Aquaculture

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the watercourse land use of pasture, rainfed and abandoned rainfed which conducted in Bab Karafs watershed (Sarduyeh) in Jiroft County using the artificial rainfall simulator device. In this study three land uses with constant soil type and lithology have been considered and also, rainfall intensities have been created by using rainfall simulator device and in two intensities of 46 mm/hour and 88 mm/hour, and as well as considering the slopes of 5 percent and 15 percent, according to the three repeats in 36 stages of sampling. Also, from adjacent parts of the rainfall simulator device and from 0-20 cm depth of soil, the soil samples were taken for analysis in a soil laboratory. The results showed that the land use changes indicate dramatic impacts on watercourse and erosion amounts in different slopes; so that the maximum amount of watercourse is carried out in the abandoned rainfed use and slope of 15%. The minimum amount of watercourse is carried out in the rainfed use and slope of 5%.

Remote sensing is a major source of data to prepare land cover map. The present study has been conducted to investigate the ability of Landsat ETM satellite in order to prepare land cover map. The images were taken on July 10, 2014 and has been georeferenced by using digital coordinate map with scale of 1: 25000.The amount of RMSE that obtained from geo-referenced images was o.348. In order to prepare for processing digital data, such as contrast enhancement, optimum index factor(OIF), principal component analysis(PCA), producing false color composite and vegetation indices improving operations and enhancing images were carried out on the data. Based on studies and field visits with help of control points and global positioning system, ground real map was prepared. To classify data Supervised classification methods were used. After classification, land cover maps with different classes were prepared. Overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient to classify maximum likelihood are 86.31% and 83.93% respectively. For a minimum distance 70.83% and 68.49%, for Minimum Mahalanobis Distance 85.95% and 81.53% and parallelepiped are 82.31% and 79.84% were obtained.

Fisheries is one of the four important subsectors of the economy recognized and incorporated into the implementation of the second phase of the National fadama Development Project (Fadama II) as a veritable tool aimed at reducing poverty by increasing the productivity and income levels of poor fadama resource users. The assessment of the effect of Fadama II project on fish farming was carried out in this study by using the with-and-without approach. A multistage sampling technique was used in sampling 185 fadama II fish farmers and 60 non-fadama II fish farmers from 9 Fadama Community Associations with the aid of structured interview schedule. Data obtained were analyzed by using frequency count, percentages, mean, standard deviation and t-test analytical techniques. Findings from the study indicated that fadama fish farmers had higher number of ponds, were more educated, larger household sizes, and were more experienced in fish farming business than the non-fadama fish farmers while non-fadama fish farmers were older than the fadama fish farmers. The results of t-test analyses revealed that significant differences occurred in the annual income (t-value=32.28, p<0.01) and production output (t-value=43.14, p<0.01) of fadama and non-fadama fish farmers. The study concluded that the project has a positive effect on the income of fadama fish farmers in Lagos State, Nigeria and recommended that subsequent phases of the NFDP programme should be extended to all fadama users as this will benefit more people.

In this study three land uses with constant soil type and lithology have been considered and also, rainfall intensities have been created by using rainfall simulator device and in two intensities of 46 mm/hour and 88 mm/hour, and as well as considering the slopes of 5 percent and 15 percent, according to the three repeats in 36 stages of sampling. Also, from adjacent parts of the rainfall simulator device and from 0-20 cm depth of soil, the soil samples were taken for analysis in a soil laboratory. The results showed that the land use changes indicate dramatic impacts on soil sedimentation amount in various intensities of rainfall and different slopes; so that the highest amount of sedimentation is carried out in the abandoned rainfed use and intensity of rainfall of 88 mm/hour and slope of 15%.

In present investigation shows the seasonal changes in RNA : DNA ratio in different tissues of Katelysia opima. The RNA and DNA ratio in the calm was found increased in adductor muscle, gonad and hepatopancreas than gill, mantle, siphon & foot at the time of gametogenesis in early monsoon. Similarly in that period the protein content was also increased in particular tissuses. In monsoon, the gametogenesis was triggered by temperature and the requirement of protein was increased, so the RNA content was also increased during that period and DNA was dependent on the increasing and decreasing content of RNA.

Among the various biomarkers, the histological analysis of different organs may indicate the biological responses to an unfavorable situation, because often the prolongs exposure of the organism to toxic agents does not provoke death directly, but it affects the structure and function of organs of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium kistensis. The experimental prawn treated with lethal concentration (LC50value) 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours and sublethal concentration (1/10th of LC50 of 48 hr) for 7, 14 and 21 days of cuprous oxide shows many histological changes in ovary. Histological observations of ovary following exposure cuprous oxide showed destruction of epithelial layer, degeration of oocytes, disorganization of nucleus, vacuolization at periphery, rupturing of follicular epithelium, shrinkage in ooplasmic material and damage of ovarian structure was observed after exposed to lethal and sublethal concentration.

Drying seeds and maintaining low seed moisture content is critical in hot and humid climatic conditions. In this study Zeolite beads which are inert adsorbent materials have been used for drying tomato and onion seeds. Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize the parameters of drying in central composite experimental design. The seeds of tomato cv. Pusa Ruby and onion cv. Nasik Dark Red with initial moisture content of 8.6 to 15.4% dry weight basis (d.b.), were dried at five levels of residence time (1.3, 4, 8, 12, 14.7 h) and five levels of seed bead ratio (1:0.33, 1:0.5, 1:0.75, 1:1, 1:1.17). Second degree polynomial models were found significant for each response viz. germinability, vigour and final moisture content. The optimum values of process variables was found to be 1:0.5, 10.8 hours and 11.84 %, seed bead ratio, residence time and initial moisture content, respectively in case of tomato seed. Seed bead ratio, residence time and initial moisture content of 1:0.62, 6.52 and 13.62, respectively were found optimum for onion seed.

The Perna sp. Perna indica is an important marine bivalve resource due to their dietary and medicinal properties. The increasing atmospheric CO2, ocean warming and consequent acidic changes of the ocean waters adversely affected these sedentary organisms by directly influencing the physiological activities and their energy levels. Experiments were conducted in the present study to infer the influence of temperature on the physiological responses of Perna sp. collected off Kadiapattanam coast, Tamil Nadu, India. The mussels were acclimatized at different temperatures viz., 25.0 to 40.0°C and the oxygen consumption levels were examined. The results indicated that the smaller size group P. species. (viz., 60 mm shell length) was more active at 35.0°C compared to the larger size groups. The oxygen consumption of P. indica acclimated at 35.0°C was higher with 0.0.37±0.01ml/lit/g/h than those acclimated at 40.0 and 25.0°C. It was also observed that, byssal threads were not produced by those specimens reared at the temperature of 25 to 40.0°C at 60 to 80mm shell size species at 1hour interval. The observations point out to the fact that temperature increase due to global warming and size variation could adversely affect physiological responses of the Perna sp. in its natural marine conditions.

The blood parameters like red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin concentration were estimated in Cyprinus carpio exposed to1/10^th (8.64ug/L) and 1/15^th(5.67ug/L)of lethal concentrations of monocrotophos for 5.10, 20, 1nd 30 days. The results showed alterations indicating the pesticide effect being severe as RBC count decreased, WBC count increased, Hb decreased, PCV increased, MCV, MCH and MCHC appeared decreased.

Specimens of fish Cyprinus carpio were exposed to pH 5.0, pH4.5 and pH4.0 for a period of 28 days. In pH 5.0 and pH4.5 the fish survived for 30 days. While in pH 4.0 the fish survived only for 16 days. During the above treatment biochemical parameter such as plasma cholesterol and Plasma glucose level was observed an interval of 7 days of the total exposure period. Acid treated fish exhibits a significant increase in the plasma cholesterol levels and Plasma glucose level. The observed biochemical parameter may be used as non-specific biomarker in the field of toxicology.