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This paper investigates the efficacy of Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation methods in teaching vocabulary to elementary Iranian EFL learners. To do so, based on the true experimental method, a pretest posttest procedure was administered. Analysis of the results in the posttest revealed significant differences between communicative group and semantic group, on the one hand, and between these groups and the control group, on the other hand. The results showed that though both communicative and semantic translation methods enhanced vocabulary development of the learners, communicative translation method seemed to be more effective than the semantic one. That is, communicative group outperformed the other two groups significantly. Hence, it was concluded that the contribution of communicative translation method in teaching vocabulary items to elementary Iranian EFL students led to a higher level of vocabulary improvement. The study can also be helpful in establishment of Persian equivalents in teaching vocabulary in EFL settings.

Cerebral palsy (CP) in children is a seriously disabling disease which is a threat to children's health and causes enormous emotional stress and financial loss to the affected families and the community. This study aimed to explore the association of IL-18 gene polymorphism with cerebral palsy by IL-18 genotyping. This was a case-control study that used DNA from 120 children with cerebral palsy and 120 control children to test polymorphisms in exon-4 and exon-5 of IL-18 gene. A polymorphic site in exon-4of IL-18 gene,A105C, was significantly different in genotype distribution between case group and control group. Compared with type AC+CC individuals, type AA individuals were associated with lower risk for cerebral palsy. There was no significant difference in the possible polymorphic site in exon-5of IL-18 gene, G276A, between the two groups. Presence of polymorphism in IL-18 gene is associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy.

The levels of crude fat, fatty acids, phospholipids and phytosterols were determined in the unfermented and fermented samples of African locust bean seeds using gas chromatography techniques. Results showed crude fat varied from 16.9-19.5 g/100 g; SFA varied from 45.6 down to 42.1 % of total fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids varied from 54.4-57.9 %, PUFA range was 31.8 down to 31.0 % and PUFA/SFA ranged from 0.698-0.735. Both samples had high levels of n-6 fatty acids but low in n-3 fatty acids. In the phospholipids, lecithin was highest in the two samples with values ranging from 95.5-107 mg/100 g (46.1-51.4 %). The phytosterol values in the unfermented seeds ranged from 0.00-138 mg/100 g and in fermented seeds the range was 0.00-144 mg/100 g with sitosterol predominating in both samples. Whilst 100 g unfermented seeds would provide 13.5 g fatty acids, 100 g fermented seeds would provide 15.6 g fatty acids. The correlation coefficient was not significantly different in the fatty acids and phospholipids but significantly different in the phytosterols at r _{= 0.05}.

Meritocracy values undergrid the ideology of democracy and identifies the core belief that a) individuals can succeed on the basis of their autonomous decisions and actions; b) this success is based upon moral virtue; and c) equal opportunity applies to everyone regardless of origin or social identity. Meritocracy is generally held to be a social system within which individuals earn rewards according to their abilities and efforts.

The primary purpose of the present investigation is to examine the role of involvement and employment in the perception of stress and coping abilities of married women. The study involves 2 (working versus non-working) x 2 (involved versus less-involved) factorial design. Non-working women are categorized into involved and less-involved subgroups on the basis of the median split of their scores on family involvement. Working women are categorized into similar subgroups on the basis of the median split of their combined scores on family involvement and work involvement. The participants of all the four groups are compared with respect to their perception of stress and coping abilities . The result indicated that involved women perceived less stress and indicated more coping abilities in personal, family and finance related matters and also in overall stressful encounters. The finding also revealed that working women perceived more stress in personal and family related events where as non-working women perceived more stress in finance related events. The overall level of stress experienced by working women is also higher than that of the non-working women.

Organization is a relatively young science in comparison with the other scientific disciplines. (Ivanko, 2013) Accounts of the growth of organizational theory usually start with Taylor and Weber, but, as Scott (1987) mentions, organizations were present in the old civilizations which goes back to Sumerians (5000, BC) and which experiences its maturation phase with Taylor, Fayol and Weber, continuing to come up to present with modern management methods and principles. The modern organization may be the most crucial innovation of the past 100 years and it is a theory which will never complete its evolution as the human being continues to exist. Understanding how organizations work has been the focus of scientists and scholars until the early part of the 20th century. Just as organizations have evolved, so to have the theories explaining them. These theories can be divided into 9 different “schools” of thought (Shafritz, Ott, Jang, 2005): Classical Organization Theory, Neoclassical Organization Theory, Human Resource Theory, or the Organizational Behavior Perspective, Modern Structural Organization Theory, Organizational Economics Theory, Power and Politics Organization Theory, Organizational Culture Theory, Reform Though Changes in Organizational Culture and Theories of Organizations and Environments. This introductory paper will concentrate on the theories of organizations and environments and is divided as follows: The introduction talks about the developments of the organization and organization theory from its early stages with detailed definitions. In section 2, theoretical roots in other words literature review on the subject will be presented. At further section, by looking at the perspectives of the 9 pioneering people (Katz & Kahn, Thompson, Meyer & Rowan, Pfeffer & Salancik and Carroll & Hannan) main principles of the classical organization theory are presented one by one. Section 4 mentions strengths and weaknesses of the classical organizational theory and section 5 discusses and concludes the paper.

As the software undergoes changes, new test cases are added to the existing one.In this way test suite size grows. Test suites should be maintained through out. The Test-Suite Minimization technique aims at reducing the test suite using various techniques such as genetic algorithm, test case prioritization & selection technique based on some of the coverage criteria. This technique should let testers to compute an optimal minimal test suite that satisfies those criteria keeping an eye to maximize coverage and fault detection capability with minimal running time and setup cost.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the trachea is rare, it represents 1% of all respiratory tract cancers. ACC are the second most common primary malignant tracheal neoplasms after squamous cell carcinoma. Dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and hemoptysis are the common initial and atypical symptoms. We report an extremely rare case of ACC of proximal trachea, in a 28-year-old male who presented with a 6 month history of hemoptysis and dyspnea. Laryngoscopy and computed tomography revealed a posterior tracheal tumor 1.7 cm long axis without extra-tracheal extension and without significant lung injury. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of ACC. The patient was treated by surgical resection and end- to- end anastomosis followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Six months follow-up of the patient did not reveal local recurrence or distant metastases. Clinical features, histological appearance and differential diagnosis as well as treatment are discussed.

The present study was designed to explore the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) among public and private sector universities in teaching and learning process. This study was descriptive in nature, problem explored was to investigate use of ICT in teaching and learning process, it future aimed to investigate the role of faculty members in the effective application of ICT in classroom situation. The objectives of the research included to study the usage of information and communication technology (ICT) among faculty in public and private universities and to measure the awareness of private and public sector faculty about use of ICT in teaching learning process and to explore the role of demographic variation in determining faculty use of ICT in teaching learning process. The population of this study was faculty members of public and private sector universities in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. A stratified random sample comprised of 52 male and 48 female university faculty members were collected from three public and three private universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The research tool ICT questionnaire was used to collect data. ICT questionnaire consists of 30 items which were filled out by public and private universities faculty members. After the data collection, data was analyzed with the help of SPSS 18 by using various statistical techniques like Mean, Standard Deviation, Correlation and ANOVA. Research findings reveal that there is significant difference in the awareness of public and private sector faculty about the use of Information and Communication Technology. Results portrays gender differences in prospective faculty perceptions where male university faculty members experience more use of ICT than female university faculty, younger university faculty members were higher user of ICT than older one, Professors use of ICT more frequently than Assistant professors and Lectures, the use of ICT is higher among M Phil qualified university faculty as compared to other qualification levels. Study elaborates that experienced university faculty are higher user of ICT than less experienced university faculty. Study found out that advance computer user among university faculty members experience higher use of ICT than basic and intermediate user. The study was beneficial to comprehend the use of ICT in teaching and learning environment. It was also useful because it present guidance for increase the use of technology integration in education. It was also helpful to investigate the ICT usage, may give guidance to educator, teachers, education planner and curriculum developer to integrate ICT in formal curriculum for advancement of knowledge and utilization of modern tools and services. It also provided recommendation on increasing the ICT usage in universities.

Nowadays, education serves to provide guidance to students who lack in their values, courtesy and politeness. However, good values are still unsatisfactory amongst students in the workshop. There are students who do not adhere to the rules resulting in wastage of workshop materials, and thus causing problems in the workshop management. This research is undertaken to survey the extent of the practice of moral values in a workshop at a polytechnic during teaching and learning sessions. The main instruments used to support the research are questionnaires and observations. A total of 365 students were selected as respondents from two polytechnics, namely Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah and Sultan Zainal Abidin. Four aspects of moral values are measured: cooperation, crafts, physical and mental hygiene and respect. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 16.0 (SPSS 16.0) with the appropriate mean, standard deviation and minimum score t-test. The results revealed that the overall practice of values amongst polytechnic students is high and there were no differences in the practices between the two polytechnics. Therefore, researcher proposed several techniques to ensure students apply value as suggestion model.