Archives-j 

The authors reported a rare case of carpal tunnel syndrome occurred in old adult anti-coagulated for over ten years for hypertensive and ischemic heart desease with pace-maker.He presented typical symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome after alterning previscan with lovenox. The echographic diagnosis confirmed a hematoma on the anterior surface of the wrist who had required in emergency the surgical opening of the anterior carpal ligament and the evacuation of the hematoma. In 48 hours we obtained a best recovery.

In this work, we simulate the global solar radiation received by a horizontal surface and vertical surfaces of different orientations on the ground from theoretical models considering the diffusion and absorption of solar radiation through the atmospheric layer. We have to generate results of the global radiation by the model of Liu and Jordan for thermal systems optimization, particularly in the field of the building in the city of Ouagadougou. This work shows that the solar radiation on a surface, in addition to the seasonal variability, also varies according to the orientation and the inclination of the sun. Thus, in the case of buildings, for example, exposing the large surfaces of the building according to the southern orientation will be avoided in favor of the northern orientation. It is also necessary to consider the scenario of use of the building to situate it in space and time in order to minimize the thermal contributions.

Hip dislocation is a therapeutic emergency, which results from violent trauma often associated with local or general lesions. Objective: In this study, we aimed to assess the treatment outcome of the follow-up of hip dislocation in Bamako, Mali. In our retrospective study, we recruited patients with traumatic hip dislocation from January 2012 to December 2016 and followed them up at the orthopedic and trauma department of the University Hospital (CHU) Gabriel Toure. In total, 81 patients (69 men and 12 women) with traumatic hip dislocation were included in our study with a sex-ratio of 5.7. The average age was 31.83 years old a standard deviation of 13.68 years old and extremes of 9 years old and 70 years old. Trauma was due to Public Road Accidents in 93.82% of the cases. The most frequent traumatic hip dislocation was anatomo-radiologic type I dislocation from steward and Milfrod with 62.96 %. Associated lesions were noticed in 67.90% of cases. In 97.53% of the patients underwent orthopedic treatment. Patients were followed up for at least a year. Complications were characterized by chronic pain in 48.14%. Outcomes were favorable in 51.85% of cases. Traumatic hip dislocation is common in young people in Mali. It is serious and may engage the functional prognosis of the hip, especially in case of associated lesions. The treatment has to be urgent and appropriate for a better outcome.

There is no doubt that the world is constantly developing in terms of technology. This technological development had caused a drastic linguistic problem of addressing the expanding wave of newly coined concepts and technologies for which no equivalents in Persian used to exist. To preserve and help strengthen the existing Persian Language terminology, Iran’s Academy of Persian Language and Literature started to introduce Persian equivalents for English terminologies of chemistry in 1997. Thenceforth the Academy has introduced at least twenty thousands of Persian equivalents in various fields, but Iranian translators seem to be reluctant about using these newly introduced terminologies. However, no scientific study has investigated the usability and acceptability of these Persian equivalences to the date. To investigate whether the Persian equivalents introduced by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature are really in use or not, the present study first compiled a list of 100 terminologies of chemistry introduced by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. Then the Persian translations of 10 English books on the related filed were investigated to gather the Persian equivalents Iranian translators had used in their translations for the terminologies under the study. Besides, the translation procedures adopted by translators for translating the terminologies under the study were investigated too. The study revealed that most Iranian translators still do not welcome the Persian equivalents introduced by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature and prefer to borrow the original English terminologies through different translation procedures. In addition, the study showed that in most cases, 71 cases out of the total of 100 cases, Iranian translators had used equivalents other than the ones the Academy of Persian Language and Literature had introduced which in turn indicates that Iran’s Academy of Persian Language and Literature has failed to reach its goal of providing acceptable and usable Persian equivalents for English terminologies of chemistry.

The monosodium glutamate is commonly used food flavoring agent used worldwide. The present experimental study investigated the effects of orally administered monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the histology of testes of adult male Wistar rat model. Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups; Group A served as controls, Group B. received MSG orally (1 mg/kg), Group C. received MSG orally (2mg/kg) and Group D. received MSG orally (4 mg/kg). Tissue sections of testis from rats in the control (Group A), showed the normal histological features for the seminiferous tubules and interstices. Group B rats revealed normal spermatogenic cells, many spermatids, and edematous interstitial spaces with mild hyperemia. The Group C rats showed inflammatory exudates in interstitial spaces, spermatids were fewer and changes of degeneration of Leydig cells. Group D rats showed severely reduced spermatogonia, very few to totally absent spermatids in the tubules. Sertoli cells were reduced in the tissue sections. The Leydig cells were also diminished in count with severe vacuolar degeneration. Overall, the MSG treated rats showed altered histology of testicular tissue. The present study concluded that the glutamate has deleterious effects on the testicular histology in adult male Wistar rats particularly in high dose therefore caution must be taken for its frequent use in large quantities as a food flavor additive.

Under the Cluster Schools program, the guided autonomy through School Based Management (SBM) encourages and welcomes involvement and contribution from stakeholders in order to enhance quality of education and produce excellent students. The purpose of the study was to identify the direct effects of stakeholders on SBM practices in cluster schools. Secondly, the aim was to explore the moderating effects of stakeholders’ on the relationship between cluster school’s backgrounds factors with the SBM practice. Data for this study was collected using as set of questionnaire from 788 trained teachers from 60 cluster schools (25 from high performance cluster schools, 20 from Cohort 1 cluster schools and 15 from Cohort 2 schools) across the 14 states of Malaysia. The findings revealed that the level of stakeholders’ involvement in School Based management practices in the Malaysian cluster school was high. Apart from that, the findings also showed that stakeholders’ such as Ministry of Education, school administrators, local community, and school related bodies’ involvement has direct significant effects on the SBM practices. Meanwhile, stakeholders’ involvement was identified as the moderator on the relationship between school categories factor and SBM practices in cluster school, leadership effectiveness. As conclusion, this study recommends that school administrators should fully exploit the role of stakeholders’ involvement through SBM practices in order to increase schools’ performance.

This study aims to identify (1) the correlation between workplace happiness with teachers innovative behavior, and (2) the influence of workplace happiness on the teachers innovative behavior. A total of 835 teachers from 167 secondary schools were randomly selected daily from the three states in northern Peninsular Malaysia (Penang, Kedah and Perlis) as a sample. A questionnaire consisting of four parts have been used to obtain data from respondents. Translated questionnaire of Pryce-Jones (2010) was used to measure workplace happiness. Meanwhile, a questionnaire from Nik Azida (2007) was used to measure the behavior of teachers innovative. Findings indicate there are four dimensions of workplace happiness has a correlation with the behavior of teachers innovative. Furthermore, the results show several dimensions of workplace happiness has a significant influence on the contribution of teachers innovation behavior namely teacher contribution and teacher confidence. In conclusion, this study describes how the principal use of the workplace happiness to further strengthen the leadership and school culture in order to enhance school improvement such as the behavior of teachers innovative.

The goal of the present study is to conduct a comprehensive examination of reliability and validity of Malay language version of adjusted workplace happiness scales developed by Pryce-Jones (2010) in Malaysian school setting. Therefore a translated and adjusted version of established content and concurrent validity scale was used. Exploratory factor analysis in Malaysian secondary school teachers sample was conducted to examine convergent and discriminant validity of translated and adjusted version of the workplace happiness scales. Following this, the reliabilities and subscale intercorrelations were determined. Next, the reliabilities and nomological validity was evaluated. The overall pattern of results indicated that the Malay language adjusted workplace happiness scale version was reasonably reliable and valid in Malaysian school settings.

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of transformational leadership practices on student satisfaction in the academic setting in Malaysia. Approximately 450 full-time students took part in this study from three different universities in Perak from various faculties. A multi-factor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) with a Likert-Scale of 1-5 was used to collect the data to determine students’ perception of transformational leadership practiced by teaching staff at the three universities and to gauge the satisfaction level of students. To ensure reliability and validity of the respondents’ data set, the sample included only students who have studied for more than one semester at the particular university. Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis to describe demographic profile of students and Pearson Product Moment Correlation to test the relationship between independent variables [(Idealized Influence (II), Individual Consideration (IC), Intellectual Stimulation (IS) and Inspirational Motivation (IM)] and dependent variable (student satisfaction). The correlation analysis shows that all the transformational leadership behavior II, IC, IS and IM were significant and highly correlated with student satisfaction. However, Multiple Regression analysis showed that transformational leadership behavior of inspirational motivation; intellectual stimulations and individual consideration were significant and positively influence student satisfaction level while idealized influence was not significant. Academic institutions of higher learning should take this into consideration when dealing with student satisfaction. This research shows that transformational leadership is crucial in improving student satisfaction. Future study should be undertaken to include a wider sample size, increase the research context to ensure validity and reliability of the results and promote student satisfaction in order to enhance a learning culture.

This paper proposes a research framework involving two indicators of national competitiveness namely quality of governance and financial sophistication. Specifically, it proposes to examine the role of governance in influencing the level of financial sophistication among emerging economies in Asia. Good governance is needed to increase the wealth of people in a country as this will create positive influences at the regional and international scopes. On the other hand, a sophisticated financial markets is required to ensure the availability of capital especially from banking and capital market. The proposed framework is an important area of research as it will highlight the significance of governance practices as a major element in determining the level of financial sophistication in which suitable policies are implemented through good governance are expected to ensure a better access to financing that could improve the country’s economic growth.

Democracy in the context of Islam is perceived as the responsibility of an individual to choose leaders among them who are capable to withstand justice and prevent evil (amar ma’ruf nahi mungkar). Every Muslim needs to be aware that the responsibility of voting is compulsory for those who have qualified. In Malaysia, majority of the Islamic scholar (Ulema) has agreed that every Muslim has to be involved in the process of election and it is considered compulsory upon them as the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said “When three Muslim men are bound to travel, choose a leader among them” narrated by Abu Daud. In this article, Malay youth is the focus in order to view the involvement in proses of election through the registration as voters, checking the status of voting and participation in the upcoming election. A total of 906 respondents were identified to participate in this research by answering the questionnaire provided. Description method was used to analyse the criteria of the respondent and to identify the involvement of the Malay youth in the election process in Malaysia. The research outcome shows the higher statistic of the respondents to be involved in the upcoming election with 704 respondents (77.6%), compared to respondents who have registered as voters with 550 respondents (60.6%) and the respondents who have checked on the voting status with only 459 respondents (50.6%). Nevertheless, the highest total for the involvement in the next election will not bring any impact and will be meaningless to the overall involvement of youth in the election if there are still many of the Malay youth do not register as voters.

Currently it is observed that political participation by youth in Malaysia is increasingly less well received, this is because most of these people are more focused on their studies and their careers. Therefore this paper will discuss the factors that influence the political participation of youth in Malaysia. Among the factors that are highlighted are the Demographic factors, Leadership and Management Factors, the factor of the Leaders’ Communication, Mass Media Factors and Social Environmental Factors that consists of Family Influence, Peer Influence and Influence of the Local Community. From these factors, to a certain extent we are able to more or less see in detail the problems that exist in the political participation of youth, which can also provide some input in the best way to encourage political participation of youth in Malaysia.

The aim of this paper is to prove that the infinite family of pure octic field L = Q( ?8 m) is non-monogenic if m ? 1 (mod 4), ultimately, to complete the classification of pure octic fields L = Q( ?8 m) with respect to monogenity. We prove our results by considering the relative norms of the partial differents ? ? ? ?j of an integer ? from the Galois closure L˜ of L to Dirichlet optimum subfields of L, ˜ where ? is the isomorphism which maps ?8 m to ?8 ?8 m of L with ?8 = e 2?i/8 , i = ? ?1 and j = 4, 2, 1

The main objective of the research is to identify the influence of mindfulness towards academic optimism among teachers in Malaysian public secondary schools. Data ware obtained from 775 teachers randomly selected from 155 schools in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Research findings revealed the Malaysian public secondary schools practice a moderate level of mindfulness and academic optimism. The findings also shows that only individual mindfulness has a significant influence towards the teachers academic optimism

AbstractIn this work, a neural network with chaos activation function has been applied as a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG). Chaotic neural network (CNN) is used because of its noise like behaviour which is important for cryptanalyst to know about the hidden information as it is hard to predict. A suitable adaptive architecture was adopted to generate a binary number and the result was tested for randomness using National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) randomness tests. Although the applications of CNN in cryptography have less effective than traditional implementations, this is because these systems need large numbers of digital logic or even a computer system. This work will focus on applications that can use the proposed system in an efficient way that minimize the system complexity.

The study has attempted to observe three models of biogas system using twenty liter plastic containers as digesters with Cow Dung (CD) and Poultry Droppings (PYD) organic wastes. The cow dung and poultry dropping were mixed separately with water in a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and the slurry was properly stirred. Thereafter Treatments A, B, C, D and E were prepared using previously made slurry with the following specific proportions as (100% CD + 0% PYD), (75% CD + 25% PYD), (50% CD + 50% PYD), (25% CD + 75% PYD) and (0% CD + 100% CD). Three replicates were carried out for each sample. The plant consists of the fermentation chamber, the inlet and outlet pipe, the gas pipe and the stirrer. The samples were tested for methane and carbon dioxide productions along with pH and Temperature for 31days. Treatment D which is a mixture of (25% cow dung and 75% poultry droppings) produced more methane than the rest of the treatments. 96.08%. The cumulative methane yields of treatments D, A, C, E and B were 96.08%, 83.16%, 72.3%, 46.9% and 36.04% respectively. The order of both methane and carbon dioxide productions production was 25% CD + 75% PYD > 100% CD + 0% PYD > 50% CD + 50% PYD > 0% CD + 100% PYD > 75% CD + 25% PYD.The study revealed further that the mixture of Cow Dung and Poultry Droppings as waste was great potentials for generation of biogas and its use should be encourage due to its early retention time and high volume of biogas yields than other organic waste. Also in this study, it was found that temperature variation, pH and some of the factors that affected the volume yield of biogas production.The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the variation of methane and carbon-dioxide production from Cow Dung and Poultry Droppings both individually and combined as substrates and also to find out the suitable substrates composition for biogas production.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of job satisfaction among university teachers based on gender, age, and sector of university. Questionnaire is used to acquire the required responses from university teachers in order to accomplish the research objectives. Descriptive and inferential statistics, ANOVA analysis, T-test and frequency tables are used to analyse the data. Study found that the level of satisfaction in universities’ teachers is primarily contributed by the administrative factors. Although, the results indicate no statistically significant relationship of gender attribute of demographics with satisfaction of university faculty, however, male are less satisfied as compare to female faculty, which led to the no rejection of Ho1. Ho2 is rejected and significant difference is found between faculty of private and public universities. The inferential statistics conclude a significant relationship between university type and satisfaction. The results of ANOVA reports significant relationship between various age categories and overall level of satisfaction. The results lead to the rejection of null hypothesis Ho3. Job satisfaction level decreases with increase of age. Certain recommendations are given at the end to increase the level of job satisfaction of university faculty.

To study surgical site infection and effect of antibiotic pro phylaxis in mesh repair of inguinal hernia. Comparative study. Department of Surgery, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Hospital, Jamshoro/Hyderabad from March 2011 to July 2013. One hundred diagnosed cases of inguinal hernia were studied selected through non-probability purposive sampling according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups; Group I. mesh repair with antibiotic prophylaxis (n=50) and Group II. Mesh repair without antibiotic prophylaxis (n=50). Antibiotic prophylaxis was given 60 minutes before surgical procedure. Surgical procedure was conducted by a consultant general surgeon or senior registrar. The surgical site infection (SSI) was defined as wound infection that developed within thirty days of surgery. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 21.0. The continuous and categorical variables were analyzed by student`s t-test and chi-square test respectively. The significant p-value was taken at ? 0.05. The mean +/- S.D of study population of both groups was noted as 39+/- 10.4 and 41.5+/- 11.0 years (p=0.09). All the subjects were male with age range of 20-60 years. The frequency of surgical site infection (SSI) in group I (antibiotic prophylaxis) was 6% (n=3) compared to group II (without antibiotic prophylaxis) was 22% (n=11) with highly significant p-value (p=0.001). Statistically significant differences were noted for the complications like; serous discharge, seroma, erythema and stitch abscess. The surgical site infection in mesh repair open inguinal hernia was higher in present study than internationally reported incidence. The antibiotic prophylaxis reduces morbidity in mesh repair open inguinal hernia.

This research is carried out to study the used of SPC tools towards identifying the variation in quality finished product at Bio-organic fertilizer company. The objectives of this research are to analyze and monitor quality of finished product using Xbar R chart and identify the relationship between variables using scatter diagram. Data was obtained from Quality Department through finished product of 5.5.5PE from January 2008 until December 2008. This finished product can be measure according to pH, moisture, and crash. SPSS version 11.5 software has been used to analyze and interpret the data into control chart and scatter diagram. The unstructured interview with respective workers was done in order to support the data analysis. The finding revealed that the SPC tools can determine process variation in finished product through systematical analysis with more accurately. Since All Cosmos has no specific tool to analyze the data, it is suitable for them to implement this tool.

Nowadays, consumers expect manufacturers to provide excellent quality, reliable delivery and competitive pricing. This demands that the manufacturer’s machines and processes are highly reliable. In order to possess highly reliable machines to make sure smooth manufacturing process, many organizations have implemented Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) as the enabling tool to maximize the effectiveness of equipment by setting and maintaining the optimum relationship between people and their machines. Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is used as a measure when evaluating the result of TPM. This paper intends to find out the relationship between TPM implementation and OEE result. Comparison between before and after the implementation of TPM is carried out to see the difference that TPM can bring to an organization. Elements that constitute the OEE equation will be analyzed in order to identify which one that affects OEE result. After identifying, improvement will be made on that element so that OEE result will be improved ultimately. The approach used in this paper is case study and the instruments used to collect data are observation and interview. Microsoft Excel is used to analyze data obtained and calculate OEE. Hence, TPM is a useful tool in helping firm to achieve optimal manufacturing process. By being able to achieve this level of maintenance, an organization will be able to reap competitive advantages brought by TPM, thus, producing quality products that manage to satisfy customers and subsequently generating greater profits.

Estimating soil temperature from air temperature is very necessary in some areas that are difficult to reach for the purpose of measuring soil temperature. In this research There are three Station Automatic Weather were selected in the study areas located in the North (Almosul), Middle (Abu-Ghraib), west (Hadethaa) and South (Alkahlaa) of Iraq (36.33° N, 43.16° E), (33.32° N, 44.23° E), (42.00°N, 34.35°E) ,(47.19°N, 31.80° E) respectively. The results referred to strong relationships between the averaged daily air temperature and averaged daily soil temperature at the 10 cm depth for sites. The correlations (R2) values were very high 0.93, 0.939, 0.980, 0.937 in Almosul, Abu-Ghraib , Hadethaa and Alkahlaa sites respectively. Linear equations to estimate soil temperature from air temperature were y=1.274x-6.517 in the north of Iraq, y=1.084x-0.305 in the middle of Iraq, y=1.065x+0.154 in the west of Iraq, y=0.849x+5.14 in the south of Iraq.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used with Arc-Hydro tool of Arc-GIS to described flow direction, flow accumulation, streams orders and basins in the republic of Iraq. The Republic of Iraq is in southwest Asia between latitudes 29° 5' and 37° 22' N and longitudes 38° 45' and 48° 45' E; it forms the eastern frontier of the Arab countries. Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan, Syria and the Kingdom of Saudi to the west, and the Arabian Gulf, Kuwait and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the south, border it (see Figure 1). Its unique environmental, biological and social features, which are unlike anywhere else in the Arabian Peninsula, characterize the country. It has a total area of 438 317 km2. The results referred to there are five stream orders and two main basins in the study area.

This study is a descriptive survey conducted on four primary schools based in the Kgalagadi North Sub-District in Botswana with purpose to cross-examine the instructional challenges faced by teachers based at schools in remote areas. After establishment of validity, interviews were conducted (individual and focus group). Results show that all the four remote schools sampled had homogeneous instructional challenges. Of the challenges, teachers identified discipline and academic challenges as a major factor in all the sampled schools. Even though parental support related challenges did not feature prominently in this study, the study identified that parents we not active in supporting their children in learning. The frequency of these challenges was found to be hampering positive academic output. These challenges were perceived to be capable of adversely affecting Botswana’s national objectives of Vision 2016 pillar of, an educated and informed nation. The study found out that learner achievement at remote schools is low and that parents are not actively involved in their children's education. The final thought of the study was that teachers based at remote schools need capacity building to deal with instructional challenges to enhance their effectiveness. On this ground, the researcher agrees with literature on the need for family learning as an approach to assist parents to support their children.

Housing development in developing countries in which Nigeria is not an exceptional case is a combination of many interrelated components which include land, infrastructure, building materials, policies, building regulations but more importantly is the finance component. This paper examined the performance of Primary Mortgage Institutions in financing housing development in Abuja and Lagos. It carefully identified the existing PMIs in the study areas, examined the mortgage business activities of the PMIs and the factors militating against effective performance of the PMIs in the study areas. The methodology employed by the research includes the collection of primary and secondary data. Questionnaires were administered to the PMIs existing as at the time of field work in Abuja and Lagos. This was done to collect data that will give a true representation of PMIs activities in the study areas. Among other findings, it was discovered that there is statistical significant relationship between the capital base and loans disbursed for housing development by the PMIs in the study areas. Recommendations were made to improve performance of PMIs for effective housing delivery.

The Ganges basin is the largest river basin of India. It is one of the geologically youngest and tectonically active drainage regimes of the world. The sediment load of the basin consist of fine sand, silt and clay and mineral assemblage is dominated by quartz, feldspars, illite and kaolinite. For the present study of Ganges river basin middle Gngetic plain was chosen because of its immense cultural and economic significance. It covers the Bihar plain and entire Eastern Uttar Pradesh on either side of Ganges and Ghaghara rivers within Himalaya and peninsular ramparts on the north and south respectively. The sediment samples were collected from three locations, viz., upstream at Varanasi, midstream at Ghzipur and downstream at Patna, twice once in pre-monsoon period (April, 1999) and other in post-monsoon period (October, 1999). The sediments were analyzed to understand the distribution and biogeochemistry of C, N and P. The Organic Carbon (Corg) was found to be decreasing with depth due to the age of the sediment and extent of anaerobic decomposition. The post-monsoon concentrations were lower than pre-monsoon due to conducive environment for decomposition of organic matter. Total Carbon (Ctotal) was found to be comparable at all these three locations. The substantial part of Ctotal is found to be inorganic in origin. Nitrogen contents were very low decreasing with the depth due to mineralization of organic matter, as more than 90 % of nitrogen is organic in nature. Phosphorous content in all these three locations were comparable. The phosphorus content was decreasing with the depth due desorption of Fe-bound phosphorous under anaerobic condition formed by burial and compaction of the sediments. A distinct spatial pattern was obtained in the distribution of phosphorous. Corg/N ratio was found to be increasing with depth by mobilization and leaching out of nitrogen, due to its mineralization.

This paper discusses Second Life, an interactive platform where college students can take advantage of learning opportunities. My interest in distance education presents Second Life as a very useful platform that could promote education at the university level. Through a very modern internet interactive platform, it has the potential of becoming a very useful avenue where virtually all subjects can be addressed. As an educator, I have found the use of Second Life more positive than negative. Second Life helps the students to explore the world around them using the virtual world, by combining the use of games and other interactive instruments. Virtual worlds are not limited to games, but, depending on the degree of immediacy presented, can encompass computer conferencing and text-based chat rooms. Literature shows that there is an ever-increasing growth of people accessing Second Life for educational advantages.

In this paper, we explain a new type of geometry based on a different way of measuring distance between points, as we explained on different planes like Minkowski and Galilean. Now, we'll give a little background on this unfamiliar geometry. The purpose of this paper is to introduce high school students to taxicab geometry, one type of non-Euclidean geometry in which a new metric to measure distance replaces the usual metric of Euclidean geometry.

Background: Although well-defined principals of rational antibiotic use are available, inappropriate prescribing patterns are reported worldwide. Accurate information on the usage of antimicrobials, including factors associated with and influencing their use, is valuable for improving the quality of prescription practice. In this survey study, some data about the prescribers' knowledge and attitude about antibiotic use was addressed. Method: A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed randomly to house staff physicians working in different hospitals in Khartoum state during Jan to Feb 2010. Results: 43.6% of respondents prescribed antibiotics according to guidelines, and only 59 (32.6%) refer to BNF or SNF. More than half of participants prescribed antibiotics with their trade and generic names. Ciprofloxacin is the most frequent antibiotic prescribed at different specialties. Conclusion: that a variety of complex reasons govern the attitudes of antibiotics. Inadequate recognition of the infectious agent is the main reason of irrational antibiotic prescribing. Amoxicillin is the most antibiotic prescribed empirically.

Hausa and Dakkarci (C’lela) languages are two different languages with closer phonological, morphological, syntactical, as well as semantic structures. Many factors have contributed to the current similarities in the languages, existing in the same area. Nevertheless, they share different features. In view of this, the paper is intended to look at the comparative analysis of Hausa and Dakkarci(C’lela) languages in their sentence construction.

The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of money transfer systems on economic growth of Somalia. The study was guided by the following objectives, to establish the effect of electronic Money Policy on economic growth in Somalia, to determine the effect of Money transfer Agents on economic growth in Somalia, to examine the effect of electronic Money transfer security on economic growth in Somalia, to establish the level of financial support in form of capital, that is attributed to funds received from abroad and to establish the extent of distribution of received funds from transfers to other parts of Somalia other than Mogadishu. A significant number of Somalis fled the country during the civil war that lasted for more than two decades since 1992. These Somalis in diaspora send significant amount of money which is used to support their families that they left behind. These transfers contribute a lot to an economy of low production, making it one of the backbones of the Somalia?s economic growth pillars. hawala is a system of money transfer that excludes the bank system and is useful for the economy. To better understand the effect of money transfers such as hawalas, the Keynesian monetary policy concerning liquidity preference and practical policy and the Dow Theory have been used. The study follows a conceptual framework to help the research accomplish the objectives and concentrates on investigating the electronic money transfer, business boosting and income distribution as affected by hawala which variables are responsible for the economic growth. The study was use research design to present the findings conducted. Data was collected by a questionnaire where both structured and unstructured questions are used. Data was analyzed by use of Microsoft Excel & SPSS tool for comprehensive analysis because of its compatibility in describing statistical data. Findings was further be presented by use of bar charts, pie charts, graphs, tables and text all these issues showed the impact of money transfer in economic growth in Somali because the is back bone of Somali economic 80% of Somali people depend their lives in electronic money transfer, the result the hawala is very integral for Somali people. The researcher recommends that the government should develop hawala Remittance Act and the Anti-money laundering law, that will create more favorable conducive environment to smooth the operations of the hawala Systems, and implement it.

Nowadays water scarcity existing in many countries even though earth is covered by three –fourth of water. Worldwide rapid growth of industries and the immeasurable population are the major reasons for scarcity of water. Solar still is the only effective solution for water problems in dry areas where the scarcity of water and electricity exists. Solar still is a efficient solar device which converts the available brackish water into potable water. An extensive review on different methods to enhance the evaporation rate using photo-catalyst in solar still has been carried out in this paper.

Both the computer and the software and data essential elements of a system of information in the digital environment associated with e-government. Computer may be associated with devices and services in the communication network terminal ends or other accounts or specific network facilities. Computing network may be a LAN or private network extended the scope of the government department or ministry concerned as a network intranet, or wide area WAN network as extranet or international information network such as the Internet, may also be linked to external contact is open to any individual provider technological means that enable access to her. The aim of this research is the security of information systems, protection and availability of resources and its components and work their confidentiality and integrity. Where in the absence of adequate security systems and information and communication technologies, do not use all their capacities and energies. The absence or lack of security in a loss of confidence in the system to stop and not to make the most of it, making it a burden on the organization. On this basis it must protect the system and information from damage that can lead to system failures and loss dating back to their organizations and their staff. You can identify three main dimensions of the target of various information in security systems, (I) definition: who is allowed to enter the system? Must check it out through three main entrances (II) dependence: once you learn the rules of the real user, the natural next question is what allowed for this person? Thus, an accreditation process based access to resources for this user (iii) Management: representing management saving the user attributes, in addition to the security of a given resource definition. It includes on activities such as the exclusion of the advantages of the arrival of the user or employee leaving the service. The search results are in four axes task, first (Security Policy: The purpose of information security policy relates to provide appropriate guidance and administrative support to the security of the information and recommendation (II) Security organization: This dimension aims information security management focus in the organization (iii) the security of individuals: the purpose of the after the security of individuals to reduce the risk of human error, theft, embezzlement or misuse of facilities (iv) control of access to information). Concludes research is the establishment of political, regulatory and legal frameworks to address the matters relating to the dangers of security such as piracy and management of domain names and the protection of citizens, the development of information security policy and encourage the application and adaptation programs and records of e-government, strengthen the expertise and Practice better for the security of information systems through the development of guidance and technical standards on a large scale and use including is a global developer, organize public campaigns to raise awareness aims to improve public knowledge and understanding of the importance of information and intellectual property rights and the protection of security software.

This study was to assess the adequacy of human and material resources for effective implementation of physics curriculum. Four colleges of educations were randomly sampled in four states. Teachers’ opinions questionnaire was used to collect relevant data. Frequency count and percentages were used to analyze the data collected. The result shows that laboratories, school library sizes and non- teaching staff were moderately adequate and science journal was inadequate. It was recommended that lapses in each of the colleges need immediate amelioration for quantitative education.

This study sought to assess the adequacy and appropriateness of the contents for the attainment of the NCE Physics curriculum objectives. The study covered 24 Colleges of Education and 60 lecturers. Both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were used to analyze the data gathered in the study. The results showed that the contents of the NCE Physics curriculum are adequate and appropriate for the attainment of the stated objectives. It was recommended that sufficient courses and periods are allocated to practical lessons and laboratory management adequately.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of cutting angle for locally assembly motorized vibration cutter on some operational characteristic used for date palm frond cutting. An implement was fabricated to cut the fronds around the date palm tree trunk. Three cutting angles included 45,60 and 90° was used in this study .One frond cutting time, One palm frond cutting time, cutting level, noise level, vibration ,productivity and efficiency was measured in this experiment . Complete block design with three replications was used in this study. Least significant differences (L.S.D) under 0.05 level was used to compeer the mean of treatment.The results showed that 45° cutting angle gave a lower time in cutting one frond and one palm fronds stood 2.65 sec and 2.40 min respectively, also gave less differences in surface cutting level, level of noising and vibration stood 5.28 mm,79.37 db and 5.22 m.sec-2 respectively . Also it gave the same amount of productivity with 60° cutting angle stood 8.01 palm /h. 45° cutting angle gave a high efficiency it got 80.23%, using a manufacturing equipment for cutting date palm frond was successfully done.

The experiment was conducted for testing a locally assembled combine implement used for open furrow, planting and fertilizing under different machinery unit speeds. New Holland TD80 tractor was used in this study. Three machinery speeds included 6.26, 7.44 and 9.53 km?hr which represent main plot and two Furrow depths included 5-15 and 15-25 cm which represent sub plot were used in this study. Field efficiency, Leaf area, 100 seed weight, percentage of oil in maize and maize yield was measured in this experiment. Split plot design under Randomized Complete block design with three replication was used in this study. Least significant differences (L.S.D) under 0.05 level was used to compare the mean of treatment. The results can be summarized as Fallow: 9.53 km ? hr speed gave lower field efficiency stood 63.45% and higher maize yield stood 9.65 t ?h. 5 - 15 cm furrow depth gave higher field efficiency stood 69.01% and greater leaf area stood 0.57 m2 while 15-25 cm furrow depth gave higher maize yield stood 5.23 t ?h. The interaction between speed and furrow depth, has significant effect on all plant properties except 100 seed weight and percentage of oil in maize.Using the locally assembling combine implement for planting corn, fertilizing and open furrows is successfully done. 

A field experiment was carried out in the mashkhab rice research station of the Agricultural Foundation of Researches at the Ministry of Agriculture, during the growing season of summer 2015. Two rice cultivars included amber 33 and Jasmine, which represented main plots, and three levels of transplanting methods included mechanical transplanting by riding transplanter, mechanical transplanting by walking transplanter and manual transplanting, which represent sub plots were used in the experiment. Fuel consumption, actual field capacity, ratio of hill missing, Percentage of hill damage and grains yield were measured in this study. Split plot design under randomized complete block design with four replications was used in this study. Least significant differences (LSD) at 5% level was used to compare the mean of treatments. The results were showed: The superiority of walking transplanter consumes less amount of fuel amounted 8.56 liters / hect. compared with riding transplanter which consume 11.20 liters / hect.. The riding transplanter Achieved field capacity amounted 0.2380 hect / h which significant superior than manual transplanting and walking transplanter, which achieved a capacity stood 0.0038 and 0.1370 hectares / h respectively. Hand transplanting recorded less ratio of hill missing stood 5.93% comparing with riding transplanter which recorded ratio of hill missing and walking transplanter which recorded a rate of 8.14%. 5.42% percentage of hill damage for riding transplanter comparing with 7.77% for manual transplanting. There was not significant differences appear in the grains product for used transplanting. It appears from the research results that the mechanical transplanting achieves more field capacity compared with manual transplanting. Demonstrating the success of using rice mechanic transplanting in Iraq.

The experiment was conducted in the Desert Guide Way Farm which belongs to the Agricultural Extension Department / Agricultural Office in Karbala Governors to investigate operating of pumping unit of drip irrigation system by using multi-power sources. Multi- power Sources with three levels including: pump with motor operated with charged battery by solar and wind power, pump with motor operated with internal combustion engine by bio fuel , pump with motor operated with internal combustion engine by natural fuel (gasoline) which represent main plot and discharge levels including 3.5 let. h^(-1) and 1.8 let.h^(-1) which represent sub plot were used in this study. Water horse power, break horse power, pumping efficiency, operating cost, were studied in this experiment. Randomized complete block design ( RCBD ) with three replications was studied in this experiment.The results showed that pump with motor operated with internal combustion engine by natural fuel (gasoline) treatment got higher brake horse power reached 0.238 hp mean while pump with motor operated with charged battery by solar and wind power treatment managed to have less operating costs reached 0.71 $/day also the results showed that discharge 3.5 let ?ha?^(-1)tertment mange to have highest water horse power reached 0.203 hp and brake horse power 0.289 hp and highest pumping efficiency stood 70.28% and least operating cost stood 2.74 $/day. The interaction between the pump with motor operated with charged battery by solar and wind power with discharge 3.5 let.h^(-1) treatment gave highest water horse power and pumping efficiency and least operating cost stood 0.202 hp and 70.72% , 0.71 $ / day respectively.

Using a combine implement for open furrows , seeds planting and fertilization is very important implement to conduct more than one process or operation in one field pass at the same time where the combine equipment open suitable furrow to grow any crop and also considered as special tillage implement. The combine implements save time, cost and potential, and decrease traffics and, labors and improve soil physicals properties and plant yields. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of deferent furrow depths and speeds of machinery unit using a locally assembled combine equipment on planting maize. The tractor which was used in this study is New Holland TD80. Two machinery speeds included 7.44 and 9.53 km?hr which represent main plot and two Furrow depths included 5-15 and 15-25 cm which represent sub plot were used in this study. Field efficiency, Leaf area, 300 seed weight, and maize yield were measured in this experiment. Split plot design under Randomized Complete block design with three replication was used in this stud . Least significant differences (L.S.D) under 0.05 level was used to compare the mean of treatment. The results can be summarized as Fallow; 9.53 km ? hr speed gave lower Field efficiency stood (63.45)% and higher maize yield stood (9.65) t ?h . 5 - 15 cm furrow depth gave higher Field efficiency stood (66.69)% and greater Leaf area stood (0.53) m2 while 15-25 cm furrow depth gave higher maize yield stood (5.53) t ?h. The interaction between the speed and furrow depth, has impacted significantly on all plant properties except 300 seed weight. Using the locally assembling combine implement for planting corn, fertilizing and open furrows is successfully done.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation methods and operating pressure in water use efficiency and maize yield in the field of the collage of Agriculture / University of Baghdad in 2013. The experiment carried out by using split plot design under randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of operational pressures included: 30 , 50 and 70 kpa which represented main plot and Two levels of irrigation method included: subsurface and surface drip irrigation which represented sub plot using T-tape type were used in this study .Bulk density , plant height , plant yield and water use efficiency were studies. A locally made combine implement was used in this experiment for tillage and Subsurface Irrigation Tubes Instillation. The results showed that the pressure 30 kpa and surface drip irrigation was superior in getting less bulk density of soil 1.45?g . m-³, while using 70 kpa pressure and subsurface irrigation got the highest plant height 180.32 cm and highest plant yield 9.25 ton / ha and efficient use of water 1.45 kg / m ³. Accordingly using 70k pa pressure and subsurface irrigation which gave the best field indication are recommended.

This study investigates the comparative perception of employees toward their job satisfaction in the selected public and private banks in Dire Dawa City Administration of Ethiopia. The respondent employees have been randomly selected from both banks based on proportion to population size. Primary cross-sectional data was collected from 120 sample respondents through structured questionnaire. Inferential statistics analysis showed that employees of private banks are more satisfied in provision of payment and benefit packages as well as social acceptance and working environment aspect than that of public bank employees. However, regarding to job security, the result indicated that public bank satisfies its employee more than their counterpart. Concerning personal growth and development, employees of private banks reported that they perceive more satisfied than employees in the public banks. Thus, concerned bodies may emphasis on the aforementioned variables to enhance employees’ perception towards job satisfaction in order to receive the efficient services of their employee and to improve overall performance of both banking sectors.

In this study, physicochemical properties of Gilgel Gibe-I hydroelectric Dam water were investigated. Water samples were collected three times per day, from six sampling sites of the Dam. Physicochemical parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), Temperature and Turbidity were determined in situ, whereas, other parameters such as alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), total suspended solid (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride and heavy metals like Fe, Cu, Zn, Co and Cd were analyzed by FAAS in the laboratory. The finding of the study revealed that some physicochemical properties such as pH, EC, turbidity and nitrate of the studied water samples were exceeding WHO permissible limit for surface water and only Fe were investigated in the sample and within permissible limit domestic purposes. But, the remaining studied parameters are below the permissible range prescribed in WHO guideline for the surface water.

Research on entrepreneurship has always been a controversial topic in economic theorizing. The significance of entrepreneurship is emphasized by almost all authors working on innovation economics, nevertheless, most of the research work comes to an end at a purely appreciative level. Today, and social systems are encountered to complex and obscure challenges. Fast environmental changes also cause the future social systems, especially the organization, unpredictable. In addition, the competitive field intensification, the product's life-cycle decrease and the social expects increase, makes these systems more complicated and obscured. In order to survive and continue the life, the organizations and companies have to make entrepreneurship and creativity in respond to the challenges. This could be gained just by organizational entrepreneurship, as a stimulus motor for the organization and the country improvement by the means of organizational entrepreneurs as the main core of entrepreneurship in organizations. The basic factor of organizational entrepreneurship is to determine the opportunities and take advantage from them. Although, today, entrepreneurship is known as a commercial and economical issue, it is still used to gain the opportunities. Regarding to organizational entrepreneurship literature and organizational entrepreneurship evolutions and presenting the organizational entrepreneurship and at last the entrepreneurship encouraging methods in organization and providing the proper bed in this regard, this paper tries to facilitate gaining the economic value.

Trying to explain the principles of management, with the help of the different approaches is done by scholars in seminary and university. Approaches such as: fundamentalism, religious, legal, exegetical, historical, governmental method of the Prophet (pbuh) and Imam Ali (AS). Undoubtedly, each of these approaches is directly applicable at all or at least some managerial areas such as general manager duties, specific duties of directors, influence of principles and assumptions, managerial qualities and characteristics, management philosophy, management techniques, theory and management, etc. “Management control is the major component. Control and monitoring is the assessment of decisions and programs since its implementation and necessary proceedings to prevent the diversion of program operations and correct the possible caused deviations.” (Jasbi, 274:1991)In this paper, an approach to the study of organizational control principles based on the effective mechanisms in order to explain the control and surveillance sources and devices in Islam have been reviewed. In addition, competition and regulatory role of Raghib and ATid, prophets and saints, angels, testimonies of members and organs of the human soul, approximately, enjoined and prohibited from denying public and self-control, especially as the top element of organizational life, and discuss focus is placed. Furthermore, the role of prophets and saints, angels, testimonies of members and organs of the human soul, public enjoined and prohibited from denying and self-control, especially as the superior and effective element of organizational life, will be discussed and explored.

The Glass ceiling practices in the corporate sector have been a subject of concern in the industry and in the policy-making quarters of the government. Present government legal framework does not have enough hold to curb on local glass ceiling practices effectively. There is a need to eliminate glass-ceiling practices in the corporate sector in order to keep female employees motivated. It will create congenial working environment and will lead to improvement in female employee’s attitude, commitment and ownership towards their work engagements in the organization. Women employees need to be recognized and given equal participation in each and every level of the organization. The objective of the study is to map environment of glass ceiling practices and to highlight female employees’ harassment, discrimination and carrier deterrence practices. The research work is done through survey using a questionnaire for information and data collection about the glass ceiling practices in the local industry. Information and data was collected using simple random sampling technique. The data was collected from Punjab. Questionnaire is based on 8 Glass Ceiling and Gender Discrimination constructs consisting of total 24 questionnaire statements.

A Simple, accurate and precise titrimetric method was developed for the estimation of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate in bulk and tablet dosage form by using complexometric titration. In this method, EDTA solution (0.01M) was employed as a titrant, Eriochrome black T as an indicator and methanol as a solvent to solubilize the poorly water soluble drug. The validation of the proposed method was carried out for linearity and range, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and recovery. The method was found linear with correlation coefficients of 0.9996. Concerning accuracy and precision the RSD% values were satisfactory found less than 2. There is no interference from the excepients present in the formulation as confirmed by standard addition method with recovery % 100.4 and RSD% 2.1. The developed method was compared with reported UV spectroscopic method and there is no statistically significant difference.

Horseradish peroxidase is a comprising enzyme which can be appropriate to oxidoreductases and is intricate in degradation of definite intractable organic complexes like phenol and substituted phenol via free radical polymerization. Peroxidase was extracted and purified from horseradish using ammonium sulphate for dialysis, gel filtration and precipitation chromatography. Spectrophotometer was used for assay of horseradish peroxidase in this present research. Horseradish peroxidase increased activity from 5.211 to 9.246 U/ml by purification. It gained 29.67 folds purification at this final step. In addition to its beneficial in characterization of glucose in blood; moreover it can destroy microbial strains.

Good agricultural practices (GAP) are Practices that address environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes and result in safe and quality food and non-food agricultural products. In simple language, GAP stands on four pillars (economic viability, environmental sustainability, social acceptability and food safety and quality). In recent years, the concept of GAP has evolved to address the concerns of different stakeholders about food production and security, food safety and quality, and the environmental sustainability of agriculture. These stakeholders include governments, food retailing industries, farmers and consumers who seek to meet specific objectives of food safety, food production, production efficiency, livelihood and environmental benefits. Adoption of a sustainable practice means that the farmer has accepted the idea as good and that he intends to include it in the ongoing program of land preparation, planting, and harvesting. In other words, adoption is the implementation and continued use of an agriculture practice. This is an important difference from trial or experimentation, because a farmer might try a sustainable practice and abandon that practice. Adoption of sustainable practices by farmers is the key to transforming agriculture into a long-term, sustainable system. How far sustainability can be achieved in a democracy depends greatly on farmers’ voluntary acceptance of sound land use practices. Individual decisions are shaped by the availability of technical information and the appropriate machinery, seeds, and other inputs necessary to implement sustainable agricultural practices. This paper reviews literature on the good agricultural practices that promote sustainable food security.

Agriculture is the major economic activity in Kenya contributing up to 24 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (GoK, 2014). According to Odhiambo et al. (2004), agriculture is the most important sector in the Kenyan economy. This is because it provides employment opportunities, source of foreign exchange earner, and food provision besides offering linkages with the other sectors of the economy. Moreover, agriculture is among the six key sectors identified to deliver a 10 percent economic growth per annum as envisaged under the economic pillar of the Kenya Vision 2030. The country aims at promoting an innovative, commercially oriented, and modern agricultural sector (Kenya Vision 2030). Animal genetic resources are used to accommodate both short and long term benefits for improved livelihoods. Structured breeding programmes provide a key to increase production levels and product quality, increase productivity and cost efficiency, maintain genetic diversity and support the conservation and sustainable utilization of specific breeds. For sustainable breeding strategies to take place there is a need for long term planning and commitment. For conservation or improvement of a breed or population for a given purpose the choice of breeding strategy is determined by a number of factors and is giving the framework for design of more detailed breeding programmes for specific populations.

Food security is a major global concern since food is the most basic human need and access to food is a fundamental human right. The right to food is contained in the universal declaration of human rights that was adopted in 1948 by the general assembly and reaffirmed by the World Food Summit and the Food and Agricultural Organization of the UN in 1996. To show their solidarity over poverty and hunger issues, nations under the umbrella of the United Nation (UN) targets to halve by the year 2015 the proportion of people who are hungry. Tackling food insecurity problem on a global level poses critical dynamic challenges. Every country has its own individual dimensions adding to the overall food crisis in farming areas. Due to unprecedented subsidies given to farmers in terms of seeds and fertilizers, they are easily enticed to use larger portion of their land for cultivation of food. Consequently, farmers have to either spend more on buying food or reduce their food consumption, which subject their families to malnourishment and starvation. In other words, low level of investment practiced by poor small scale farmers do not attract economies of scales but makes them remain in constant debts and this incapacitates households’ ability to afford adequate food. Farmers being trapped in a debt cycle provide them no option but to keep cultivating this crop irrespective of the long-term, veiled hazardous consequences and questionable economic gains. The power of technological solutions to solve poverty problems currently witnessed in Kenya is installed by the myriad of institutional and supply policies. Moreover, with a better policy environment, investment in rural infrastructure and transport network can bring down input costs considerably by reducing one of the major supply constraints to adoption. Considerable adaptive research, stronger and decentralized research-extension farmer linkage is required to increase the speed with which farmers apply the viable technologies. The best judges of agricultural technology are the end users-the farmers and involving them in technology use is critical to the success of research investment programs for increased sustainable production to alleviate the persistent food insecurity in Kenya.