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Streptococcus pyogenes infections have increased significantly in the last few decades. This increase in the infection rate is primarily due to development of resistance against macrolides and tetracyclines. A total of 250 pharyngeal swab samples were collected during four months time period. Samples were divided in to four groups; age group 1-4 years, 5-12years, 13-18 years and ?18 years. Isolates obtained were run for the evaluation of antibiotic resistance against ten antibiotics by using Kirby-Bauer's method/disc diffusion method. Out of 250 samples, 71 were confirmed as S. pyogenes. The prevalence of GAS pharyngitis in different age groups was; 16.0% in age group 1-4 years, 48.8% in age group 5-12 years, 14.8% in age group 13-18 years and 20.4% in age group ?18 years. All the isolates were completely sensitive to penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone and vancomycin whereas erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, clindamycin, cholarmphenicol and levofloxacin resistance was recorded as 42.42%, 39.43%, 54.92%, 4.22%, 14.08% and 1.40% respectively. Data suggested that GAS pharyngitis was most prevalent in the age group 5-12 years and S. pyogenes was completely sensitive to penicillins and other cell wall synthesis inhibitors. However, higher resistance rates against macrolides (erythromycin and azithromycin) present an alarming situation in Pakistani population.

The purpose of this research was to compare the performance of different DFT methods at different basis sets in predicting geometry and vibrational spectrum of dopamine. The molecular structure and infrared spectrum of dopamine was studied. Quantum chemical calculations using density functional theory (DFT) with functions B3LYP, B3PW91, X3LYP, M06 and M06-2X at various basis set levels (6-311++G(d,p), 6-311++G(2d,2p) and Aug-cc-pVDZ) were performed. The computed result indicates that X3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level is distinctly superior to all the remaining DFT methods in predicting molecular structure of dopamine. The vibrational spectral analysis indicates the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) level is better than the other methods at all the remaining basis sets.

Direct and rapid procedures for the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of Bi, Sb, and Cd in different biological samples using a multi-element electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin-Elmer SIMAA 6000) are described. Two kinds of modifiers; Pd(NO3)2 + Mg(NO3)2 mixture modifier and Ir-permanent modifier were tested. For Seronorm urine, Lyphocheck urine, Bovine liver, Pig kidney, Pork liver, and Tea, the samples were diluted (1:4, v/v), (1:1, v/v), (1:9, v/v), (1:29, v/v), (1:3, v/v), (1:4, v/v), respectively, with 0.2% HNO3 which were then introduced directly into the furnace. The detection limits were 0.90-1.5 µg.l-1 for Bi, 0.79-1.3 µg.l-1 for Sb, and 0.01-0.025 µg.l-1 for Cd. The Characteristic masses were 73.3-88 pg for Bi, 46.3-67.7 pg for Sb, and 1.7-3.3 pg for Cd. The reliability of the procedures is checked by analyzing certified reference materials. A standard additions method was used to determine Bi, Sb, and Cd in the samples simultaneously. Results of analysis of standard reference materials were in agreement with certified values.

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) experience frequent link failures caused by channel interference, bandwidth demands causes severe performance degradation in WMNs .Link failure will lead to produce a sequence of disruptions to deliver the packets to the destination. To overcome this ART rerouting the traffic via an alternative path from a node whose local link is down without the need to wait until the source node knows about the failure. This is achieved by creating a new backup routing table based on the original routing table which is computed by the dijkstra algorithm. The goal of these algorithms is to reduce loss of packets, end-to-end delay time, improve throughput.

Batch experimental technique was used to remove fluoride ions from aqueous solution using water hyacinth biomass as a low cost adsorbent under different experimental parameters. Stem fractions of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) were air dried for 8 days and in the oven for 24 hours at 110 0C and allowed to cool in a desiccator. They were ground into powder and sieved into various particle sizes and used in fluoride removal experiments.100 ml of solution containing known amounts of fluoride ion was added to 1 g of water hyacinth powder in a beaker, stirred and allowed to stand for predetermined times. The solution was filtered and the fluoride ion concentration in the filtrate was determined using ion selective electrode. The pH of the solution was maintained at 6.2 throughout the experiments. The adsorptive properties of fluoride ion were influenced by contact time, the adsorbent dosage and the particle size of the adsorbent. Water hyacinth powder effectively removed fluoride ion from aqueous solution. 

The Soret and Dufour effects of on mixed convection flow of a viscous incompressible radiating and dissipative fluid over an exponentially stretching vertical surface in a quiescent fluid is analyzed. Stretching velocity, wall temperature and wall concentrations are assumed to have specific exponential function forms. The governing system of partial differential equations is transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations and then solved numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth order technique along with shooting method. The effects of the various parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are illustrated in graphically.

The study area Afikpo and its environs lie between longitudes 7?45'E and 8?15' E and latitudes 5?45'N and 60?00'N. Structural interpretation over the area was carried out using Remote Sensing technique. The objectives of the analysis were to identify the lineament and drainage patterns associated with the study area, identify the structural pattern/trends and correlate the relationship of such structures with groundwater exploration in the area. The image was acquired with an Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and processed using Integrated Land and Water Information System ILWIS 3.2. Lineament and drainage pattern maps of the same scale as the original landsat imagery were generated and visually analyzed. The orientation of the lineaments in the study area was analysed using a Rose diagram. The result revealed that the area is drained by several rivers observed to be striking NE-SW, NW-SE, N-W and S-E directions, with NE-SW being the dominant trend. The lineament analysis revealed that the drainage observed in the area is structurally controlled and also the trend of the tectonic activity that previously acted in the study area. The regions where the lineaments intercept each are prospective areas for groundwater exploration.

Water faces an endemic global shortage due to natural replenishment, melting of glaciers and receding in snowlines. This impact is visible as seventy rivers have stopped flowing into the sea; aquifers are depleting and the world’s thirst for water is likely to become one of the most pressing issues of the 21st century. Rapid pace of industrialization, concurrent growth of urbanization, and change of life style of ever expanding population have the potential to damage the environment and degrade the quality of water resources. Since there has been growing concern about pollution in Angul-Talcher area due to industrial, mining and other anthropogenic activities, Central Pollution Control Board and Ministry of Environment & Forests have identified this zone as one of the hot spots in respect of pollution hazards. The present study is an attempt to provide a qualitative and quantitative status indicating the suitability of water resources for drinking purpose. The study on seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics along with its water quality of surface water resources fluctuated from one season to other thus making the sources unfit for human consumption. Water Quality Index (WQI) values for surface water in different seasons has been calculated to classify the sources according to pollution level and suitability for drinking purposes.

Exchange Traded Funds (“ETFs”) are increasingly popular investment vehicles. ETFs are one type of structured exchange-traded product. An ETF is an investment product that allows an investor to buy and sell shares in a single security that represents a fractional ownership of a portfolio of securities. ETFs are open-ended investment companies or unit investment trusts that are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The first ETF, SPDR Trust, was listed in 1993 with an underlying portfolio designed essentially to replicate the performance of the S&P 500 index. Since then over 700 ETFs have been introduced. This study shows the performance of ETFs & Index Fund from investors perspectives. The study is based on 6 USA based ETFs that track well known indexes. As in India ETF market is still at introductory stage so International market has been traced.

A DoS attack is a type of attack which the attacker waste the resource of system. In DoS attack of the computer system an individual host will send huge number of useless packets to one machine so it makes the crash of the host. Among the different types of DOS attacks, SYN- Flooding attack is more important In the situation of attacking system is in non- linear mode so it seems the fuzzy logic work better other methods. In this paper we propose new hybrid mechanism of filtering and fuzzy for detection of DOS attack Source IP address and port, packet timeline, Number of packets, Entropy of Packet type, rate of request, Entropy of Source IP, and Entropy of Source Port some of the parameters that effect on attack detection. So in our study we infer fuzzy rules based on the value of these parameters. Performance analysis of the proposed approach is done by measure of the four parameters including Precision, Recall, F-measure, and Accuracy in different state of system. To similarity to real situations three modes: normal, LOW DOS Attack, and High DOS Attack for the system is intended. Two set of data e.g. train data and test data are provided to the analysis of the proposed approach. Results showed that for testing data in the situation of attack occurrences in system attack detection has a high degree of accuracy. Its accuracy is approximately 95%.