Mechanical Engineering

Applications of laser are becoming very important topic in the current research. A large number of applications are already done for the use of laser technology in agriculture. This technology has already proven to be a user-friendly as per the need of the situations. This technology is becoming a well known and acceptable technique to the farmers. Now it has also proven that this technology is no longer as costly and within the reach of a farmer for his specific requirements. Real-time control is becoming an integral part of modern machine systems for high-quality agricultural production. Maintaining consistently high-quality agricultural production, while keeping up with growing labor shortages is a challenge. Labor shortages and environmental constraints coupled with the reality of spatial variability of chemical and physical properties among and within agricultural production areas readily explain the migration toward real-time control of agricultural equipment. The paper aims to describe the major field of applications of laser technology in agriculture in the past time. This paper also presents a review of the most recent advances in the development of sensors and controllers for agricultural applications.

The main objective of this paper is to find the optimum machining parameter for higher Material Removal Rate (MRR) in micro EDM on 316L stainless steel. The most important parameters like machining voltage, capacitance and sparkgap are considered in this experimentation. The experiments were conducted based on the full factorial design methodology. Multiple regression and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques were applied to predict the MRR. The predicted results are quite closer with the experimental results. S/N ratio was calculated to find the optimum values. ANOVA is carried out and the influence of machining parameters was found. The results show that the voltage is highly significant and the capacitance is the next significant than sparkgap on MRR.

This project provides information about energy system by the use of bio gas... Biogas contains primarily CH4 with the balance being mostly CO2 and a small amount of trace components. Now a day’s alternate fuel appears during possessions, by better understanding its components, biogas can be processed and utilized in a more efficient, cost-effective way because of reducing fuel cost, demand of fuel, and emission influence in global warming. The most important of this work is, to produce bio gas from organic waste and reduce the usage of petrol fuel. The increase in population leads to depletion of diesel fuel. Another reason is instead of disposing the organic waste in landfill, this can be converted into a useful product (bio-gas). The bio gas can be stored in a cylinder and be placed in a luggage side box of a vehicle. A regulator is fixed on the top of the cylinder. A hose tube from a vacuum kit which is placed beneath the seat is fixed to the cylinder, so that the gas can be passed to the carburetor. The needle of the carburetor is taken out and the gas would pass on the engine directly. The air filter is partially closed in the vehicle. On kicking the bio gas from the cylinder easily pass on from vacuum gas kit to engine. A spark plug which is above the engine is used to burn the biogas. In this manner, bio gas can be used run the vehicle. The pickup and efficiency is more comparing the existing system of the vehicle has not been reduced by using bio gas. A two Stroke Petrol engine is used for this project, 2 Kg Cylinder is used. It gives 110 kilo meter for one liter of bio gas. So that it can be used in the presented vehicle without any modification. So, the compression ratio of the engine is also high 15:1 Due to high compression ratio power developed by the engine is also high. By less consumption of the fuel, the power produced is more. Petrol produces more toxic gases like HC, CO etc...But we find that methane is less toxic, and emission is very less eco-friendly compare to petrol. It makes “GREEN EVOLUTION”.

The quality of weld is depicted by weld bead geometry. In submerged arc welding (SAW) bead geometry closely related to the process parameters namely welding current, open circuit voltage, welding speed and nozzle to plate distance. So it is necessary to develop the mathematical models for bead geometry in automatic SAW machine. In the present work mathematical models are developed for bead width and bead hardness by making bead on plate (12 mm thick ASTM SA 516 Grade 60). Experiments were conducted according to the two level half factorial technique and analysis of direct and interactive effect of parameters on responses are presented with the help of Design expert software. Results were clearly illustrated that bead width increases with welding current and voltage, but decreases with welding speed and nozzle to plate distance. Bead hardness increases with Welding current, welding speed and nozzle to plate distance, but decreases with voltage.

The Availability-Redundancy Allocation Problem (ARAP) is a kind of reliability optimization problems. It involves the selection of components with appropriate levels of redundancy or reliability/availability for maximizing the system availability under some predefined constraints. Identical redundant elements are included in order to achieve a desirable level of availability. Classical mathematical methods fail in handling non-convexities and non-smoothness in optimization problems. This drawback has been removed through meta-heuristics due to their ability of finding an almost global optimal solution in reliability–redundancy optimization problems. Artificial bee colony (ABC) is one of such meta-heuristic algorithm. This paper aims to present an ABC algorithm to search the optimal solution of ARAP with nonlinear resource constraints of a parallel-series system. A washing unit of a paper mill has been taken to illustrate the approach. The experimental results demonstrate that the evolutionary approach can provide more promising solutions in comparison with the widely used single-objective approaches by classical method on parallel-series systems which are frequently studied in the field of reliability optimization.

The use of tractors for agricultural works showed an important role to mechanized agricultural sector. A repairable mechanical system (as agricultural tractor) is subject to deterioration or repeated failure. In this study, the regression model was used to predict the failure rate of MF399 tractor. The machine failure pattern was carefully studied and key factors affecting the failure rate were identified in five regions of Khouzestan province. Results showed that different annual use hours (AUH) and maintenance policies affected failure rate. According to the data, the MF399 tractors included in 300-1000 AUH were commonly in a randomized breakdown period during their useful life but these tractors tend to enter the wear out period in the 1200-2000 AUH.

Wave propagation method (WPM) is utilized, for the first time, to study the resonance response of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The damping coefficient with in the interaction of tip-sample, which is assumed as a linear visco-elastic force, is considered in this paper as it has been neglected in the WPM studies of beam in previous investigations. Experiment and analytical results are provided in order to show the reliability and correctness of WPM method. The results are in good agreements with the experiments and show that the WPM is more accrue than analytical method.

The conventional propellers for marine application are the standard Propulsion System for surface ships & underwater vehicles. These propellers are metallic alloy type like NAB (nickel aluminum bronze), NMnB, and MnAlb etc. Because of their high strength and stiffness, But they create more vibrations & noise, expensive machining process ,poor acoustic damping properties ,low corrosion & fatigue performance. The present proposed study on the composite marine propeller which is contrary to metallic propeller properties & has advantages like high strength to weight ratio, stiffness to weight ratio &has most unique characteristic shape adaptability. The propeller design is to be carried by The standard KCD-series model propeller with 5 blades.it require high end modeling to get a required hydrofoil shape is carried in CATIA .The structural &vibration analysis will be done in ALTAIR OPTISTRUCT FEA to compare the metallic & composite to evaluate the suitability of composite material for marine propeller. Than analysis is carried for different layup materials of composite propeller to get an optimum stresses, deflections and normal modes of frequencies.

The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded triple stepped lap joint in laminated FRP composites using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. The finite element model is validated with the available results in the literature for the longitudinal loading of a triple stepped lap joint made of isotropic materials and is extended for the analysis of a triple stepped lap joint made of generally orthotropic laminates subjected to longitudinal loads. Maximum stresses in FRP adherends and Adhesive are computed and the effect of fiber angle on these stresses is studied. The results of the present analysis reveals that the three-dimensional stress analysis is required for the analysis of triple stepped lap joint in laminated FRP composites.

This paper investigates the development of Al6061/Si3N4 metal matrix composites using stir casting technique and optimize the process parameters in turning based on Genetic Algorithm. In this metal matrix composites Al 6061 alloy reinforced with 3% and 5% weight by volume of Si3N4 particles of mean diameter 75µm was used. Experiments were performed in the CNC lathe by using CNMG inserts at various cutting conditions and parameters such as cutting speed, feed and depth of cut and surface roughness was found at different levels. The optimization of machining parameters was done by using Genetic Algorithm.