Archives-December 

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extracts of various plant parts of Phyllanthus niruri was investigated. The extracts exhibited antimicrobial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 6 to 16 mm. All the extracts exhibited appreciable activity against all the clinically important bacterial and fungal species clinically investigated. Maximum Inhibition zone (16mm) was observed in seeds against Staphylococcus aureus and minimum in roots (5mm) against E. coli. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids and flavonoids in the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was compared with the standard drugs. The ability of the crude extracts of P. niruri plant parts to inhibit the growth of various bacteria and fungi showed its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential, which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.

This applied research deals with not only the preparation and characterization of nano-structured solar fins but also the evaluation of efficiency of solar collector integrated with the nano-structured fins. In this connection, fins in standard sizes were procured and the nano-structured coating with the composition of carbon and aluminium oxide was deposited on them. The coatings on fins were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the fins were subjected to thermal analysis. The coated fins were integrated in a solar collector and thermal performances of the collector were experimentally found for a set of inlet temperatures of working fluid. The overall thermal performance of the collector was calculated through a graph that was generated as per standard specifications. It was found that the sizes of the grains in the coating were in nano range with orthorhombic structure. It was also found that the temperature enhancement on the solar fins with carbon and aluminium coating of 75:25 compositions in stagnant conditions had the maximum value 109.1?. While the maximum instantaneous thermal performance was found to be 73%, the overall thermal performance of the solar collector was found to be 70%. On the basis of the generated results in the present investigation, it could be concluded that nano-carbon and aluminium oxide coated fins would be used in solar collectors so as to reap enhanced thermal performances.

Rumeli Fortress has a unique place in the history of world with Its properties. This study gives information about the castle and Fatih period, explains the aspects of the castle which is thought to be important and mentions the gradually ruined or transformed parts. Essential actions to do about these parts which have become ruin and restored without being loyal to Its origins is presented. It is discussed to preserve the ruined castle originally.

Drastic change is required in the Teacher Education in view of the ongoing changes in the social, cultural, economical and political environment so that teacher could come in terms with the changing needs of contemporary Indian society. Society and education stands in a relation of reciprocal cause and effect. The character of a given society determines the character of its educational system and this system in turn, determines the character of the society. In the absence of the clarity of vision about the contemporary social environment, Teacher Education fails to secularize the behavior of the society with social enlightment. This article purports to highlight the need to improve the quality of Teacher Education. A teacher needs to be a learner for the whole life. Besides, the problems faced in the field and suggestions to rectify them have been discussed here.

The aim of this study was to investigate the radiological effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) diode laser on the fracture healing in the distal third of radius in dogs, 18 male adult street dogs were used, and Transverse fracture induced in the distal third of the radius under general anesthesia using the combination of ketamine hydrochloride (15 mg/Kg.B.W) and xylazine (5 mg/Kg.B.W), then fixed by (Gypson), with window to facilitate direct irradiation of the laser therapy. The animals were divided into two equal groups each contain 9 dogs. Control group left without laser irradiation, treated groups which received daily single dose of LLLT (850 nm, for 5 minutes at 72 hours interval for 14th days). The radiological findings were represents early new bone formation in the treated group at end of the 1st wk, compare with the control group. This new bone formation became more dense in the end of the 3rd wk in the treated group with slightly disappear of the fracture line and signs of bridge formation at the fracture sites ,compare with the control group which appear slight new bone formation in the same period. At the end of the 6th wk complete radiological union in the treated group, while in the control group at the same period the fracture line still visible with no radiological union. The conclusion is the LLLT accelerated fracture healing in the distal third of radius in dogs.

A Biosimilar medicine is a medicine which is similar to a biological medicine that has already been authorised (the ‘biological reference medicine’). The expiration of the patents on many biological products has prompted the development of these products as similar biological products. The European Medicinal Agency (EMEA) has done a commendable job at creating the regulatory path to facilitate approval of biosimilars. The Medicines Act requires all medicinal products sold in Singapore and manufactured locally for export to be licensed with the Health Products Regulation Group, Health Science Authority (HAS). Guidance on registration of similar biological products in Singapore was published by the HSA in August 2009. This was added as Appendix 17 to the ‘Guidance on Medicinal Product Registration in Singapore’ in April 2011. Bio similar products are eligible for the (New Drug Application) NDA-2 and NDA-3 application types. The Biosimilar product should be evaluated and approved by at least one of HAS’s reference agencies namely Australia, Health Canada, Europe, United States. Approved biosimilars must be demonstrated, through extensive characterization and appropriate clinical trials, to be as safe and effective as originators for the benefit of patients.

Leaders are backbone in an organization. They are the one that determine the direction of an organization whether to be further victorious or not. Leaders have an undeviating and massive impact on the followers as well. Past research indicated that when followers are selecting their leaders it is based on many indistinct characteristics. Thus this study is to identify the characteristics that develop into the factors to select a good leader among students. Findings from this present study indicated that from the five dimension of independent variables (responsibility, education, personality, skill and gender), three (education, personality and skill) were directly associated with selecting a good leader among the students. Among the three, education had the biggest impact on selection of a good leader among students. Education being the most imperative factor because a leader with first-class education will gain reverence without much difficulty, be trusted and their words are considered to be more significant and grant greater impact on the followers. It is highly hoped that information gleaned from this present study will shape and produce leaders with first-class qualities for the world of tomorrow.

ILO protocols contain fundamental values of labor laws. Since labor laws are devised by human identity and non-ideological to support workers and to mitigate real inequalities in legal relationship between client and workers, such protocols can be used as efficient criteria to measure and value labor laws domestic norms. In this vein, radical ILO protocols on labor associations and their negotiations with clients are highly important due to their natures. Studying radical protocols on “collective negotiations and treaties” and “expanding collective negotiations” indicates that it is sufficiently attempted in Iranian legal system to execute general principles of such documents in labor laws related issues. Some attempts have come to conclusions while others are yet far from achieving relevant standards

Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly. There are very few documented cases of adults presenting with bladder exstrophy in literature as well as its management which is poor and limited to retrospective studies of small number of cases. Malignant potential of the exstrophied bladder mucosa is well known. Sixty percent of cancers in ectopic bladder occur during fourth and fifth decade of life, majority being adenocarcinoma. This disorder is not only a psychological, social and professional handicap in adults but surgical difficulties also top-up its particular aspect owing to difficulty in parietal closure with frequent use of osteotomy, and rare chances of bladder preservation. We report herein a case of squamous cell carcinoma of exstrophied bladder in a 34-year-old male patient whom due to poor response neoadjuvant chemotherapy underwent radical cystoprostatectomy, urinary diversion with a cutaneous ureterostomy and reconstruction of hypogastric region. He is on a frequent follow up. The case is being reported on account of its rarity. Pertinent literature is being reviewed.

The west is China's more backward areas, the vast land, backward economy, education shortage. National energetical implementation of the western development, not only refers to the western economy development, the more refers to the big western manpower resource development, the western education big development. After entering WTO, the western education big development should be even more forward-looking view of the world, from the development of the west education. English as a platform of communication with the world, of course, in the western education development occupies important position. How to combine the western actual situation to learn English, to teach English, in English, this paper is to explore the key. Distance education learners were aged between 20 to 45 years old, therefore we can say remote education learners the majority is adult students. Adult students often have and adolescent their students' different learning characteristic, for instance, in psychological level, adult understanding ability is stronger, learn to compare self-discipline; But its physiological conditions gradually increases with age, such as listening, memory decline, imitate ability, all these have a negative effect on English learning. So how to make these students learning benefit, output greater than the input? The author thinks that structure - of communicative teaching method and its application are student’s best medicine.