Archives-December 

The close relationship between religion and burial architecture as well as the special respect and reverence of Muslims to the holy shrines was the main reason of the development of burial architecture. Thus, the structure of such constructions is associated with holiness and symbolic values, on the one hand, and with the religious and political identity of the deceased person, on the other hand. Various types of dome such as rok, nar, and double-shelled have been introduced to the world and their functions have been investigated. In this architecture, ourchin dome, which is of typical characteristics of the tombs in southern part of Iran, has been neglected. Little information about this type of dome is available in the history of Iranian architecture. And this little information is limited to some reports and pictures from foreign tourists and unknown writers, including no more than a few names and dates of constructing of such structures. Therefore, the origin and the reason for the development of such domes as well as their role are still mysterious. In different parts of the present study, comparative, retrospective, and fieldwork studies have been used, whenever needed. In the current research, the root of the word, ourchin dome, and its meaning are pointed out. Also, the origin of Iranian architecture, which dates back to Seljuqid period, is introduced. Then, the geometric relationships of its sides are examined and different varieties of this dome [star and polygonal] are drawn. Studying the typology of the examples of this dome in Iran and Iraq revealed some remarkable points about the geometric, height, and shape of the dome, in addition to the number of its stories. Some factors, like the function of the crown, method of its construction, cover of the dome, and the system of the distribution of the load are clarified. Finally, by investigating the influential cultural and historical factors, we concluded that that the main reason for the development of the general structure of this type of dome was symbolic, not simply religious. This dome by its own or in combination with religious places has played an affective and functional role over time.

Image fusion is a technique to improve the image quality. In this paper a new way is drawn to fuse two images by using max-min operations in Sugeno’s Intuitionistic fuzzy generator. It operates on image with lot of uncertainties. Firstly input images are reform into Intuitionistic fuzzy images (IFIs) and then evaluate fuzzy rules by using best entropy of input images, and IFIs are reconstructing based on black-count & white-count. This paper compares the performance of Average, Fuzzy Sets, Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Sugeno’s type Intuitionistic fuzzy (proposed method) in terms of various performance measures.

Contamination of water and sediments of Niger River by pesticides used in Korokoro watershed (60.6 km2, Mali) and Niger River outfall, was studied from 2009 to 2011. In these two localities, pesticides used frequently in cotton production have been surveyed near farmers. Sampling campaigns of water, water and sediments have been also carried out respectively in the watershed outlet and Niger River outfall. Chromatographic analyzes of overall samples showed a contamination of these by organochlorine pesticides due to agricultural waters drained from Korokoro watershed and those from external cotton fields of the watershed. Surface runoff can be the main source of this contamination. 

The actual move bottom associated with rotor techniques, corresponding because helicopters, wind generators as well as propellers, includes a vortex multiply which is created by the pickup disbursement down the blades. Due to the co-action involving the vortex variables a new roll-up system adapts throughout instantly following vortex multiply is actually created, which often builds up corporation tip in addition to main vortices within the adjoining near-wake bottom your rotor. The actual roll-up system is actually centrally manipulated by the co-action legislations associated with Biot Savrt. In exceptional situations, your tip/root vortex system is actually alterable, in addition to oncoming in order to different lack of stability approaches the item by the way crumbles decrease in addition to commences small-scale disturbance in addition to downstream. The actual wake up can certainly normally possibly be alienated directly into 2 asymmetric areas, close to wake up in addition to a lot wake up. Near-wake variables tend to be accompanied on the starting up on the vortex system the spot that the living on the rotor is actually detected expressively throughout the putting your unit together on the vortex system. The actual a lot wake up is often your downstream route the spot that the wake up design no longer depends on distinct rotor capabilities as well as the spot that the move offers discontinued decrease and is particularly manipulated through small-scale disturbance. The actual start skepticism, while, are actually the best way to examine your relationship concerning near-wake design in addition to far-wake conduct. The actual design on the wake up offers used approaches with the aerodynamic conduct associated with helicopters (Bolnot 2010) in addition to wind generators (Vermeer, Sorensen & Crespo 2008) as well as pertaining to deliver propellers (Breslin & Andersen 1996).

Image segmentation is the process of dividing images according to its characteristics like color and objects present in the images. The general segmentation problem involves the partitioning of a given image into a number of homogeneous segments, such that the union of any two neighbouring segments yields a heterogeneous segment. This can further be used for surgical planning, to avoid open surgery. The techniques used are namely gray scaling, edge detection, contrast enhancement, watershed segmentation and finally marking the region of interest. Comparision of different edge detection techniques based on peak signal to noise ratio and root mean square error is performed. Finally Watershed segmentation uses the intensity as a parameter to segment the whole image data set. The results show that Watershed Segmentation can successfully segment a tumor. All the mentioned modules and techniques have been implemented in MATLAB environment for the brain tumor detection using input MR images and the part of modules like edge detection, thresholding and high pass filter are also implemented in FPGA using Verilog in Xilinx environment, the advantage being speed enhancement and re-configurability.

Induced mutations through physical and chemical mutagens is one of the sophisticated and convenient approach to induce desirable variability in plants compared to the conventional methods. Induced mutagenesis has served an important source in producing high yielding mutants. The present experiment was conducted to induce, isolate and analyse the high yielding mutants of Vicia faba L. var. Vikrant and PRT-12 of M3 generation using single and combination treatments of gamma rays and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS). The leaves of plants are known to carry out the most important processes of plants relating to yield and productivity. The pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoids play key roles in the process of photosynthesis. Biochemical analysis like estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and protein profiling of the leaves of high yielding mutants were carried out using different methods and approaches. High yielding mutant plants were selected from the lower doses/concentrations of both single and combined treatments of ?-rays and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS). Increased levels of pigments and NR activity were observed in the variety Vikrant as compared to PRT-12, after treatment of the mutagens. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE analysis of leaf proteins of the mutants of the variety Vikrant showed higher polymorphism and number of protein bands as compared to variety PRT-12. Altogether, the increase in leaf protein content may enhance crop yield.

The present study deals with the novels selected for analysis at the thematic level of the works of Kiran Desai. This area has been discussed with a view to provide various cues to make use of Indianness. At the critical and thematic levels, Indian surroundings and the Indian social life emphasizing the Indian Scenario, village community, and hierarchical behaviour, customs, practices and beliefs are widely discussed to unleash various nuances happening in the novels vividly displayed by the author.

This study was designed to investigate whether grandparent-headed families have influence on pre-school learners’ class participation. The study was carried out in Mwingi Zone of Kitui County Kenya. The zone had a total of 67 public pre-schools and the study targeted all the 67 public pre-schools, 1030 pre-school learners and 88 pre-school teachers. The researcher employed descriptive survey design so as to get information from the sampled respondents. The researcher obtained the sample size of the study by using both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. The sampling techniques included stratified random sampling and purposive sampling. The schools in the zone were grouped into five clusters namely: Musukini, Kanzanzu, Mwingi, Ithumbi and Kyethani. The researcher used a representative sample of 10% of the targeted pre-school learners and 20.5% of the targeted pre-school teachers. To collect data from the respondents, the researcher used questionnaires and observation checklists. The questionnaires were used to collect data from pre-school teachers, while observation checklists were used to collect data from pre-school learners. After collecting the data, the researcher processed it by editing, coding, classifying and tabulating it and then analyzed the processed data using descriptive analysis, frequency distribution tables and percentages and Pearson Correlation Tables. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. The findings of the study indicated that there was a strong negative correlation (r= -0.833, P <0.05) between grandparent-headed families and the class participation of pre-school learners. The study recommended that the pre-schools should be encouraged to be conducting frequent guidance and counseling sessions for learners from grandparent-headed families. Pre-school class teachers should also identify the learners who are not active in class participation and encourage them to be active in class by offering gifts.

Austenitic stainless steels (ASS) represent the largest group of stainless steels and have maximum usage in industry. AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel is widely used as a structural material in chemical, petrochemical, power engineering and aviation industries owing to its good combination of mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and weldability. In view of industrial importance of this stainless steel, the proposed work would comprise of fabricating welded joints on 10mm thick AISI 316L using two different groove designs viz. Single-V groove and Narrow gap and submerged arc welding process. In view of the service applications that this alloy is subjected to, the joints will be subjected to thermal aging to high temperature of 750°C for 24 hours duration. The joints were thermally aged to study effects of precipitation at high temperature (750°C/24 hrs.) aging condition on different welds. For analyzing different aspects of these welds different specimens were extracted from the welded plates and were further subjected to metallurgical, corrosion and fatigue testing.The metallurgical testing were carried out via optical microscopy, ferrite content evaluation and microhardness measurements. Further, corrosion performance was evaluated using potentiodynamic scan for determining the pitting corrosion resistance of AISI 316L welds with different joint designs. The fatigue crack propagation behavior of different welds was determined through fatigue testing of above-mentioned welds. The results of corrosion and fatigue crack growth performance of AISI 316L welds with different joint designs and thermal aging were correlated with metallurgical observations. Mixed morphology of lacy and skeletal ferrite along with lower ferrite content and higher microhardness were observed for narrow gap butt weld as compared to single V-weld. Further, pitting corrosion resistance was also improved for joints prepared with narrow gap butt weld. The FCGR performance of narrow gap butt weld was also improved as compared to single V butt weld. Aging at high temperature reduced the pitting corrosion performance but increased the fatigue performance owing to accelerated precipitation in AISI 316L welds with different joint designs.

The principal as the key implementer assumes the role of moderator of all aspects of participatory practices. The purpose of the study was to determine the extent to which involvement of students in decision making influence students discipline in secondary schools in Nandi County, Kenya. The study used systems theory by Ludngvan Bartalanffy. Descriptive survey design was adopted. The study sample consisted of 118 public and private schools’ principals, 108 teacher and 1534 student leaders. Each school provided 13 student leaders. Questionnaires for principals, interview guide for teachers and student leaders were used as instruments of data collection. Data was analysed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse data then, tabulate and present data. The results generated were reported in tables. The findings indicated that most of school students were involved in decision making. The incidences of student discipline in those schools were high a factor that could have been occasioned by students sense of ownership and feeling respected and recognised. The study concludes that involvement in decision making and highly correlate to student’s discipline. The study recommends a replication of the same in a number of counties involving teachers and Board members as respondents.