Archives-J 

The development of the kidney begins on the 4th week with three slightly overlapping kidney systems during intrauterine life in humans. The series are pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. During day 22 of human gestation, there is the formation of pronephros in the cervical region of the embryo. The mesonephros is developed after the pronephros is developed. Mesonephric duct develops an out pouching, the ureteric bud near its attachment to the cloaca during the fifth week of gestation. Congenital anomalies may arise from the failure of the ureteric bud to develop or malrotation.

Leaf-spot on Litchi chinensis sonn. of family sapindaceae is common disease caused by the pathogens Pestalotipsis spp. and gives different symptoms on leaves i.e. red patches, pore, outgrowth or elevation of tissues, black a white dots, construction, loss of apex, Dwarfism, lost half porton etc., While during the transportation of fruits external layer i.e epicarp and Mesocarp infected by several members of Mucoracae Dube (1979&'83) and causes 7.3-10%Loss in fruits during transportation (rise in temperature).

2, 2-dihydroxy biphenyl-thiourea-formaldehyde (2, 2-DHBTF) terpolymer resin was synthesized by an eco-friendly technique in dimethyl formamide medium. The resin was characterized by elemental analysis, UV-Visible, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C-NMR and viscometric measurement. The surface morphology of the terpolymer resin was established by scanning Electron Microscopy. The number average molecular weight was determined by non-aqueous conductometric titration. One of the important applications of these types of polymer is their capability to act as chelating ion-exchanger. The chelation ion-exchange properties of the terpolymer showed a powerful adsorption towards specific metal ions like Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ . A batch equilibrium method was adopted to study the selectivity of the metal ion uptake involving the measurement of the distribution of the given metal ion between the polymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion over a wide range of concentrations and pH of different electrolytes.

Abstract In this work, effect of water depth on the single basin and double slope glass active solar still was studied. A solar collector is connected with solar still to convert the passive still into active. The set up was fabricated from a transparent glass .The thickness of the side glasses and bottom glasses are 8 mm and the upper slope glasses are 3.5 mm. All sides are made with same material. The bottom surface was coated with black coating. The solar still was insulated so that the heat dissipation could not take place to the surrounding. The length of the still is 1m and width is 0.5 m and depth of 10 cm was given and at this depth a slope of 150 was given. A flat plate solar collector is also added which is fabricated through Galvanised iron sheet whose thickness was 2.5 mm. It is in rectangular shape whose dimensions are (30cm x 15cm x 10cm). A copper tube is circulated with snake shape through which water is circulated. The study covers the influence of water depth of 1cm, 2cm and 3 cm with and without coal in the still productivity. The results stated that distilled water collection is highest for lower depth of 1 cm with and without coal. Even among lower depth, water with coal observed 21.9% increases in productivity in comparison with without coal.

The present study endeavors to investigate teachers’ and students’ expectations toward corrective feedback, focusing on delivering agent, timing, types and techniques of error treatment in communicative-oriented English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms in the context of Iran. It also reveals how teachers provide corrective feedback to EFL learners and the frequency of corrective feedback techniques they use in the classroom. To fulfill the purpose of this study a total number of five class observations were carried out and followed by five interviews with the teachers of the same classes. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis procedures the results show that both students and teachers prefer to receive or give corrective feedback to infrequent errors more than to frequent ones which is completely against what part of the literature suggests. It also shows that the preferences of both groups of participants do not greatly differ from each other except in few ways such as timing. Also, the findings show that recast is the most frequently-used technique employed by Iranian teachers in their classes.

The political, economic and social development of any country depends on the amount of revenue generated for the provision of the common needs of people in any given country. Taxes and investments are among the major sources of revenue generation and wealth creation in Nigeria. With respect to taxes, taxation has become one of the most reliable tools employed for the diversification of Nigerian economy, due to its huge contribution to revenue generation. Apart from revenue generation, taxation is also an economic and social control tool, used in shaping and influencing individual and economic activities, such as consumption, income redistribution, investments etc. Investment in the other hand, is an invaluable tool, for the growth of Nigerian economy and provision of employments. The problem with combining taxation and investment as sources of revenue generation is that, an inverse relationship exists between them, with the implication that an increase in taxation leads to a decrease in investments, which will in turn result to a poor growth of the economy. Due to the over-reaching socio-economic benefits of taxation, Nigeria like many other countries, have unduly over-stretched their tax revenue pursuit, to a worrisome point of making taxes an impediment to the growth of other sources of revenue such as investments. To avoid tax domination of investments, this article therefore examines the various tax laws affecting investments in Nigeria, with a view to pointing out those aspects capable of impeding investment in Nigeria.

This paper highlights the role of new Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) in designing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The proposed EA has been used for two purposes. One is generalization of architecture. In this, the optimal adaptive architecture is achieved by using evolutionary crossover and mutation. The adaptive strategy merges or adds hidden neurons based on the learning ability of hidden neurons or the training progress of ANNs. The mathematical frame work is also discussed. The other is the Time Complexity of ANN to reach the global minima using two selection processes. The proposed EA has been tested on a number of benchmark problems in machine learning and ANNs, including breast cancer, diabetes, heart problems and for time complexity N-Bit Parity is used. The experimental results show that proposed EA can design compact ANN architectures with good generalization ability, compared to other algorithms with good time complexity.

Abstract: Introduction and objective. The scientific assessment of medicinal plants used in the preparation of folk remedies has contributed modern medicine with effective pharmaceuticals for the treatment of diseases. Objective. The 50% ethonolic extract of solanum xanthocarpum (Solanaceae) whole plant was explored for its hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects on RIF+INH (50 mg/kg) induced acute liver damage in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods. The Whole plant (SX) were further subjected to various phytochemical study and the studies conclude the presence of alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, protein & amino acid etc. Hepatoprotection activity was measured by using enzymatic (serum glutamate oxalate transaminase and serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and non enzymatic parameters (GSH, LPO, SOD, CAT) produced significantly increased and decreases serum level in a dose dependant manner. Results. The Whole plant extract SX at the doses of (125 mg/kg &250 mg/Kg) significant liver protective effect by decreasing the serum enzymatic and non enzymatic parameters, although Histopathological profile of liver at dose level 125 mg/kg showing hepatic cells with well preserved cytoplasm prominent nucleus, some of central vein and sinusoids exhibited congestion. At the same time fourth group test dose at 250 mg/kg showing well brought out central vein, hepatic cell with well preserved cytoplasm prominent nucleus. Conclusion. These all result recommended that 50% ethonolic extract of whole plant of Solanum xanthocarpum posses significant hepatoprotective activity. Key words: Solanum xanthocarpum, RIF+INH, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Total billirubin.

One group of pesticides that play an important role after the ban of the persistent organochlorine pesticides in agriculture is synthetic pyrethroids pesticide. Synthetic pyrethroids mimic the broad efficacy of the botanical, but they contain only one of the six groups of esters of the natural pyrethrums, and insect species tend to develop resistance to them. However, the latest groups of synthetic pyrethroids are photo-stable, as well as extremely toxic to insects. The objective of this study is to determine residue levels of selected synthetic pyrethroids pesticides in cocoa beans produced in Ghana, and to assess these levels against the European Union and Japanese residue regulation limits. The determination was done by gas chromatography coupled with an electron capture detector, and confirmed with Saturn 2200 Mass Spectrometer using ion trap mass analyzer. The study revealed the presence of all nine selected synthetic pyrethroids pesticides at significantly varying concentrations, with Permethrin recording the widest range of residue concentration from not detected to 105.0 micrograms per kilogram. The percentage recovery for most of the pesticides ranges from 75 to 120 percent, with method determination limit of 5.0 micrograms per kilogram. None of the detected synthetic pyrethroids pesticides’ average residue concentrations did exceed the European Union or Japanese Maximum Residue Limits in cocoa beans produced in Ghana. However, Allethrin, Cypermethrin and Fenvalerate average residues concentrations were at the borderline of the Japanese MRLs.

This paper discusses the ways for maintaining high availability of a system in order to keep high reliability figure. In doing so, the basic principles of reliability are discussed. Since good maintenance practice enhances availability, some important topics on maintenance management are also discussed. At the end recommendations are made on how to keep a system in a high availability state.