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This study focuses on the drug usage of drugs among the youth. Drug usage has become a major issue in the world as well as in Pakistan and needs to be controlled. Its consumption has become a trend among the youth, which is now more so than before. A systematic study was conducted, in which questions were devised according to the research project title. The results of this survey elaborate the effects of drugs on the youth, specifically in Pakistan. These questions are very integrated in support of each other. Every question opens a new window of findings to the research. All questions have been analyzed separately and in relation to one another in order to give a complete view of the data collected.

A numerical investigation of the vortex shedding past a circular cylinder in a two- dimensional channel of varying height is presented in the term of Strouhal number by solving continuity and momentum equations using FLUENT 6.3. The computational grid structure is generated by using Gambit. In this work, the result is carried out with blockage ratio b=0.83, 0.85, 0.88.

The structures such as windmills, which are remained from past to add to the knowledge and understandings of the today and future generations, are the indicators of creativity of our ancestors and ancient people. Windmills, dating back to 2800 years ago, are among the oldest examples of using the power of nature by human beings. In Netherland and other European countries, some windmills which are similar to Iranian windmills have been found. Some believe that the art of windmill building has been transferred from Iran to the European countries during the Crusade. Because of blowing a type of wind called 120-day wind in Iran, people of Sistan Province made several attempts to exploit the power of this wind. As a result, they invented the Windmills, which are considered as one of the most important inventions of human, to both control and take advantage of the wind power. The earliest windmills had vertical sails and dated back to the seventh century AD. They had six to twelve sails which were covered by cloth or the leaves of date tree. The main function of these mills were milling or drenching the grains.The present study is of descriptive-analytical type. Data gathering was done in library and fieldwork method. To this end, the Lutak, Neshtifan, and Nehbandan mills, located in Sistan Province, were studied. Following the study of the mill history of Sistan Province and southeast of Iran, the quotations from foreign tourists as well as the stand and the function of the mills in Iran’s architecture were investigated. It is noteworthy that the functional elements of the mills are designed according to the aerodynamics rules. This fact suggests that the builders of these mills were cognizant of the capacity and behavior of the wind to satisfy the daily needs of people. It also is a proof for the updated technology of people of that era and the reason for the continuity and uniqueness of these mills throughout the centuries. We can conclude that the mills are the indicators of our antecedents’ good command of how to construct such useful structures. Recognizing such unique patterns can guide us to build comfortable environment to live and to dwell in harmony with the existing organized arrangement of nature. Thus, the current study is conducted by getting help from the tourists’ reminiscences, the scientific books which are left from that era, and the native people of the lands.

Literature has always been employed as a source for voicing trepidations and reconnoitering social productions, issues, malfunctioning and identities. It has allowed writers to give vent to their shared experiences while crafting novel and imaginative worlds which can be deduced by observers in numerous ways. Language, the main ingredient of literature, is acknowledged as a social stimulus and also a stimulus of social progress that has trailed its way for unknown ages, which is above all capricious and subjective dictums and existed unbridled by fiat or decree. The capacity and possibility of infinite influence, which language can hold, is marked in the narrative of the text itself. Within the novel of Roy “The God of Small Things” power and force of language is used in order to express multiple social identities and social mal-behaviors. Language, as a device for understanding and structuring social rationalities and social transgressions, plays a dynamic role in the creation and establishment of the untouchables’ place in Indian society in Roy’s novel. This will be illustrated by looking at how language offers voice to those who have once been silenced in a given social mosaic. In order to provide a base for a better comprehension of the role of language within the novel under consideration, Lecercle’s ideas about the force of language are very helpful.

Cervical cancer is the commonest malignancy among women in India. Cytological screening (PAP Smear) has claimed to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer significantly. This cross – sectional study was conducted on 96 women attending screening camps to determine the prevalence rate of cervical cancer and to find out the association between cervical cancer and socio – demographic variables. Chi – Square test was used to find out the association between cervical cancer and socio – demographic variables. The prevalence of cervical cancer was found to be 14.4%, out of which 12.2% being carcinoma in situ and 2.2% high grade neoplasia. Statistically significant association was found between cervical cancer and age at marriage (< 18 years) and high parity (>3), (p<0.05). Prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer in this study was high. This study concludes that community based cancer awareness camp approach is an effective method in screening cervical cancer and is an indispensable method to reduce mortality due to cervical cancer in India.

This project aims to design a cluster-based multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC) combines of hybrid interconnection composed of both bus based and network on chip (NOC) architecture. Two or more microprocessors working together to perform one or more related tasks using a shared memory is commonly referred to as a multiprocessor system. NoC is used to form a network to pass the message packets more efficiently between the source and destination and to provide additional communication resources so that multiple paths can be operated simultaneously. High performance is achieved by efficient implementation of hardware and software. It is done by fine tuning MPSoC architecture in the early stage of the design process. This project uses the FPGA device to prototype the cluster-based MPSoC. This paper proposes a hierarchical architecture consisting of SMP clustered nodes, each of which is structured by more than one baseline cores through centrally-shared memory and, some parallel applications with different characteristic of parallelism, functionality and communication pattern are designed and presented in this work. In this work a pure VHDL design, integrated with some intellectual property (IP) blocks. This project accounts for the highest throughput ratio.

Every software company has its own set of guidelines that increases code readability, reuse and helps in its storage in organized storage structure .These guidelines also help in the determination of various attributes of code such as complexity, duplicity, warnings, memory leaks, coverage etc. However coding guidelines/approaches as such are not present in the field of academics. Scholars of educational institutions generally concentrate mostly on logic (brute force quality approach) while coding, against writing documentable clean code or understanding code’s attributes. Also end evaluation/delivery in a software company is dependent on clean code with various attributes such scenario is not possible in academic framework all together and mostly is done manually. The paper tries to bridge this gap by analyzing the role of an organized code creation model and its effect on various stakeholders in academic Eco-system and suggesting one such open source Code Guideline Model OCG and providing its implementation through a template.

In this work, the natural radionuclide contents of some building materials widely used in Nigeria were measured by the means of gamma-ray spectrometry using Na(I)Tl detector. A total of 15 samples were assayed from different materials. The mean of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K concentrations determined are 30.35±8.69BqKg-1, 20.12±6.00 BqKg-1 and 241.95±76.31 BqKg-1 respectively. These values were lower than permissible global values except for potassium which is higher than that of global permissible value of 52.2, 41.0 and 230.0 (BqKg-1 ) respectively by UNSCEAR. The obtained mean absorbed dose rate for all the collected building materials samples is 39.90(nGgh-1). These results, along with the results of the estimated annual effective dose rates, radium equivalent (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex) are presented and they are found below the internationally accepted safe limits. It suffices to say therefore the analyzed samples could be used for building and construction purposes. It is safe to say that there is no threat pose to any users of the materials.

Zero crossing detection is the most common method for measuring the frequency or the period of a periodic signal. This paper presents a comparative study of various zero crossing detector techniques. The accuracy of measuring zero crossing for synchronizing power system control and instrumentation requires a diverse approach to minimize phase detection errors from signals corrupted with noise and extraneous signals. An approach to detect zero crossing with the use of opto coupler is detailed describe in the paper. The issues related to the previous approaches has been discussed along with their pros and cons.

The content of a kidney image can be expressed in terms of different features such as auto correlation, contrast, promenance, shade, dissimilarity, energy, entropy, homogeneity, maximum probability, variance, co-variance, correlation, inverse difference moment and inertia. Retrieval methods based on these features can be varied depending on how the feature values are combined. Many of the existing approaches assume linear relationships between different features, and also require users to assign weights to features for themselves. In this paper, we study the neural network-based image retrieval system. This approach allows the user to select an initial query image and incrementally search target images through training the images which are stored in the image database. The experimental results show that this approach provides better image retrieval performance than the existing linearly combining approach methods.