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Mobile communication is currently one of the major services that are developing at a rapid pace.4G (also known as beyond 3G) is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive Internet Protocol solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia services can be provided to users on an "anytime, anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations. This implies that roaming between different networks must be automatic and transparent to the user. The international telecommunications regulatory and standardization bodies are working for commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2012–2015 time scale.

The present paper discusses the development of a Markov model for performance evaluation of water circulation system of a thermal power plant using probabilistic approach. A water circulation system ensures a proper supply of water for smooth working of a thermal power plant. For regular and economical generation of steam, it is necessary to maintain each sub- system of this system to ensure an optimum level of availability. In present paper, the water circulation system consists of five subsystems with three possible states i.e. working, reduced and failed state. Failure and repair rates of subsystems are taken to be constant. After drawing transition diagram, differential equations have been generated. After that, steady state probabilities are determined. The system of equations is solved for steady state availability of the system using Laplace transformation technique. Besides, some decision matrices are also developed, which provide various performance levels for different combinations of failure and repair rates of all subsystems. Based upon various performance values obtained in decision matrices and plots of failure rates/ repair rates of various subsystems, performance of each subsystem is analysed and then maintenance decisions are made for all subsystems. The developed model helps in comparative evaluation of alternative maintenance strategies.

Barley is believed to have originated in Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Southeast Asia .Sixty four barley genotypes were tested in 8x8 simple lattice design at Atsbi, Ofla and Quiha environments in Tigray region, in 2009/10. The overall objective was to determine the nature and degree of variability in morpho- agronomic traits of barley germplasm. Three types of seed/kernel colors, as quality criteria observed were white, tan/red and black in the percentage of 96.87%, except the genotypes Eritrea07 1, and ISEBON 14 with a seed color of tan red and black respectively added to the variability of 1.56% each. From this study, 60.69 % found as two-row type, 31.26% six-row types and 7.81% irregular type across locations. It was observed that from these barley genotypes had a spike density of which 6.25% were lax, 64.06% intermediate and 29.69% dense. All the testing entries were awnletted and the caryopsis or kernel covering with a percentage of the genotypes were, 21.88%, 10.94% and 65.64% stands for naked, semi-covered and covered types respectively across locations. The phenotypic diversity index values for qualitative traits ranged from 0.0 (monomorphic) for lemma/ hood to 0.86 high polymorphic for row number, for awn color (H’= 0.71), kernel covering (H’=0.84) and spike density (H’=0.82) revealed the highest diversity. Glume color (H’=0.34) and gain color (H’=0.16), relatively showed the lowest diversity

Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign mixed tumor, which is composed of myoepithelial and epithelial cells. A fibrous capsule separates these cells from the surrounding tissues. Pleomorphic adenoma has unusual histopathologic features. It is the most common benign tumor affecting both major and minor salivary glands. Parotid salivary gland is affected mostly in the major group, and palate is the most common site affected in minor salivary glands. In this case report, a female patient aged 27 years who reported with a complaint of painless swelling in the right palate is presented.

Imidazoles and formimidoyl-1H-imidazoles derivatives were prepared by reaction between formamidines and weak or strong base depending on reaction conditions in good yields. All these derivatives have been fully characterized by spectroscopic data.

Automatic Speech recognition and conversion of speech to text is a work which has proved its importance for decades. A lot of work has already been done in this contrast. This paper focuses on the category of the emotion of Punjabi speech and the conversion of speech to text using advanced system voice recognition pattern. This paper also focuses on the optimization of the EEMD process by combining EEMD process with the Neural Network. Neural Network has been found to be friendly in the contrast of compounding different algorithms to it and it produces significant results. This paper also focuses on the future works to be considered in the same field.

This paper describes a QRS detector system to be implemented using 0.35µm CMOS technology which is used in biomedical applications. The proposed system uses fuzzy logic controller and several analog circuits for detecting QRS complexes and separating these parts from the rest of ECG signal. Simulation results using HSPICE that verify the functionality of system are presented.

Herbs are an ancient source of flavourings, aromatic compounds and medicines. Their health properties are linked to a number of chemical constituents, including vitamins, flavanoids, terpenoids, carotenoids, phytoestrogens and minerals. Herbs and their components have high antioxidant activity and antimicrobial property, which in a food matrix can delay the spoilage. With the growing popularity of herbs, it is not surprising that they are finding their way into fruit jellies. Considering this, an attempt was made to develop guava jelly containing selected herbal extracts namely Mentha cordifolia, Coriandrum sativum and Ocimum tenuiflorum. They were analysed for physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics. The prepared jellies possessed optimum level of total soluble solids (TSS), pH and acidity. Taste panellists recorded high scores for the herbal jellies compared to plain guava jelly due to its characterisitic flavour and colour. The jellies prepared using herbal extracts were more transparent and quivery. Taken together, herbal extracts would appear to have a positive effect on the jelly quality in terms of most of the physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation. The preparation of good quality jelly with herbal substitution is certainly becoming a matter of very much importance, as it benefits the mankind in various ways.

Renewable energy sources has drawn attention around the world due to the rapid industrial development and growing population .In order to make the effective use of renewable energy to meet the global energy consumption, it is important to develop high performance, low cost and economically friendly energy storage devices. Since conventional capacitors have some inadequacies such as small energy density (i.e., <0.05 Wh/kg) for many applications which require a large amount of energy storage or delivery,supercapacitors has emerged as new storage device due to their high durability during its long charge – discharge cycles. Supercapacitors are governed by the same fundamental equations as conventional capacitors, but utilize higher surface area low resistance electrodes and thinner dielectrics to achieve greater capacitances. Properties of supercapacitors depend both on the technique used to prepare the electrode and on the current collector structure. Carbon Materials in different forms such as carbon fibers, carbon aerogels, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene are the attractive electrode materials for supercapacitors. The incorporation of nanomaterials as electrodes help to control the surface area as well as porosity which results in improved performance, greater efficiency and life time of the super capacitors .This recent technology improvement enabled supercapacitors as an alternative to pulsed batteries for applications in industry and telecommunication equipment. This review focuses on the taxonomy of supercapacitors, explores principle and theory of operation, dependence on different electrode materials on supercapacitor output and their application in the present world.

Present study was designed to investigate the role of demographic variables in determining the study skills and academic achievement among the university students. Study was descriptive correlational in nature in which scientific method was used to achieve the research objectives. The first objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of effective study skills and academic achievement, second objective was to investigate the role of demographic variation such as gender, discipline, family income, birth order, parents’ qualification and profession in determining the levels and dimensions of effective study skills and academic achievement. In this study a stratified random sample of 250 male (104) and female (146) university students were collected from 4 selected private and public sector universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Family income of Students ranged from 50,000 to 150,000. The study was delimited to Master level students studying in the fourth semester only. In this research for the measurement of effective study skills an inventory named as,” Study Skills” based on 51 items developed by Congos was used. The students’ academic achievement was measured through their results of first three semesters (students result was taken as measure their academic achievement). After data collection it was analyzed with the help of SPSS 16 by applying various statistical tests such as, Percentile Analysis, Mean, SD, Linear Regression, and Pearson Correlation. On the basis of findings, it was found that there is positive relationship between study skills and academic achievement in the context of Master level university students. The students of private sector universities possessed more effective study skills and higher score on the academic achievement as compared to the students of public sector universities. Present research is significant due to its uniqueness it can bring new avenues in the teaching learning process. University management can provide creative competitive environment to exercise study skill in their course of studies.