Electrical and Electronics

This paper presents an optimization model to calculation of the minimum number of phasor measurement units (PMUs) for complete observability of electrical power networks. Minimum PMU placement problem has multiple solutions. We propose a flow chart and indicators in order to find all solution and rank these multiple solutions, respectively. The proposed model is capable of obtaining the full set of optimal solutions instead of only one or partial solutions. The integer linear programming (ILP) approach is implemented to solve this model. We propose a procedure for multistaging of PMU placement in a given time horizon due to financial and physical constraints using an ILP framework. In addition, network expansion scenarios associated with intermediate stages are taken into account. Numerical studies are conducted on a nine-bus system and the IEEE 57-bus system and the results are analyzed.

For a DFIG based wind energy system, the Rotor side converter (RSC) controls the torque and active/ reactive power of the generator while Grid side converter (GSC) controls the DC-link voltage and its AC-side reactive power. The stability of DC link capacitor voltage ensures that a nearly sinusoidal voltage is delivered by the GSC which is used as inverter. The present paper explores the important issues of maintaining the DC link capacitor Voltage value as close as possible to the nominal value of 1150 V and its Reactive Power value as close as possible to 0 Mvar under certain common types of faults.

Vehicle Theftshas been rapidly increasing in the present automobile industry, designing an intelligent security system for vehicles can be done by using a microcontroller. The developed security system makes use of ARM microcontroller, touch screen, a GSM module, and MEMS that is embedded in the vehicle by interfacing it to Engine Control Module (ECM).In the present day vehicles, remote keyless entry system and immobilizer system are used for prevention of vehicle theft. The proposed project aims to design a theft prevention and thief identification system by adding another level of security enhancements and improvising the existing system to overcome drawbacks. As automobiles become more sophisticated, security system for vehicles must be stronger. Thelist of features implemented in this project are, smart gravitational lock, touch screen ignition, thief identification by camera etc., The features are implemented by using triple axis MEMS Accelerometer, Touch screen, GPS Receiver, GSM cellular modem, VGA spy camera. The goal behind this design is to prevent vehicles thefts rather than finding the theft vehicle and a spysystem to identify the thief for future assistance.

Image morphing is a very important tool in film and animation industry. There is a potential need to do the research in the field of image morphing. There are lots of applications based on morphing in the area of image processing and image data security. There has been a significant improvement in the research related to image morphing in the past few years. In this paper, state of the art methods from 1980, s of morphing is discussed. In various sections of the paper methods related to transformation of pixels, interpolation and other methods of image morphing are discussed. A sincere attempt is made to address the comparison of these methods depending upon various parameters and techniques. This will help the researcher to compare and identify the method for further research. It is also highlighted the possible direction of research till date. Moreover the paper also contains a comprehensive bibliography of many selected papers appeared in reputed journals and conference proceedings as an aid for the researchers working in the field of image morphing. It includes old research papers to new research papers till date.

This paper proposes a review of the main uniqueness and parameters of photovoltaic (PV) cell. A photovoltaic (PV) cell converts the solar energy into the electrical energy by the photovoltaic effect. The heat does not participate constructively in this process. Heat actually limits the performance of p-n layers, and the presence of excess heat is a sign of deterioration in a PV cell. Most solar cells are built from silicon, and the presence of impurities influences their performance. The losses occurring in the field operation of a PV cell have to be considered in order to calculate precisely its real electric power output. The PV module model is simulated using Matlab. The reviewed model is based on previous studies and previous models. Finally, the model has been compared with experimental data of a commercial PV module USP5-6V.

Environment monitoring system is developed to ensure the safety and convenience of an environment which needs high security. It makes use of a temperature sensor, door sensor, hall effect sensor, RFID and accelerometer. This paper aims to develop such an embedded system that monitors parameters like temperature and door status through an android app along with providing security and high temperature alerts. Over current sensing is also employed to protect the circuit by relay switching. The real time values from the sensors are monitored by LPC1754 and SMS is sent to required mobile numbers having the EMS app with the help of a GSM module. The system uses a compact circuitry built around ARM Cortex M3 LPC1754 microcontroller Programs are developed in Embedded C using the IDE Keiluvision4. JTAG is used for loading programs into Microcontroller.

The large Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system has undesirable effects on the system such as increase in the complexity of A/D convertor and reduction in the efficiency of power amplifier. In this paper, modified expression of Zadoff Chu sequence, generation of Zadoff Chu sequence using hardware efficient CORDIC algorithm and develop Zadoff Chu matrix transformation (ZCT) precoding based OFDM system to minimize PAPR in OFDM system. Zadoff Chu sequences are class of complex exponential polyphase sequences which has constant amplitude and these sequences posses’ good correlation properties. In ZCT pre coding based OFDM system, ZCT is applied to the constellation symbols before the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT). The proposed system is simulated with VHDL and hardware efficient CORDIC algorithm is used for the generation of Zadoff Chu sequence. The achieved simulation results confirm that the proposed methods are capable of reducing the PAPR significantly by 3 dB for N=64 subcarrier and 16-QAM modulation at clip rate of 10-2.

New energy technologies are currently investigated in R&D and promoted in the political arena. Before these technologies enter the market, their environmental superiority over competing options must be asserted based on a life cycle approach. However, when applying the prevailing status-quo Life Cycle Assessment approach to future energy systems, some drawbacks arise. This paper investigates the environmental performance of several future energy systems (carbon capture and storage, micro cogeneration and photovoltaic’s) and describes associated methodological issues and instruments for dealing with the future dimension of these technologies.

The system consists of a standard microprocessor and a hardware accelerator for Gaussian mixture model (GMM) emission probability calculation implemented on a field-programmable gate array. The GMM accelerator is optimized for timing performance by exploiting data parallelism. In order to avoid large memory requirement, the accelerator adopts a double buffering scheme for accessing the acoustic parameters with no assumption made on the access pattern of these parameters. Experiments on widely used benchmark data show that the real-time factor of the proposed system is 0.62, which is about three times faster than the pure software-based baseline system, while the word accuracy rate is preserved at 93.33%. As a part of the recognizer, a new adaptive beam-pruning algorithm is also proposed and implemented, which further reduces the average real-time factor to 0.54 with the word accuracy rate of 93.16%. The proposed speech recognizer is suitable for integration in various types of voice (speech)-controlled applications.

Images containing faces are essential to intelligent vision-based human computer interaction, and research efforts in face processing include face recognition, face tracking, pose estimation, and expression recognition. The rapidly expanding research in face processing is based on the premise that information about a user’s identity, state, and intent can be extracted from images and that computers can then react accordingly, e.g., by knowing person’s identity, person may be authenticated to utilize a particular service or not. A first step of any face processing system is registering the locations in images where faces are present. However, face registration for whole database is a challenging task because of variability in scale, location, orientation (up-right, rotated), and pose (frontal, profile). Facial expression, occlusion, and lighting conditions also change the overall appearance of face. The Image registration algorithm will register all these images present in the database. The face recognition algorithm which is insensitive to large variation in lighting direction and facial expression is to be implemented. Taking a pattern classification approach, each pixel in an image can be considered as a coordinate in a high-dimensional space. The advantage of this is that the images of a particular face, under varying illumination but fixed pose, lie in a 3D linear subspace of the high dimensional image space—if the face is a Lambertian surface. However, since faces are not truly Lambertian surfaces and do indeed produce self-shadowing images will deviate from this linear subspace. Rather than explicitly modeling this deviation, project the image into a subspace in such a manner which discounts those regions of the face with large deviation. This is achieved by using dimension reduction techniques like Principal component analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant analysis (LDA), Laplacian faces, and other modified approaches like A Priori Laplacian and PCDA.