Archives-December 

A theoretical model describing hot-electron injection effects on the high-frequency electrical conductivity of graphene under DC-AC fields is presented. The quasiclassical Boltzmann kinetic equation, within the constant relaxation-time approximation, is employed to obtain the nonequilibrium electron distribution function. An explicit analytical expression for the electrical conductivity at arbitrary injection rates is subsequently derived. A systematic analysis of frequency-dependent electrical conductivity is performed across a range of hot-electron injection rates at a constant DC field. At sufficiently high injection rates, a pronounced peak is observed that is well suited to terahertz radiation generation, with negative differential conductivity (NDC) arising from the DC field and domain formation associated with NDC being suppressed by the AC field. These findings indicate that graphene subjected to hot-electron injection may be utilised in high-frequency nanoelectronic device applications.

Number is the language of science and the best way to express it is symbols, and numerals are forms(symbols) written by the numbers codes. Alsumariun expressed Semites for numbers letters alphabet, and the Babylonians expressed them in cuneiform, and Egyptians wrote numbers in the form of horizontal and vertical lines and fees hieroglyphics and the Greeks used first letters of words to denote numbers, as did the Phoenicians and Hebrews, while Romans used vertical lines and then evolved to take the form of letters of the alphabet. Arabs before Islam expressed numbers in terms of Alphabet and after the advent of Islam and the descent of the Holy Quran and the receipt of a lot of numbers in it written in Arabic language Muslims expressed numbers writing method instead of symbols.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), a leguminous crop, is widely consumed in developing countries for its high nutritional content, particularly its vitamin C and essential micronutrients. Sprouting is known to enhance the nutritional profile of seeds, but there is limited research on its effect on the ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and phosphate content of pigeon pea. Pigeon pea seeds were purchased from Ogbete market in Enugu State, Nigeria, and sprouted over five days. Ascorbic acid content was quantified using an iodine titration method, while phosphate levels were determined via spectrophotometry. Samples were collected and analyzed at 24-hour intervals (Day 0 to Day 5). The ascorbic acid content of pigeon pea seeds showed a increase from 0.088 mg/100g on Day 0 to 0.152 mg/100g on Day 5, with the highest increase observed between Day 3 and Day 5. The phosphate content initially increased from 0.275 mg/100g on Day 0 to 0.718 mg/100g on Day 3, before declining slightly to 0.556 mg/100g by Day 5. Statistical analysis indicated that the changes in both ascorbic acid and phosphate content were significant (p < 0.05). The findings suggest that sprouting significantly enhances the nutritional content of pigeon pea seeds, particularly with respect to ascorbic acid and phosphate levels. This increase in nutrient content supports the potential health benefits of incorporating sprouted pigeon pea into diets, especially in regions where micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent.

Being future technocrats we tossed this idea with an aim to provide service to the society. Providing an overture for the visually impaired, to make them feel self-reliant and thus raise their status in the society is the ultimate aim of our project. The proposed concept consists of a smart stick that generates voice output using the voice arrays and pre programmed microcontrollers. This tool encompasses five constructive features. The pre-eminent feature is the Obstacle Tracer which uses ultrasonic sensors to detect the obstacles on the person’s way and redirects them appropriately using voice commands. Area Detector uses the GPS module to figure out the location and gives the output as voice stream. Destination alerter generates a voice alert to the person on reaching a landmark (such as bus stop, bank, post office etc….) In addition to these our contrivance also has the Onboard Alerter module that informs the person when a bus enters the boarding area. This uses the transmitters in the bus and receivers in the contrivance. The Off Board Alerter specifies the subsequent bus stops as soon as the person boards on the bus. Thus our appliance will help the visually impaired person to be independent in his own path.

This paper highlights the prevalence factors of hearing loss among manufacturing workers in Malaysia. Due to less intention is given to this problem, the factors to noise induced hearing loss is ignored by the employers. Different workers have different level of noise threshold. However, the development of hearing loss is parallel with high noise exposure and increasing of age. As a result, workers responses on level of noise are varies and at disperse of age.

In this article, we present a general fractional dynamical system related to cancer tumor. The considered model describes tumor – immune cell interactions using a system of fractional order differential equations. The conditions for global stability of cancer free state are studied, for the ague therapy fractional model. In order to stabilize or completely eliminate the cancer, we suggest suitable choices of functions and parameters in our fractional model.

In Wireless networks, the security of data and information has important role in digital communication and multimedia communication. Different types of encryption algorithms have an important role to provide the security to the wireless networks. Cryptography basically used for the data confidentiality and privacy by making indiscernible. Hence the original data cannot be interrupted by the unauthenticated user. The encryption techniques and different types of useful algorithms are used to provide the more security to the applications. In this paper the well- known method chaotic algorithm is used. Chaotic algorithm is used in real time secure image transmission systems. This algorithm is very popular method used in Research for encryption and decryption process. The combination of chaotic theory and cryptography has very important role in Information Security. In this communication, a new image encryption algorithm based on chaotic map is proposed for gray scale 2D image. In this proposed algorithm, the plain or original image is taken which has MXN dimension. Then Redistribute the pixel pair wise by deciding.

This study evaluated the performance the of Afam IV and V gas turbine power plant over a period of nine years in order to ascertain its suitability as option for power generation in the region. The study reveals that only 12.01% of the installed capacity was available throughout the period of study. The percentage shortfall of energy generated ranged from 70.69% - 98.49% against an international best practice of 5% - 10%. The load factor of the plant was at an average of 41% against an acceptable value of 80%. The plant use factor is 23.5%. The capacity factor ranged from 1.5% to 29.3% against an international best practice of 50% to 80%, while the utilization factor is 29.3%. During the period under review, the plant was expected to generate 57237.84GWh of Energy, it generated 6873.6GWh amounting to a generation loss of 87.99%.This analysis revealed that the running of the gas turbine as an option for power generation in the region is not reliable.

Stock market refers to the market where companies stocks are traded with both listed and unlisted securities. Indian stock market is also called Indian equity market. Indian equity market was not organized before independence due to the agricultural conditions, undeveloped industries and hampering by foreign business enterprises. It is one of the oldest markets in India and started in 18th century when east India Company started trading in loan securities. During post independence the capital market became more organized and RBI was nationalized. As we analyze the performance of stock markets in the last three decades, it comes near enough to a perfectly aggressive marketplace permitting the forces of demand and delivers an inexpensive degree of freedom to perform in comparison to other markets in particular the commodity markets. list of reforms undertaken seeing the early nineteen nineties include control over problem of capital, status quo of regulator, screen primarily based buying and selling and threat management. Latest projects include the t+2 rolling settlement and the NSDL was given the obligation to assemble and preserve an important registry of securities marketplace participants and experts. stock exchanges facilitates the purchase and sell of shares, debenture and financial securities . There are 19 stock exchanges all over India. all the matters and activities which effect the stock exchanges are controlled , directed and supervised by the governing body. Brokers are the most important intermediary in stock market. Stock market of India is governed by Securities contract regulation act 1986, SEBI act 1992 and depository system 1996. Commodities are a Bodily or digital market place for buying and selling and trading. They are of two types - tough and soft commodities, they are of two types - tough and soft commodities. The deposit structure, market share, BSE statistics and net worth requirements are expressed by various pie-charts and bar graphs.

A semi-classical Boltzmann transport model is developed to observe photon-assisted dynamics of induced carriers in the graphene nanoribbons. When the nanoribbons are subject to a multi-frequency Alternating Current (ac) field and superimposed on by static Direct Current (dc) field, an unusual non-linear response of the system shows up at a rather strong drive force. The non-linearity in the photo-current allows for up-conversion necessary for low-frequency oscillators. Regions of positive differential conductivity are observed paving way for graphene to be operated as a small signal amplifier for Terahertz (THz) applications. The fractional photon-assisted phenomenon is also observed when the stark factor r > 1 and the ratio of the n-th harmonic to stark factor takes on half-integer values.