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A 222Rn survey was carried out in order to explore the pattern of geographical and seasonal changes of 222Rn activity in soil-gas at different locations in Chitradurga district of Karnataka State using RAD7 radon detector coupled with special accessories, without dilution by outside air technique. Radon activity in the soil gas varied from 0.5 to 812.9 (mean: 93.78 Bq/m3) and 0.8 to 810.4 Bq/m3 (mean: 92.84 Bq/m3) during pre- and post-monsoon seasons respectively, with an annual mean of 0.65 to 811.65 Bq/m3 (mean: 93.31 Bq/m3). A significant spatial and insignificant temporal variation in soil radon activity has been observed in the study area, which is in the order of Hosadurga taluk (346.56 Bq/m3)> Hiriyur taluk (95.10 Bq/m3) > Challakere taluk (36.45 Bq/m3) > Chitradurga taluk (20.40 Bq/m3) > Holalkere taluk (2.87 Bq/m3). The results showed the radon values in the soil-gas of Chitradurga district are low (< 0.8 kBq/m3) enough to categorize them under low radon risk areas (viz., 10 kBq/m3).

Mechanical properties of seven types of Ag - clay nano films were investigated. Elasticity of Modulus, Tensile Strength, Toughness, Elongation at break, Tear Strength and color of nano films were compared with those of the regular Low Density Poly Ethylene film. Results showed that inclusion of nano particles increased Modulus of Elasticity, Tensile Strength and Tear Strength but Elongation at break point and toughness of the films were decreased. The effect of film type on Modulus of Elasticity, Tensile Stress and Tear Strength, were significant at the 0.01 level and for Elongation at break point and toughness was significant at the 0.05 level. Investigation of film color parameters and ?E showed that the 1000 ppm nano Ag film has more color than other films. The smallest ?E was related to the control film. ?E value of the nano Ag films increased with increasing nano particle content and in nano composite films, decreased with increasing clay content. In sum, the nano film with 1000 ppm nano Ag content was the best film and control film was the worst film. In conclusion, the nano composite film (SC3) with 500 ppm nano Ag- 450 ppm nano clay content was the best film in terms of the mechanical properties.

The condensation product between 2,6-diacetylpyridinedihydrazone and pyridine-2-aldehyde were prepared and this was reacted with cis-Ru(phen)2Cl2.2H2O and cis-Ru(bipy)2Cl2.2H2O to form two mixed – ligand complexes. The complexes were characterized using elemental analyses, infrared and electronic spectra, mass spectra, 1H NMR, and the molar conductances determined. The elemental analyses data is satisfactory with the formation of the prepared complexes which conformed to the electrocyclisation of the introduced ligand. The mass spectra data is consistent with the molecular structural patterns of the complexes. The conductivity measurement revealed that the complexes were 1:2 electrolytes. Quantum chemical methods are used to calculate the binding and stabilization energies of the two complexes which suggested that binding and stabilization energies of [Ru(phen)2L]2+ are thermodynamically more favourable compared to [Ru(bipy)2L]2+ .

This paper proposes a review of the main uniqueness and parameters of photovoltaic (PV) cell. A photovoltaic (PV) cell converts the solar energy into the electrical energy by the photovoltaic effect. The heat does not participate constructively in this process. Heat actually limits the performance of p-n layers, and the presence of excess heat is a sign of deterioration in a PV cell. Most solar cells are built from silicon, and the presence of impurities influences their performance. The losses occurring in the field operation of a PV cell have to be considered in order to calculate precisely its real electric power output. The PV module model is simulated using Matlab. The reviewed model is based on previous studies and previous models. Finally, the model has been compared with experimental data of a commercial PV module USP5-6V.

We are very happy to announce that from 24h March 2017, Mr. Paresh Girish Chaudhary has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Mechanical Engineering. The appointment of Mr. Paresh Girish Chaudhary as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal.

Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease caused by a flagellate protozoan Giardia lamblia infecting both human and animals. These parasites live in the intestines and are passed in feces. Outside the body, Giardia can survive for weeks or months. Giardia may be found in every region around the world. Mode of spreading is mainly through oral route mostly via contaminated water. Symptoms include diarrhea, gas or flatulence, greasy stool that can float, abdominal cramps, nausea, and dehydration accompanied by weight loss. WHO estimates that over 90% of diarrheal cases can be prevented by enhancing the availability of clean water and improving hygiene and sanitation measures. Some people with Giardia infection may remain asymptomatic hence acting as reservoirs for the parasite. Lack of safe water as a sanitation hazard has not been comprehensively studied. This cross section study was carried out to determine the point prevalence of G. lamblia amongst out-patients who attended Sio port sub-county hospital between the period of May-July 2014. To determine the point prevalence of G. lamblia and to determine the most affected gender and age-group(s).: Simple random sample method were used, to enroll three hundred and fifty three (353) participants. Stool was microscopically studied to identify presence of a trophozoite (in case the stool is diarrhoeic) and for a cyst of a G.lamblia (in case it is formed or semi-formed stool). Data was collected and analysed by discriptive statistics and presented in form of tables, pie charts and graphs. Female were the most affected (78.2%) as compared to male (21.8%). The most affected age-group was 26-30 years (21%), followed by 0-5years (18.5%) and the least affected was 41years and above (3.4%). Point prevalence of G.lamblia was concluded to be 33.7%. Prevalence of G. lamblia among out-patients was 33.7% with the highest being in the age-bracket of 26-30 (21%) and female being the most affected sex with the prevalence rate of 78.2%. Therefore giardiasis is a health problem in areas where proper personal hygiene is not taken into consideration.

Organization is a relatively young science in comparison with the other scientific disciplines. (Ivanko, 2013) Accounts of the growth of organizational theory usually start with Taylor and Weber, but, as Scott (1987) mentions, organizations were present in the old civilizations which goes back to Sumerians (5000, BC) and which experiences its maturation phase with Taylor, Fayol and Weber, continuing to come up to present with modern management methods and principles. The modern organization may be the most crucial innovation of the past 100 years and it is a theory which will never complete its evolution as the human being continues to exist. Understanding how organizations work has been the focus of scientists and scholars until the early part of the 20th century. Just as organizations have evolved, so to have the theories explaining them. These theories can be divided into 9 different “schools” of thought (Shafritz, Ott, Jang, 2005): Classical Organization Theory, Neoclassical Organization Theory, Human Resource Theory, or the Organizational Behavior Perspective, Modern Structural Organization Theory, Organizational Economics Theory, Power and Politics Organization Theory, Organizational Culture Theory, Reform Though Changes in Organizational Culture and Theories of Organizations and Environments. This introductory paper will concentrate on the power and politics organization theory and is divided as follows: The introduction talks about the developments of the organization and organization theory from its early stages with detailed definitions. In section 2, theoretical roots in other words literature review on the subject will be presented. At further section, by looking at the perspectives of the 9 pioneering people (Pfeffer, Michels, Raven, March, Kanter and Mintzberg) main principles of the classical organization theory are presented one by one. Section 4 mentions strengths and weaknesses of the classical organizational theory and section 5 discusses and concludes the paper.

Present research intended to find out various problems faced by the schools administrators pertaining to how much principals and head of institutions are responsible in planning and developing an educational institution, how much they are empowered or struggling the quality education and healthy comfortable environment to the students and whether expectations attached to their role are realistic or not. The main objective of this study was to explore these issues, and also find their impact on the public and private institutions. Population of the research was comprised of head of institutes, Principals or campus administrators and section heads of public and private schools and colleges of Islamabad. A random sample of 153 respondents was collected from various public, private (chain schools) and individual owned schools with the help to research questionnaire. The results showed a dissatisfaction of educational administrators towards the organizational procedures, availability of resources and funds, implementation of modern methodology and concerns about advanced and updated curriculum and general facilities.

The paper examined the technical efficiency of ofada rice production system in the prominent rice producing area of Obafemi –Owode Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. The data used for the study were elicited from 100 ofada rice farmers who were selected using two stage sampling technique. The first stage was the random selection of ten rice producing villages from two rice blocks of Someke and Obafemi in Obafemi Local Government Area, while the second stage was the random selection of ten ofada rice farmers each from the ten villages to make the sample of one hundred ofada rice farmers. The analytical techniques used were descriptive statistics of rice producers, the determination of the rate of return on capital invested (RORCI) on the enterprise after analyzing enterprise profitability and the stochastic production frontier model. The results revealed that an average rice farmer in the study area is a married male of 51 years of age, with farming experience of 19 years, cultivated 3.34 hectares of rice and had little access to credit, extension services and tractor services considered essential for hectarage expansion. The production cost per hectare of rice was estimated as N64,565 with a revenue of N119,222 per hectare. The rate of return on invested capital (RORCI) was 85 percent and this favourably exceeded the prevailing capital lending rate of 18.38 percent. This indicated that on every naira invested in ofada rice production, there was a return of N0.85. It thus buttressed the fact that ofada rice production is a profitable venture in the study area. There was low technical inefficiency in ofada rice production in the study area during the 2008 cropping season which was investigated. Technical efficiency of the farmers varied between 0.52 and 0.98 with a mean of 0.89 and about 85% of the sampled farmers had technical efficiency above 0.80. The finding suggested that there is room for improvement in the production system. The variables that influenced ofada rice output included farm size which was significant at the probability level of P? <0.01, pesticide P?<0.05 and seed at P?<0.01 level .The variables were all positively related to ofada rice output level. It was therefore recommended among others that the rice farmers are old and thus need a succession plan of new generation farmers which should be organized into rice farmers association for easy access to credit facilities, extension services and provided tractor services to increase their farm size which is essential for their economic improvement.

India is one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical markets in the world and has established itself as a key global hub for research & development, manufacturing of raw materials, excipients, intermediates, finished dosage formulations, packaging materials, and clinical trials for both synthetic and biological drugs. This review paper discusses on how Hyderabad which was known as a bulk drug capital transformed in to an emerging pharma global pharma hub. Business friendly government policies, visionary entrepreneurs and a large pool of knowledge base specialized to support industry has transformed Hyderabad a place for many SME’s, Indian & Foreign Multinational Pharma companies.