Nuclear and Radiation

In this paper, we report the effective atomic number and effective electron densities of some inorganic compounds at three scattering angles 600, 800 and 1000 on a goniometer assembly for Compton Effect in the gamma energy range 280keV to 1115keV. An ORTEC model 23210 gamma-x high purity germanium detector (HpGe) has been used to record the data along with a personal computer based MCA in the angular region 500-1100. It is observed that the effective atomic numbers can be obtained by simply adding the Z-values of the constituent elements as per the chemical formula of the compound in accordance with the literature [5]. The results so obtained with respect to the inorganic samples of interest that the effective atomic number and effective electron densities are first of their kind at these energy ranges and are expected to be important in a variety of applications of Radiation Physics and Chemistry.

Using MCNP6 to determine axial and radial neutron fluxes of the seven channels irradiation sites of 3 mCi of radium is tended for physics experiments on artificial radioactivity and irradiation facility in nuclear physics laboratory at (FSDM-USMBA) Fez Morocco. Ra-Be source in the interior of the shielded laboratory is sealed emanation-tight into a brazed nickel and it’s eccentrically off the axis of the lead cylinder. Lead thickness and distance shield are so designed that the gamma-dose rate from the source remains small enough in all directions. The seven irradiation channels are arranged vertically within the paraffin block.

Calibration of Harshaw 4500 Thermo luminescence Dosimeter (TLD) Reader was carried out using standard X-ray beam. The response of the TLD reader to the increasing dose was found to be linear and the dose response characteristics measured were 0.68 mSv, 1.80 mSv and 3.39 mSv which were comparable respectively to 0.55 mSv, 1.87 mSv and 3.76 mSv obtained following manufacturers specification. However, at doses below 500 mSv deviation was observed between the two procedures. The supervised and controlled areas at the radiology diagnostic centers were monitored using TLD badges over a period of 60 days. The dose levels obtained ranges from 0.13 mSv/hr to 0.2 mSv/hr for the conventional x-ray rooms and 0.10 to 0.35 to 0.16 mSv/hr for the waiting areas. The readings obtained established that the diagnostics centers were free from under exposure to ionizing radiation.

Radiation protection against short wavelength radiation have beeen studied by using Barium sulfate-Epoxy mixture. The outcome of this research showed a good new information about the ability of barium sulfate-Epoxy mixture to protect the humans and environment against short wavelength rays. There is an easy procedure, low cost and available materials to construct the shielding instead of that high cost shielding. Increasing barium sulfate ratios in barium-epoxy mixture leads to increased gamma ray attenuation with decreasing gamma photon energy. The results of high attenuation of gamma ray is due to the prevent of the ray to transimitted through the mixture. A new procedure for radiation protection are used in the labs and work places, which were used the radioactive materials. Short wavelength radiation causes hazards on health of humans and environment, the measurement of gamma photons transmission through barium-epoxy mixture are investigated. The count of CPS is done by maestro software after applying the mixture on cement block. There were two decay energys of gamma ray emitting at 59.5 keV and 26.3 keV. The scattering of gamma ray was studied at various angles.

The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K in the cement samples used for construction in Lagos and Ogun State Nigeria were measured by gamma spectrometry using a well-type NaI (Tl) detector. Radiological hazard assessments due to these natural radionuclides were carried out. The average activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th and 40K determined in the samples were 2.16, 7.82 and 114.3 Bq/kg respectively. The mean absorbed dose rate, the mean annual effective dose, excess lifetime cancer risk and annual gonadal equivalent dose in the samples analyzed were 9.59 nGy/h, 17.66 µSv/y, 67.99 (MPY)-1 and 69.07 µSv/y respectively. Values of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external (Hex) and internal (Hin) hazard indices and gamma activity concentration index (I?) were also estimated. The results obtained in all cases are well below the world average. Therefore, cements produced in this part of the country are safe and considered to have negligible radiological impact on the health of the individuals exposed to them.

The epithermal neutron shape factor(?) in the permanent cadmium lined irradiation channel of the Nigeria Research Reactor-1(NIRR-1) was re-evaluated using the four monitor combinations 198Au-99Mo- 97Zr- 95Zr, 198Au- 97Zr- 95Zr- 65Zn, 198Au-60C0- 97Zr- 95Zr and 198Au- 60Co- 97Zr- 95Zr- 99Mo in the monitor set Al-0.1%Au thin foil, Zr and Zn foils, Mo and Co thin wires irradiated for ? determinatiom by the cadmium covered multtimonitor method. The monitor combination 198Au-99Mo- 97Zr- 95Zr was found to give a relatively higher and more reasonable value of ? of -0.101±0.019. Also the value of ? determined using only the three monitor combination 198Au- 97Zr- 95Zr was found to be -0.106±0.014 and is comparable with the ? value for the monitor combination198Au-99Mo- 97Zr- 95Zr. The negative values of ? in both determinations indicate a hardened epithermal neutron spectrum in the cadmium lined irradiation channel.They are comparable with the value of -0.137±0.018 previously obtained. The values of the epithermal neutron flux(?e ) and comparator factor (Fc,Au ) of 4.80±0.04)×109 and (1.38±0.01)×103 respectively using the activity 198Au for the monitor combination198Au-99Mo- 97Zr- 95Zr are comparable with the ?e and Fc,Au values of (4.76 ±0.04)×109 and (1.37±0.05)×103 respectively for only the three monitors 198Au- 97Zr- 95Zr .The ?, ?e and Fc,Au values can be well determined in the cadmium lined irradiation channel of the NIRR-1 using only the Au+Mo+Zr or Au+Zr monitor combinations.

The aim of this current article is to illustrate in detail Armenian relativistic formulas and compare them with Lorentz relativistic formulas so that readers can easily differentiate these two theories and visualize how general and rich our Armenian Theory of Special Relativity really is with a spectacular build in asymmetry. Then we are going behind this comparison and illustrating that build in asymmetry inside Armenian Theory of Special Relativity is reincarnating the aether as a universal reference medium, which is not contrary to relativity theory. We mathematically prove the existence of aether and we show how to extract infinite energy from the time-space or sub-atomic aether medium. Our theory explains all these facts and peacefully brings together followers of absolute aether theory, relativistic aether theory or followers of dark matter theory. We also mention that the absolute aether medium has a very complex geometric character, which has never been seen before. We are explaining why NASA's earlier "BPP" and DARPA's "Casimir Effect Enhancement" programs failed. We are also stating that the time is right to reopen NASA's BPP program and fuel the spacecrafts using the everywhere existing aether asymmetric momentum force.

Two widely used formalisms based on the cadmium ratio concept (with its associated problems) of the single comparator (k0-NAA standardization) method are used for the multi – elemental analysis at Ghana Research Reactor – 1 (GHARR – 1) facility. This paper examines suitability of GHARR – 1 for reactor neutron activation analysis after the re – configuration of the core by monitoring the stability of the flux parameters f and ? over the course of nine months and the feasibility of using k0 – NAA standardization method based on the Maxwellian neutron distribution concept at the facility for routine analysis. The concepts were validated by analyzing two reference materials. The concentrations of most of the elements were found to be within 10% of the certified values.

Groundwater has been identified as the best source of rural water supply because it has eliminated the problem of water borne diseases which have affected communities in the Pru District in the Brong Ahafo Region for some years. An adequate and sustainable source of groundwater can be obtained by geophysical methods which ensure that potable and safe drinking water is available for the entire population. Integrated geophysical methods involving Electromagnetic and Electrical resistivity methods have been carried out to delineate groundwater potential and locate drilling sites for boreholes in the District. The Electromagnetic profiling method was used for reconnaissance survey to identify anomaly conductive spots for further investigation using the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique. The Schlumberger array was carried out for the VES investigation. Interpretation of the VES data revealed a general pattern of a three layered earth structure, namely topsoil, saturated sandy/ lateritic clay and weathered/ fractured/ fresh basement rocks. The presence of aquifer units included the weathered zones and the fractured basement. These units are found at a depth ranging between 27.0 and 69.5 m.

An estimation of volumetric efficiency in large sample neutron activation analysis through the application of an empirical expression for the full energy peak efficiency was done. The gamma-ray self-attenuation correction factor and the geometric correction factor based on which the volumetric efficiency is finally estimated were experimentally and theoretically determined respectively. Within the limits of mass range of the sample investigated, there was no significant difference between the photo-peak efficiency and the volumetric efficiency. The result of the study therefore establishes that the mass (volume) of the test portions does not have significant effect on the efficiency of elemental detection when geometrical correction is considered.