Literature

Islamic architecture, like an old tree, has its roots in the land of Saudi Arabia where the first mosque was built. After that it has branched out in the neighboring countries like Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Iran, India, etc. There for Islamic art and architecture has been flourished and flowered in other mentioned countries and have experimented during various schools of thought such as Seljuks ,Safavid , Ottomans, and Indo Islamic of India. Architects and artists of various nations throughout the process of developing their art and architecture have created various significant monuments such as Jame Masjed of Isfahan in Iran, Soltan Ahmed mosque of Istanbul in turkey and Delhi’s Jame masjed and Taj Mahal in Agra which shall be discussed in this paper. Taj Mahal is the most famous building which was designed by an Iranian architect. In this paper, In general, the impact of Seljuks and Safavid art and architecture on Indian Architecture shall be described.

This study investigates the relation of breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge and topic familiarity to EFL learners’ success in deriving meaning from context. It intends to determine whether (breadth and depth of) vocabulary knowledge and topic familiarity are related to the learners’ lexical inferencing success, and to investigate which of these variables makes an important contribution to L2 lexical inferencing success. The participants of the study were sixty-five pre-university students in Esfahan, Iran. In two consecutive weeks, version 2 of the Vocabulary Levels Test and the Word-Associate Test were used to measure participants’ breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge, respectively. One week later, the participants received a reading text and attempted to derive the meanings of 10 unknown words from context. After inferencing task, they rated the degree of their familiarity to the text on a Likert-scale questionnaire. Result indicate a significant relationship between vocabulary knowledge and learners’ lexical inferencing as well as a significant relationship between learners’ topic familiarity and their lexical inferencing success. The results further revealed that depth of vocabulary knowledge made a significant contribution to inferential success over and above the contribution made by the learners’ breadth of vocabulary knowledge and their topic familiarity.

English language anxiety and interest are considered as two important affective variables which are highly correlated to foreign language learning. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the English language anxiety, English language interest and English language achievement. The sample size comprised of 97 undergraduate students of BS Computer Sciences, Telecom engineering and Computer engineering program. The Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regressions are used to analyze the data. The results revealed that English language anxiety has significant negative correlation with English language interest and English language achievement. It is also found that English language interest and English language achievement has significant positive correlation. It has been observed that mostly males have less English language anxiety and more English language interest as compared to females. The rate of anxiety in females has significant negative relationship with achievement. The study reveals that the performance of the students of in English language is influenced by the English language anxiety.

Ahmad IbnIshaqQommiThe great Traditionists, Imam Askari(PBUH) Special Representative and trusted third century - e. (Lunar Calendar) around the years 260 -263Hegira. Lunar.died in SarpolezahabThe tomb of Ahmad bin - Isaac city of Sarpolezahab in Kermanshah functions and is located 30 km from the border with Iraq. The tomb, which is based on the first side of the quadrilateral, circular dome was placed on it In recent years by the Endowmentscemetery was repaired. Physical design and layout of the city is a city that reflects the critical content induces a sense of place, sense of space and significantly bring down the spaceUrban landscape as one of the issues and concepts involved in understanding the processes of understanding, analyzing and designing urban spaces, based on the abundance of theorizing. This writing method structural analysis of the architecture of the city is trying to influence the tomb of Ahmad IbnIshaq religious places, especially in the design of urban drainage Sarpolezahab may present In this way the various aspects of urban architecture and holy religious sites to include physical shape, location and method of manufacture and is analyzed for its Christmas decoration - and the resulting investigation and urban of the direct impact Tomb of the Sarpol shows Zahabmakes .

This paper focused on a content analysis of the translated tamil fiction, “KARUKKU” by Bama, “Karukku” structured like a novel besides being an “autobiographical intervention as a speech act”. Most of her novels are autobiographical works. “Karukku” besides being a projection of the intersection of gender, caste and class. Bama has suffered multiple hegemonies as a dalit woman, and therefore poor and as a Christian Indian. The autobiography has several stories embedded in the narrative as a pointer to the patriarchal oppression of women.

This study explored males and females binary translations from perspective of gender and ideology. The investigation of males and females gender based ideological behavior was been accomplished following Weatherall (2002) model. Further, for this purpose, English novels of Wuthering Heights andStrangerwhich have been translated into Persian by male and female translators were selected to be used as the corpus. The sentences, phrases and words of ideology and gender load were extracted and investigated according to the three categories of character description, ideology and gender stereotypes and disappearing of agent effect of Weatherall (2002). The comparisons were accompanied by examples. The comparisons indicated that these translationsare not under gender ideological considerations and neither males nor females describe each other as negative or positive; though, cases of male negative description of males and females negative description of females reported. Moreover, the results of the study indicated that neither males nor females give cause of doing or acceptance of an obligatory responsibility to each other. There were cases of assigning agency roles to cross sex characters in the results, but they were not significant and worth mentioning. Lastly, the translator gender ideology did not affect translation.

The Present Paper entitled “Quest for Identity” focuses on the attitude of New Women. It also brings out how Manju Kapur portrays Virmati in Difficult Daughters trying to establish her identity through her rebellious attitudes.

This article was written with the aim of examining the differing views of the scholars of the art of the trope in the subject of mental trope or tropical predication and tries to compare the different aspects of scholars’ views with an analytical and descriptive method and finally with the help of those scholars’ views and studying the historical evolutionary course of that rhetorical device give a fruitful result to the lovers of the this art. Mental trope is one of the devices of the rhetoric in general and art of the trope in specific that the domain of dialectic and arguments about it goes back to the history of rhetoric and it came to known as propositional trope, trope in proof, and tropical predication. Mental trope is generally about the construction and the structure of the sentence and is beyond the boundary of the word; that is, each single word of the sentence is used in its conventional meaning, however, the construction of the sentence is not in agreement with its real concept. In other words, the verb and verbal group (infinitive, gerund, and past participle) is attributed to an agent other than its real agent.

Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include sordid subject matter, frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. This study focused on the Sadegh Choobak's Short Story A Man in the Cage from the viewpoint of literary naturalism. In this regard, the story's naturalistic features represented and discussed.

Alexander is one of the most important and permanent characters in history who has affected the world’s literature including the European, Turkish and Iranian ones. This character has been defined in many Persian poems, verses and different anecdotes. The versified story of Alexander (Eskandarnameh) is one of the works explaining that Eskandarnameh belongs to Nezami, the poet in 1300. Nezami is known as an Iranian famous story writer in Iran who has perfectly developed this literal type. He is one of the prominent poets raised from Azerbaijan school. Nezami is famous for one of his books called Khamseh or Panj Ganj. This book includes Leili and Majnun, Makhzanolasrar, Khosrow and Shirin, Haft Peykar and Eskandarnameh. Eskandarnameh is one his verses describing Alexander and it presents this historical character as a world conqueror and a sage. The secret of making this work into a permanent and eternal one is set at featuring Alexander as an idealistic character. This book introduces Alexander by characteristics like forgiveness, peace seeker, fairness and, etc. This essay scrutinizes Nezami’s concepts towards Alexander and his characteristics.