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Co-curriculum plays an important role in education. Among them is the importance of cultivating the personality and the formation of unity. Participation of students as young people and people in the country in co-curricular activities can cultivate goodwill, unity, national integration and inculcating the values of the indirect and direct when participating in these activities. This is in line with the second core in the Education Development Master Plan (Pelan Induk Pembangunan Pendidikan), namely Developing Human Capital. Quality human capital is the nation's primary asset to determine the future of nation. It is also important in building the concept of "One Malaysia" which prioritizes unity among the multiracial Malaysians. There are various advantages and disadvantages of co-curriculum implementation in education. Therefore, the implementation should be carefully planned and implemented more seriously by all parties. Any constraints in implementation whether in terms of teacher training, equipment, infrastructure, support, finance, etc. are urgently needed. It is important that the co-curriculum implementation in education can achieve its objectives and succeed in producing a highly educated generation of noble and virtuous.

The paper briefly described the operational mechanism innovation of key Microfinance Service Providers (MSPs) in Bangladesh. Grameen Bank has chosen to examine the approaches of microfinance. Grameen Bank is dominating microfinance market in Bangladesh in outreach, outstanding loans, savings, and efficient selected delivery mechanism. They offer micro-credit, savings and social services to the poor who were deprived from such access offered by conventional banks. Grameen Bank of Bangladesh is known worldwide for its innovative credit delivery to the rural poor. The bank offers loans to poor particularly the women in groups of five in order to create peer social pressure and solidarity which seems to work well in a society where social networks are often of vital Importance. Grameen Bank has been able to demonstrate the effectiveness of microfinance programs towards sustainable development for the rural poor in Bangladesh. The present study contributes to the literature on diverse microfinance approaches. The study may lead to further methodological improvement of the microfinance institutions in Bangladesh and elsewhere. Finally, microfinance practitioners and policy makers might gain better understanding on existing microfinance approaches in Bangladesh and can think or re-think for adaptation.

The main objective of this paper is to establish two summation formulae based on half argument involving Contiguous Relation. The results derived in this paper are of general character.

With the proliferation of ICT services, libraries are moving towards use of electronic information resources and services (EIRS) such as Integrated Library Systems (ILS), internet, online databases, online catalogues and interlibrary information sharing. This study aimed at establishing the type of electronic information resources and services (EIRS) provided in the Kenyan academic libraries and focused on a selected number of academic libraries namely: University of Nairobi (UoN), Kenyatta University (KU), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) and Kenya Technical Teachers College (KTTC). The study used both quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The study used descriptive survey to collect information by interviewing and administering questionnaires to a sample of 264 individuals. The target population for this study was made up of the students, library staff, and teaching staff of five academic libraries Interview schedules were used on the chief librarians to get specific information. Questionnaires were used to collect information about library users’ attitudes, opinions, habits or any social issues. The study used descriptive statistical techniques to analyze the collected data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used for analysis where frequencies, means and modes were drawn from the data. Findings showed that the EIRS offered were computers, online Bibliography, OPAC, online Journals, online interlibrary sharing, DVDs, CD-ROMs and video tapes. Further, findings showed that computers and online journals were the frequently used EIRS while talking tapes were never used by the respondents. The study recommends the need for the users to be adequately equipped with the right skills on the use of the EIRS so that the there is utilization of the EIRS provided in the libraries.

The Sm3+doped Y2O3 phosphor has been prepared by using combustion technique. The visible frequency upconversion emission has been observed from the developed phosphor under excitation with a 980 nm diode laser excitation. The upconversion mechanism involved in the Sm3+ doped Y2O3 phosphor has been explained on the basis of excited state absorption (ESA) process.

Volatile oils of Dioclea reflexa (Fabaceae) roots were obtained by hydrostillation and analysed using GC and GC-MS. A total of 15 compounds were identified; hydrocarbons being the dominating group of the compounds representing 69.27 %. Oxygenated monoterpenoids identified included terpinen-4-ol (2.47 %), myrtenal (1.69 %), verbenone (1.25 %), trans-pinocarveol (2.86 %) and thymol (1.30 %); also stearyl iodide (10.33 %) was identified.

This paper is a review on Warranty analysis, it basically explain about how warranty cost is important to handle carefully by all element of organization. Warranty cost needs uniformity to analyze throughout its user. Warranty cost analysis is challenging procedure as data become complicated when it consider different real life situations. Warranty claims are also part of effective warranty analysis. Different models explained by researches discussed to understand warranty analysis aspect. It studied different model for warranty analysis.

To report two cases of right crossed non-fused renal ectopia diagnosed in male patients about 30 years of age who arrived to emergency Centre’s with symptoms of renal colic. We report two cases of male patients who arrived to an emergency centre complaining of colic lumbar pain. Crossed renal ectopia was finally revealed by means of intravenous urogram after several analytical and imaging examinations. Right crossed non-fused renal ectopia is an uncommon congenital anomaly with a higher incidence in males. It is much more common to find a crossed fused renal ectopia of the orthotopic kidney. In contrast, if there is no fusion it may be located on the lower portion of the normal kidney, which is not the case in this instance. This malformation is not usually accompanied by other congenital anomalies. Most of cases are spontaneously solved and they do not require an intercurrent surgical intervention.

The study includes the determination of Ni (II) using azo reagent Benzenesulfonate, 4,4’-[3-(2-pyridinyl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,6-diyl]bis-, hydrogen sodium salt (1:1:1) spectrophotometric at (?max 562 nm) wave length. The effect of different parameters on determination is evaluated. The study shows that best PH=(7±0.1). The study includes obey concentration of Beer-Lambert law to determination of the calibration graph of Ni(II) by reagent. From this graph we note obey the concentration of law was between (2-50) µg of Ni(II) after this values the absorbance increased. The stoichiometry of complex Nickel ion determined by molar ratio method. Result indicated reagent to metal ratio was (1:2) the stability constant of the complex determination through mole ratio method and its value indicated good stability. The UV-Vis spectra and the IR spectra of the complex and reagent were measured. From all mentioned studies proposed structural formula of Ni(II) complex.

This paper introduces a new improved ratio estimator for population mean in stratified random sampling using calibration estimation theory. Following the results of an empirical study, it is deduced that the proposed estimator is substantially more efficient than existing estimators of its class.