studied in this project. The pH value is almost constant values for the water of the Euphrates River. In addition to the study of these factors there are notes on the treatment plant should study and develop plans for processing and control. It is upon these observations lack of flocculation basin, limiting the efficiency of the sedimentation basins despite large size disrupt dissolve alum basins as alum is added to it manually, leading to differing concentrations of alum solution. From time to time and other problems presented piping at the station, as is since the establishment.

Improperly designed cause undesirable effects below unstable loading in each bolstered concrete(RC) frames and masonry load wall structures. Doors and windows (openings) are inescapable parts in brick masonry in-filled RC structures and masonry load wall structures owing to its practical and ventilation necessities.The presence of openings in brick masonry walls reduces the lateral stiffness and strength of the enclose each RC and cargo bearing structures, that changes the particular behavior of structure.If these openings ar settled within the restricted zones like areas inside middle 2 thirds of a wall, then the wall has to be strong by providing necessary horizontal (bands) structural components like header or header bands around them. Lack of such structural components could cause the structure to endure severe injury throughout the earthquake event.In this paper, two case studies, (a) seismic analysis of RC framed building without provision of bands (b) seismic analysis of RC framed building with provision of bands at different level

It is well known fact that concrete displays a brittle behaviour and very little tensile capacity. This type of brittleness can be reduced by incorporation of fibers in concrete which lead to better strength properties and impact resistance. This paper presents on the study of compressive strength properties of concrete cube specimens with and without addition of discrete steel fiber of two different propositions. It is imperative to note that the 28 days mean compressive strength have been used to characterize the three types of concrete, i.e., plain control concrete, fully fiber reinforced concrete and retrofitted concrete, based on the experimental results obtained through direct compression test of cube specimens. Concretes containing steel fibers reinforced at the same volume fraction (1%) were compared in terms of compressive strength properties for three different sizes of cube specimens, namely150x150x150mm, 100x100x100mm, 70.6x70.6x70.6mm. In addition, comparative analysis on the experimental results of compressive strength for all the three types of concrete has been made. It is observed that steel fiber enhanced the strength properties and impact resistance of concrete as compared to the plain concrete results. It is also found comparable results between fully fiber reinforced concrete and retrofitted concrete. It is further observed that the strength is increasing consistently to the decreasing sizes of specimens.

Landfill site choice in an urban region is a perilous subject in the urban planning process because of enormous impact on the economy, ecology, and the environmental health of the region with the growth of the urbanization, larger amount of wastes are produced and unfortunately the problem gets bigger every day. A selection of appropriate waste discarding site is a function of many factors can be involved under the Environment, Planning & Social Functions. GIS based mapping and succeeding image analysis is projected to be done for each of the correlating criteria for each parameter. The fuzzy multi standards decision making (FMCDM) is used to rank diverse land fill sites based on decisions given by a group of experts. The selected site can be more confirmed through GIS request. This paper emphasizes the clarified approach.

The lack of devices to test the tiles is not a reason to ignore the problems related to their durability. This article presents the results of an analysis of the impact behaviour of three qualities of tiles. The strike force of a TFM is 70% lower than that of a TMV and 54% lower than that of a TAC tile. Deflection results (TFM = 1.24 mm; TMV = 0.56 mm and TAC = 0.68 mm), stresses and deformations show that TFM resists better because it deforms extensively before breaking.