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Additive or constructive manufacturing is a manufacturing technology in which prototypes and functional parts are built through layer by layer addition of material directly by importing the STL file from CAD software to 3D printer. Unlike many manufacturing processes in which material destruction or erosion takes place in this technology material is successively added in a constructive manner to obtain physical 3D object. Due to its simplified product development process it has a wide range of applications in many distinct areas like Automobile, Aerospace, Architecture, bio medics and consumer goods. Since inception many additive manufacturing techniques were evolved and a variety of materials from the classes of metals, polymers, ceramics and composites are utilized. As the numbers of applications are increasing day to day the development of new materials has gained significant importance. In the current paper an over view of developed materials for additive manufacturing processes are reviewed and recent research developments in natural, diverse materials for additive manufacturing applications are discussed.

The state of Jammu and Kashmir has been a tourist paradise from times because of its pleasant climate, typical flora and fauna and the beauty of its natural landscape. Gulmarg – a majestic hill station in the district Baramulla of Jammu and Kashmir nestled with stunning peaks in the Himalayan ranges offers tremendous opportunities for research. Keeping in view the importance and usefulness of Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary, it was thought necessary to conduct preliminary studies on the spider community of the Gulmarg wildlife sanctuary in order to assess the diversity and distribution of spiders at four sites during the months of May, June, July, October & December 2012. The spider community was found to be represented by 18 taxa. Araneidae was dominant family followed by Lycosidae, Linyphiidae, Pholcidae, Salticidae, Sparassidae and Clubionidae. Differences in vegetation cover or human use showed variation in diversity and composition of spiders between different sites. Forest sites showed relatively higher diversity as compared to meadow sites.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has only recently been seen as a multi-systemic rather than a respiratory system disease. It is acknowledged that the inflammation which occurs and installs in COPD leads to remodeling of the airway, with consequent impaired pulmonary mechanism and obstructed air flow.

In this paper, we have studied some of the properties of multi fuzzy rw-continuous mappings and multi fuzzy rw-irresolute mappings in multi fuzzy topological spaces and have proved some results on these. 2000 AMS SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION: 03F55, 08A72, 20N25.

The amino acid components of dry date palm fruits were reported. Among the amino acids investigated, aspartic acid was found most abundant. The least concentrated amino acid was methionine whereas, the highest concentrated essential amino acid was leucine. The percentage ratio of total essential amino acid (44.4%) in the sample was higher than 39%, 26% and 11% considered adequate for ideal food protein for infants, children and adults respectively. The percentage total acidic amino acid was 26.8% whereas the percentage total basic amino acid was 25.1%. The percentage neutral amino acid was 48.1%. The percentage of cystine in total sulphur amino acids was 56.1%. The predicted protein efficiency ratio (P-PER), isoelectric point and essential amino index were 1.14, 1.82, and 0.40 respectively. The leucine/isoleucine ratio was 2.99. This shows that Leu>Ile in the sample. The amino acid scores based on whole hen’s egg amino acid showed that both Thr and Val had the lowest score. The amino acid scores based on provisional essential amino acid scoring pattern showed that Thr had the least score whereas the amino acid scores based on the suggested pattern of amino acid requirements of pre-school child (2-5 years) showed that Thr was limiting. The sample was generally poor in most of the amino acids especially the essential amino acids.

Fracture is the major failure in sheet metal forming, and the selection of an appropriate material for a component still depends on designer’s experience and trial and error.  In order to ensure a component to be free from fracture, it is advantageous and gainful to use an analytical model to understand the influence of the material properties on the formability of the designed component before the component is put into production. The effect of the parameters m-value (yield equation constant), p - value  (exponential parameter involved in r- value), and r-value (plastic anisotropic ratio or radius of curvature of the neck)  on  non- linear , linear Forming Limit Stress Curves ( FLSCs)  and  Forming Limit Strain Curves ( FLCs)  are analysed using new yield  equation for Interstitial – Free (IF) steels  of different thickness. IF steel of thickness 0.6 mm is taken as IF steel (1) ,1.6 mm is taken as IF steel (2) and 0.85 (non-coated) is taken as IF steel (3) for convenience.

Desertification is a complex phenomenon which reduces the soil fertility involving ecological and economic processes that characterise the environment at different geographic scale. The MEDALUS model identifies regions that are environmentally sensitive area (ESAs). In this model, different types of ESAs to desertification can be analyzed in terms of various parameters such as landforms, soil, geology, vegetation, climate, and human actions. About 80% of IRAN is located in arid and semi-arid region and third of its area is exposed to the threat of desertification with attention turning to the increasing area of deserts on IRAN, it is necessary to first identify areas liable to desertification before identifying mitigation and control measures. For this purpose it is necessary to prepare a desertification map as a guide for planners. In this study to evaluate the desertification condition regarding to local conditions of the study area, six indices of water, climate, soil, vegitation, management and wind erosion erosion were selected and assessment of desertification condition was conducted Based on these indices, weightening and MEDALUS model. The results showed that climate with average of 1.9 and wind erosion with 1.68 have the highest effects. Soil with average of 1.28 and Water with average of 1.31 have the lowest effect on the desertification process in the study area. almost 32.86% of study area was located in the very high class, 65.9% was located in high class and 1.24% was located in moderate class of desertification.

The purpose of this theoretical paper is to relate the Marxian modes of production to the development of the economy of Bengal basin with particular emphasis on the nation known as Bangladesh. Data for this study were obtained from existing literatures on Marxian modes of production and the economic history of Bengal basin as well. The methodology heavily relied on existing previous literatures on the subject being dealt with. The findings indicate that the co-existence of the urban, and the now technical industrial sectors, where the service economy and the hard-goods manufacture have little or no relationship with the geography and climatology of the land, is not treated by Marx, and there is no mixed-mode which analogizes the reality of the Bangladesh economy. Further existence of the real possibility of continued mass natural disasters in this land, and the truth of the population density and oppression of the power of the land to feed its own population, cannot be collated into any given mode of production.

The present study was undertaken to obtain some reliable informations about the bio - medicinal values and the use of, especially the traditional medicinal use of the mangroves located at the villages near to Pichavaram sea shore. A short survey was conducted with the villagers. After planning , the study team was constituted , and the villagers were interviewed. The gathered informations were recorded. It was possible for us to share our views with the villagers and obtain the valuable informations about the medicinal use of the mangroves. From our attempt made on the short survey about the biomedicinal values of the mangrove plant species distributed at villages near Pichavaram sea shore, we came to know that the villagers totally depend up on the mangroves for their healthy life run. Pertain to the present study topic, we could able to understand that , these villagers traditionally using the mangrove to treat many of their health problems . Among various mangrove species located in different areas of the Pichavaram mangrove forest, Rhizophora apiculata, R.mucronata, Avicennia marina, A.officinalis and Suaeda maritima are the mangrove species often used by the villagers to treat their ailments.The Villagers have strong feel and sentiments on these mangroves , which is inseparable from them .

The main aim of this paper is the briefing of secure locker systems having authorized input methods of fingerprints as well as an embedded burglar alarm system. The system can be used for domestic, commercial or industrial purpose. The purpose of this project is to provide a secured and reliable environment to the users for their safety valves by providing a unique identity to every user using the FINGER PRINT identification technology. Finger print authorization is required for activation of the scanner. Scanner is interfaced to the micro controller with the serial interfacing. The micro controller reads the data from the scanner. The micro controller allows those users, who are authorized to operate the account. If any unauthorized user tries to operate the account the micro controller, a warning is made. After a certain trial if finger print is not matched, scanner will block the system. The total information about the account holders is stored in the EEPROM. Keypad is used to enter the password to operate the account or Locker. A special alarm system is also used in this project. If a person is threatened by anyone, user can use any other finger for critical conditions, such as emergency. During such cases, system gets locked and a warning is sent to the emergency services using alarm burglar system.