Archives-December 

This paper presents the design style and analysis of ultra-low power digital system using reversible logic. Adiabatic technique is the one which uses reversible logic for low power system, this technique is implemented for the digital systems 4-bit, 8-bit adder-subtractors and also 3-bit, 5-bit BEC (binary to excess-1 converter) based on ECRL (Efficient Charge Recovery Logic) and PFAL (Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic) logic families which works with the professional four phase power clock. These styles have the profit of energy saving as it reuse the certain amount of the energy by recycling from the load capacitance thus reduces the energy dissipation. MOS level-11 Tanner-spice simulation has been used for the design of Energy saving adiabatic circuits with consideration to particular frequencies with the different load capacitance, and different supply voltages. In analysis, two logic families, ECRL (Efficient Charge Recovery Logic) and PFAL (Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic) are compare with conventional CMOS logic for Incrementors and adders. Also comparison of ECRL (Efficient Charge Recovery Logic) and PFAL (Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic) is done. In the analysis it has found that adiabatic is superior for low power applications in Cryptographic hardware for example smart cards, Digital Signal processing system and embedded systems at particular frequency choice.

This paper emphasis the automatic remote EB metering system using the existing GSM technology to reduce the human intervention, in order to save invaluable man time and to reduce the cost. This is fast, accurate and time saving. Though both analog and digital meters are widely used, in this work the existing analog reading meter with additional circuitry of IR sensor is used for demonstration. Nowadays GSM network is not only used mere mobile conversation, its applications are countless. At the end of every month or the date programmed in the controller, the actual readings (units consumed) will be sent to the consumer by the SMS (Short Messaging Services). ARM microcontroller has been programmed to govern all these works. A prototype system has been developed for experimentation.

For every human being there is no life without breathing. Respiration plays a vital role in all living beings. This respiration get affected by many factors. Particularly lung tumor causes major problem during inspiration and expiration. So it is necessary to develop a technique which gives detailed knowledge about the breathing dynamics. The techniques to detect lung tumours in process are invasive in some way whereas 3D modelling of lung will be helpful in detecting lung tumors which is a non-invasive technique. Thus, computer aided modelling of respiratory motion gains importance. In this paper we present an approach to model thermal expansion sensor using MEMS which helps to detect lung tumors in miniatureway.

In an effort to improve feed utilization efficiency, promote growth, and reduce production cost Clarias gariepinus fingerlings were subjected to five feeding frequencies: 2 times every day, 3 times every day, 3 times every other day, 8 times every day and 8 times every day (weekend off) for 56 days. Ten fingerlings of mean weight 1.3±0.2g were stocked into each of the fifteen 45L aquaria with 3 replicates per treatment. Fish were fed on commercial diet containing 56% crude protein at 5% body weight per day. The highest percentage weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed 8 times every day which were significantly higher (p<0.05) than all treatments except fish fed 8 times every day (weekend off). The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded for fish fed 8 times every day (weekend off) and 3 times every other day with values of 0.67±0.05 and 0.67±0.01 respectively. The best protein efficiency ratio (PER) was also observed in fish fed 8 times every day (weekend off) and 3 times every other day with similar values of 2.69±0.22 and 2.68±0.03 respectively. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the proximate composition of fish carcasses among the treatments. This study indicates that Clarias gariepinus fingerlings could be fed 8 times everyday weekend off.

A new simple, rapid, reproducible and stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatographic method for the analysis of duloxetine hydrochloride in bulk drugs and from pharmaceutical formulation was developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was achieved on aluminium precoated silica gel 60 GF 254 HPTLC plates with chloroform : methanol (80:20%v/v) as mobile phase gives a compact spot at Rf value of 0.42 ± 0.1 and enables excellent separation from its degradation products. Densitometric analysis of duloxetine hydrochloride was carried out in the absorbance mode at 216.0 nm. The correlation coefficient (r2) was found to be 0.9990 ± 0.0007 with respect to peak area in the concentration range of 400-2000 ng band-1. The method was validated for accuracy, precision and recovery. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were found to be 100 and 350 ng band-1 respectively. Duloxetine hydrochloride was subjected to acid, alkali hydrolysis and oxidative degradation. The drug degradations were took under acidic, basic and oxidation conditions. Statistical analysis proves that the method is repeatable, selective and accurate for the estimation of duloxetine hydrochloride. The proposed HPTLC method can be applied for identification and estimation of duloxetine hydrochloride in bulk drug and marketed oral solid dosage form.

We are very happy to announce that from 20th January 2011, Dr.Amit Bhatnagar has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on the Chemical Engineering. Dr.Amit Bhatnagar is currently working Faculty of Engineering University of Porto(FEUP), Chemical Engineering Department Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE) Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto Portugal. The appointment of Dr.Amit Bhatnagar as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links with Iran and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Cancer is currently the cause of 12% of all deaths worldwide. The number of cancer deaths annually will increase from about 6 million to 10 million. Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with nearly 1 000 000 new cases diagnosed per year, and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. The causes of breast cancer remain largely unknown, but certain reproductive and hormonal factors are clearly related to risk. It is reported that one in 22 women in India is likely to suffer from breast cancer during her lifetime. The medical records of 200 patients treated at the Mahavir Cancer Institute and research Centre for breast cancer between 2005 and 2008 with perspective age of first pregnancy and menstrual status were reviewed. In present study we can observe that breast cancer cases were more found in pre menopausal women i.e.: 59 % than post menopausal women i.e.: 41%. Most women of the study were belonging to low socieo-economic status from rural area. They have average first pregnancy on 17.95 years of age. Thus it is concluded that early pregnancy having no protective role in breast cancer but they develop breast cancer in early age.

Learning about the different aspects of human beings as the most complicated creature in the world, has always been an issue for scientists. Unlike other creatures man is the only creature who is able to think about his own existence and has the ability to grow mentally and spiritually; all these are possible through Education. Education is transferring knowledge and skills by an educator; there are too many opinions on the way of this very act of transfer. Rumi (Molavi), the famous Iranian poet of the 7th century presented very glorious points of views on education relying on Islamic and Iranian rich knowledge. This paper is an attempt to know his ideas and educational methods through analyzing sample verses of his poems in his world-known masterpiece, “Mathnawi”. The implications for current educators will be discussed by considering his division of educational aims into general and specialized categories.

Centrifugal pumps are the most widely used pumps due to their simple construction and ease of installation. As use of centrifugal pumps is very common they need to be efficient and low power consuming. Performance of a centrifugal pump depends on various factors like blade angle, blade thickness, number of blades, blade shape, blade outlet diameter etc. In the present analysis the effect of blade shape on the performance of centrifugal pump is shown by designing the blade profile using Concentric Circular Arc Method and Point By Point Method. For both the methods design parameters are kept same and CFD analysis is done to obtain the performance of pump at different flow conditions. Various results are evaluated and compared through charts and graphs.

The effect of three different rates of poultry droppings (0kg/ha, 12kg/ha, 24kg/ha) and plant spacing (30cm x 50cm; 40cm x 50cm; 50cm x 50cm) and the soil chemical properties and yield of cucumber was studied in a field trial at Igbariam south eastern, Nigeria. The experiment was conducted as a 3x3 factorial laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications. The result of the study showed that poultry droppings and plant spacing significantly (p=0.05) increased the growth and yield of cucumber and improved the soil chemical parameters assessed. The values obtained increased as the rate of poultry droppings increased from zero level and decreased as the planting distance increased. The closest plant spacing (30cm x 50cm) and poultry droppings at the rate of 24kg/ha recorded the highest value in both crop and soil parameters assessed in this trial. Though the result of Mg2+ showed a decrease as the rate of poultry droppings increased and Ca2t result did not follow any particular trend. The spacing and poultry droppings interaction was significant for fruit yield (Weight of fruit), length of fruit and vine length, but generally showed non-significant for all the soil parameters measured. The result of the study showed that cucumber production could be enhanced at 24kg/ha poultry droppings and at a closer plant spacing of 30cm x 50cm for optimum yield.