Archives-J 

The present research is about the omission of schwa in Pakistani English as observed in the electronic media of Pakistan and can be taken as an extension of the works carried out by Tariq Rahman, Robert J. Baumgardner, and Riaz Hassan. The research has been carried out in order to determine the variations emerging in the variety of English used in Pakistan. It has been observed that this variety abounds in phonological deviations which are so recurrent in their frequency that they have emerged as a distinct linguistic feature of this variety. Among these phonological variations schwa has been found to be the most peculiar in its behaviour. In order to determine its peculiar behaviour the research was conducted on 750 participants taken from 200 current affairs programmes from four domestic news channels, and the participants were observed for the phonological variations in their speech. It was found out that omission of schwa is a regular feature of Pakistani English.

In this paper, Bayes estimator is derived for the parameter of the exponential model with presence of outliers based on records value. This estimator compared with estimator when we not use of records value.

The English pronunciation of the Panjabi learners is highly aggressive giving rise to defective pattern of speech in English. For example they don’t use labio-dental sounds or they are unaware of silent sounds in English words like /m/ in tomb. The present paper aims to analyze the phonetic and phonological patterns of English and Panjabi as taught by teachers in some schools. The structural approach is preferred over other approaches in this paper. This approach suits to English and Panjabi as the phonological structures of both the languages is of contrastive nature rather than identical or similar one. Both the languages are spoken and used in teaching. The structure is taken as an arrangement and combination of phonological units, not in the sense that of as grammarians use like word structure, noun formation, morphological constructions, etc. Veritably, Panjabi is written as it is spoken, whereas English is not spoken, as it is written, thereby causing doubts in the minds of the learners.

The use of tractors for agricultural works showed an important role to mechanized agricultural sector. A repairable mechanical system (as agricultural tractor) is subject to deterioration or repeated failure. In this study, the regression model was used to predict the failure rate of MF399 tractor. The machine failure pattern was carefully studied and key factors affecting the failure rate were identified in five regions of Khouzestan province. Results showed that different annual use hours (AUH) and maintenance policies affected failure rate. According to the data, the MF399 tractors included in 300-1000 AUH were commonly in a randomized breakdown period during their useful life but these tractors tend to enter the wear out period in the 1200-2000 AUH.

We are very happy to announce that from 19th December 2012, Prof. A.Siles Balasingh has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Computer Science. Prof. A.Siles Balasingh is currently working as Asst. Professor in Department of Computer Science and Engineering in St.Joseph University in Tanzania, Dar es Salaam. The appointment of Prof. A.Siles Balasingh as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 3rd August 2011, Prof. Nawab ali khan has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Commerce and Management. Prof. Nawab ali khan is currently working at Department of Commerce,Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh-202002, U.P. (India). The appointment of Prof. Nawab ali khan as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

The problem of Reoptimization of Steiner Tree is a NP Hard problem. Given a graph and a optimal solution of the Steiner tree and then after a slight modification is done in the initial instance, then a new Steiner minimal tree is to be determined. This is known as reoptimization of Steiner Tree. Several cases of reoptimization of Steiner tree have been discussed. This paper presents a comparative analysis of some of the previous work done on reoptimization of Steiner Tree.

Wave propagation method (WPM) is utilized, for the first time, to study the resonance response of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The damping coefficient with in the interaction of tip-sample, which is assumed as a linear visco-elastic force, is considered in this paper as it has been neglected in the WPM studies of beam in previous investigations. Experiment and analytical results are provided in order to show the reliability and correctness of WPM method. The results are in good agreements with the experiments and show that the WPM is more accrue than analytical method.

The anti MRSA properties of mango seed kernel ethanol extract (MKE) were investigated. The MKE was separated by reverse phase HPLC with acetonitrile linear gradient and also identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectroscopy (MS) and Infrared (IR) for structural characterization of antimicrobial tannin compounds. It showed significant activity against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the MIC of 0.03mg/ml. These results indicated that the active component of the MKE was a type of complex Tannin.

Finding Shortest path in a graph has been the area for many researchers. Shortest path is one of the fundamental and most widely used concepts in networks. Here, we discuss the Shortest Path Length (SPL) from a specified vertex to all other vertices in a network. For illustration, a real life example has been considered from Chennai to kanyakumari roadways transport network.