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Prior knowledge about the presence of a plant pathogen in an infected plant material and natural reservoir is the first requirement for a successful disease management strategy. This becomes more crucial in case of quarantine pathogen like T. indica in order to alleviate unnecessary restrictions that prevent the movement of wheat across the globe and tells how this pathogen hinders the wheat trade of India. More over the potential risk of its dissemination in international wheat trade and germplasm exchange, there is a need for quick, sensitive, reliable and alarming method to identify T. indica to facilitate implementation of specific disease control strategies and for accurately selecting areas for quarantine. The detection of Karnal bunt (KB) is based primarily on the presence of teliospores on wheat seeds. However, accurate and reliable identification of T. indica teliospores by spore morphology alone is not always possible. Research based on genomic advances and innovative detection methods as well as better knowledge of the T. indica life cycle will facilitate their early and accurate detection, thus improving the sanitary status of cultivated plants in the near future. A new, novel, highly accurate molecular tests are emerging which help in surveillance of KB. This brief review will present the overview of classical and emerging T. indica detection and diagnosis assays and a repertoire of molecular diagnostic tools that can serve as a foundation stone for identifying and detecting T. indica inoculum load on multiple, rapid-cycling, real-time, PCR platforms both in vitro and in vivo conditions. This also provide an efficient way for disease surveillance and disease forecasting

The combined effects of thermal radiation and viscous dissipation on unsteady, laminar, free convective flow with heat and mass transfer over an incompressible viscous fluid past a non-isothermal vertical cone with variable surface temperature and concentration are considered in this article. The dimensionless governing equations of the flow that are unsteady, coupled and non-linear partial differential equations are solved by an efficient, accurate and unconditionally stable finite difference scheme of Crank-Nicolson type. The velocity, temperature and concentration fields have been studied for the effect of Eckert number (Ec), Prandtl number (Pr), radiation parameter (F), Schmidt number (Sc), buoyancy ratio parameter (N), semi vertical cone angle ( ), surface temperature power law exponent (n) and surface concentration power law exponent (m). The local skin-friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are also presented and analyzed graphically. It is observed that, when the radiation parameter increases, the velocity decreases close to the cone surface and an increase in Eckert number is observed to increase both velocity and temperature. The present results are compared with the available results in literature and are found to be in good agreement.

Onchocerciasis is the second leading cause of infectious blindness in the world after trachoma. A parasitic disease caused by a nematode specific to humans, Onchocerca volvulus, it is transmitted by the female black fly in places close to fast-flowing streams. This affection is serious by its ocular complications which earned him the name of river blindness. The World Health Organization estimates that 120 million people are exposed to onchocerciasis and about 18 million people are infected, of whom more than 99% live in intertropical Africa. Among them, 350 thousand are blind. The aim of our study is to determine the types of ophthalmological lesions in patients with onchocerciasis in the city of Inga in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Our series includes 100 patients, having benefited from a complete clinical examination and an ex-blood biopsy to confirm the onchocerciasis diagnosis. The prevalence in our study is 58%. The average age of our patients was 39.12 ± 15.71 years. We noted a male predominance with a sex ratio of 2.62. People working in fishing are the most affected by onchocerciasis, ie 44.85%. 27 out of 58 patients, ie 46.55%, benefited from mass treatment with Ivermectin. The lifespan of patients in the city of Inga was 24.71 ± 9.5 years. Ocular manifestations were 67.2%. The city of Inga is a known endemic focus for onchocerciasis (Prevalence 58%), ophthalmological manifestations are frequent in the city of Inga (67.2.%, 13.7% of blind people). The treatment of masses with ivermectin remains the only means of preventing the ophthalmological complications of onchocerciasis, hence the importance of good awareness-raising so that the population living in endemic regions participates in the treatment of masses.

Traditional economic production / order quantity (EPQ/EOQ) models make various simplifying assumptions in order to arrive at a closed form solution for the optimal lotsize in a production facility. The assumption of fixed unit cost in EOQ / EPQ models has also been tackled by many researchers. For example, Cheng (1991) formulated a problem where production cost is affected by both the product’s demand and the process reliability. Lee (1994), by formulating the unit cost on a function of the order quantity, took the economies of scale into account. Quality level of the product and specifications of the adopted manufacturing process also affect the unit product’s cost. Therefore, in this paper we consider a profit maximizing firm who wants to jointly determine the optimal lotsizing, pricing and marketing decisions along with manufacturing requirements in terms of flexibility and reliability of the process. The objective is to determine the optimal order lotsize to maximize the total profit by employing the type of fuzzy numbers which are triangular. We propose two fuzzy inventory model in which first model with fuzzy reliability level and second model with fuzzy reliability level and second model with fuzzy reliability and fuzzy economic production quantity (EPQ) is presented. For ech case we employ the signed distance, a ranking method for fuzzy numbers, to find the estimate of total profit per unit time in the fuzzy sense and then derive the corresponding optimal lotsize. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results of proposed models.

The basic aim of this analysis is relationship between organizational justice and professional commitment in Kermanshah official organizations. Material and methods: This analysis is based on descriptive analysis and from survey branch. Information gathering means is questionnaire, and in order to organizational justice analysis Chester and Ted (2007) 20 scores questionnaire is used and for organizational justice Vallas . et al., (1999) 12 scores questionnaire is used. Organizational justice questionnaire stability was 0.81 and professional commitment stability was 0.89, so because of Coronbach a=0.7 so two questionnaires have necessary stability. Statically population volume is 660 subjects from official organization staffs. According to sampling ways we choose some rate between them so finally we collect 104 questionnaires. Findings: For determining acquired data Kolmogorov - Simonov test is used and results confirm data normality. Used test in this analysis are correlation spearman test, line regression test, T-test and Friedman test and with using related test confirmed research propositions; results shows that in the aim community with improving organizational justice and professional commitment in staffs is increased too, line-regression results between organizational justice and professional commitment shows that between inter organizational justice as a independent variable and professional commitment there is linearity relationship. From 3 dimension of organizational justice just interactional justice has potentiality in changes in dependent and independent variables, so this shows that interactional justice in organizations is very important. So according to ordering Friedman test between 3 dimension of justice organizational; interactional justice has higher mean and distributive justice has lower mean and procedural justice put in second order.

An analytical solution to the problem of an MHD oscillatory boundary layer flow past a porous horizontal plate with periodic suction is presented. The fluid in the boundary layer rotates about an axis normal to the plate with a uniform angular velocity. A magnetic field of uniform strength is assumed to be applied normal to the plate. The equations governing the flow and heat transfer are solved by regular perturbation technique assuming the solution to be consist of a mean part and a perturbed part. The expressions for the temperature fields, skin friction at the plate due to primary and secondary velocity fields and the rate of heat transfer from the plate to the fluid in terms of Nusselt number are obtained in non dimensional form. The dimensionless expressions for the amplitude and phases of the fluctuating parts of the skin friction, Nusselt number at the plate are also derived. The skin friction due to primary velocity and skin friction due to secondary velocity at the plate, the amplitude and phase of the fluctuating part of , the rate of heat transfer from the plate to the fluid in terms of Nusselt number and amplitudes and phases of the fluctuating parts of it are demonstrated graphically and the effects of the parameters M (Hartmann number), (rotation parameter)and A (suction parameter)on these fields are discussed.It is seen that M, ,A have significant effect on the flow and heat transfer characteristics.2000 Mathematics subject classification: 76W05

Mature teratomas are benign ovarian tumors, which are generally asymptomatic. They rarely cause ovarian torsion. A typical clinical picture associates an abdominal pain with adnexal sensitivity and palpable mass. The imaging aspect of mature teratoma or dermoid cyst is typical. The ultrasound, CT scan, and the MRI play a crucial role in the diagnosis of adnexal torsion with the ovarian teratoma.

Several historians of science have tried to undermine experiments conducted before and during the Renaissance period. They tend to suggest that some such experiments were not, strictly speaking, scientific experiments. The historians often reduce them to mere trial and error trifles within the occult hermitic or magical tradition. But this paper takes exception to this sort of historical interpretation of scientific experiments conducted within the Renaissance milieu. A milieu deeply rooted in thoroughgoing humanism. The central claim of this paper is that there is no break between the sorts of laboratory experiments conducted in the Renaissance period and those conducted in the modern and contemporary periods. The basic aim, here, is to analyse the experimental design of Paracelsus and re-interpret it in the light of contemporary experimental design in biomedical researches. As it stands, the Paracelsian experimental design holds a lot of ingenuity behind it and showcases Paracelsus as a true mechanistic/Promethean man of experiment. Rather than see Paracelsus as a mere non-interventionist hermitic/alchemical man of nature, one needs to see him as a model experimentalist of all times whose relevance overreaches procreation demand in Africa. The method adopted here is principally that of textual analysis, tinged with the historiographical approach of reconstruction.

Etu field is located along the proximal margin of the Coastal Swamp I depobelt, a subbasin within the Niger Delta clastic wedge formed by margin collapse into underlying undercompacted shale. A Petrophysical framework evaluation for Etu field was constructed by combining data from Seven (7) Well Logs within hundreds of meters thick, define layers of reservoirs and sealing strata formed during episodic progradational and retrogradation of deltaic shorelines. The quality of the reservoirs are moderate to good and in some distal reservoirs, they are excellent. The average porosity values are approximately the same, but have variation in permeability which could be as a result of compaction of older reservoirs on the proximal part of the field. A total of thirty seven (37) reservoirs between 3000-4500 (m) were demonstrated. Sixteen (16) of the reservoirs are oil bearing, Six (6) are gas bearing while Fourteen (14) are water saturated

Water is a very essential product in life and has always been the subject of special attention because of its capital importance in the life of man, in terms of its use or consumption. Hence the need for more studies and research in this vital area. Thus, in the context of this study, we also wanted to pay particular attention to the waters of undeveloped wells which proliferate everywhere in the city of Kisangani and which are often used by the population in case of need during rupture. of drinking water supply by Regideso and especially those who do not yet benefit from this water service in their communities.This study concerns the bacteriological and physico-chemical analysis of the water of the wells of the commune of Mangobo and aims to determine the quality of the waters of these wells. The waters from these two wells (1 and 2) were analyzed in the field and in the laboratory. After analysis and processing of the data, the results proved that, compared to the physico-chemical parameters, these waters were out of standard for temperature (?29.1°C), pH (?6.01) and did not contain chlorine (0). These waters therefore do not undergo any treatment and are true culture media in relation to their temperature. From a microbiological point of view, the water from well 1 is of suspect quality (contains an average of 30,000 total germs per 100 ml and 1,300 total coliforms per 100 ml) and is not given for human consumption, while that from well 2 is of fairly good quality. The contamination of these waters is of strictly human origin, therefore coming from its users.This study underlines the importance of carrying out physico-chemical and microbiological analyzes of well water before any consumption by the population of Mangobo because drinking water must not contain pathogenic microorganisms or toxic substances.