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We are very happy to announce that from 6th May 2016, Prof.Siddesh Kashinath Pai has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He/She will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on Management. Prof.Siddesh Kashinath Pai working as Assistant Professor, National Institute of Construction management and research (NICMAR), India. The appointment of Prof.Siddesh Kashinath Pai as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to elixirpublishers@gmail.com.

We are very happy to announce that from 29th August 2011, Prof.Sundarsingh has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on English. Prof Sundarsingh is currently working at Department of English, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India. The appointment of Prof Sundarsingh as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

We are very happy to announce that from 8th April 2011, Prof.Wael Abd-Allah El-Helece has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on the Chemistry. Prof.Wael Abd-Allah El-Helece is currently at Department of Chemistry, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA. The appointment of Prof.Wael Abd-Allah El-Helece as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

In the United States, many small business owners display inadequate preparedness strategies to mitigate natural disasters. The damage caused by natural disasters usually costs millions of dollars in injuries or lost lives, disruptions to operations, and property damage. Small business owners who fail to plan and prepare for disaster frequently face closure when disasters strike. The goal of this study was to explore strategies independent auto maintenance business owners use to mitigate natural disasters. Holling’s organizational resilience theory grounded this qualitative multiple case study. From the population, a purposive sample drawn, included five participants who implemented disaster mitigation strategies from Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana and participated in this study. Semistructured interviews were used to collect data, which was analyzed by triangulating the results against company strategic plans, financial data, emails, website information, and operation manuals. The implementation in the data analysis of Yin’s 5-step data analysis process yielded important themes of: employee relations and financial strength, disaster planning and response guideline, communication, and collaboration and partnership. The analysis of the analysis led to the presentation of key recommendation for business owners, notably to comprehensively understand, plan, and execute successful natural disaster mitigation strategies, to ensure business continuity and resilience. The implication for positive social change is the potential for businesses to avoid permanent business closure, create jobs, retain employees, and improve the economic standard of living for communities.

The study of impact of Distance Education (DE) expanding access and providing quality tertiary education in Ghana has become eminent in the midst of large number of students enrolled in DE institutions. . This paper reviews DE literature with focus on the development of DE in Ghana between 1982 to date. In the context of statistics reviewed from the NCTE, DE is seemingly observed as serving the purpose of access without recourse to quality. The paper draws on the weaknesses and strengths of “access” and “quality” and how each complements the other to ensure effective impact.

Globalization have become “unavoidable” African nations are Compelled to join in. It is now a new form of universal history, that is fast integrating the developing countries into the contemporary global capitalist system. However, most of their old problems still persist. Infact, globalization has aggravated most of the problems of African countries, while adding new ones. The result is the development of a complex new society, a “pre-modern” “modern” and “post-modern” society. This paper examines African culture in the face of this radical transformation, its consequences and the challenges facing African nations.

The British colonial administration used the divide and rule system, thereby making sure that no part of Nigeria is seen as an integral part of the other. The indirect rule system worked only in Northern Nigeria, while protests characterized the system in the Eastern and Western parts of Nigeria. Indeed the warrant chiefs who became symbols of authority in Eastern Nigeria maintained stability in the country before Independence. Another feature, which characterized this period, was regionalism. This was the system in practice during the First Republic. It was based on the ability of each Region for compete autonomously for economic sustenance, but in reality, this was not feasible. Therefore, in 1966, the military overthrew the first democratically elected government of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Belewa. Thus, between General Aguiyi Ironsi and General Abdusalam Abubakar, the Military stayed in power for abut thirty-three years. This period was characterized by massive underdevelopment and human rights abuses. This paper therefore reviews this era of military interventions and their consequences to the Nigeria social and political climate.

This study investigated the tactics used to curtail women participation in national elective leadership positions among the Abagusii of Western Kenya. Data for this study was collected from 15 Gusii women who were purposively selected because of their participation in the 2013 and 2017 national elections as contestants. The study found that women were unable to win any national elective seats which they competed with men. Their failure was attributed to the tactics male contestants used against them. These tactics were mostly based on moralistic codes of gender and sexuality. This study argues that policies that aim at enhancing women participation in elective leadership positions must first address the social construction of women sexuality in each community.

This paper predicted the corrosion rates of three refinery boiler components namely: Baffle wall tubes, vapourizing tube bank and the superheater coils, using a mathematical model developed from the balance equation of the refinery boiler. The results obtained were then compared those already measured by Ultrasonic Thickness Scanning Technique (UTS). The essence is to determine if the prediction equation can be useful in predicting the life expectancy of the various boiler components. The prediction was done for a period of four years. Metal loss recorded for Baffle Wall Tubes was 0.10 mm to 1.10 mm from UTS, while the one from the model was 0.11 mm to 0.98 mm. Metal loss recorded for vapourizing tube bank was 0.06 mm to 1.00 mm from UTS and that from the model was 0.05 mm to 0.98 mm. Metal loss recorded for superheater coil was 0.026 mm to 0.67 mm. The percentage deviation calculated between the model and that from UTS showed a correlation between the rates observed by the different measurement tools. The introduction of the inhibitor model indicated that inhibitor application can greatly reduce the corrosion rates of the refinery boiler’s components. The paper has also shown that the mathematical predictive model can be used to predict the corrosion rates of the internal boiler components as compared to the recorded readings of the Ultrasonic Thickness Scanning Technique.

Education relevance in any given country is anchored in its philosophy of education. The Kenyan philosophy of education advocates for provision of a holistic education and training that promotes all the domains of learning. However, in practice academically oriented learning is emphasized focusing on cognitive domain while passively imparting the psychomotor and affective domains. This article reports on data from a study that sought to explore the perceptions on the relevance Nyerere’s philosophy of education towards the academically oriented university education in Kenya for sustainable economic development. The research adopted a case study research design. Data was collected from one Dean of students, 5 Coordinators of campuses, 586 fourth education students and 22 lecturers from Kisii University selected using saturated, purposive and simple random sampling techniques. The data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. The items in the questionnaires were tested for content validity and reliability by means of a pilot study in one of the campuses that was not included in the sample. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study revealed that university education was perceived as over-reliant on academic qualifications while neglecting practical learning and values. The study recommended that to offer holistic education require embracing ideals of Nyerere’s philosophy of education in line with the original intended objectives of 8-4-4 curriculum in Mackay report and the current needs of the country to produce liberated self- reliant individuals.

This paper discusses the plight of the writing spirit among African ruling political elites. This plight is historically situated and it is subjected to a comparative perspective. While it is not the view of the author that writing is always the most effective means that can be used by political leaders to communicate with the public, communicating with the public through writing is one of the useful information transferring tools that ought not to be ignored. Through a trend analysis, the paper observes that unlike most of first African heads of state and governments who were keen to academic writing most of contemporary African leaders have lost interest in writing, with only a handful of leaders still involved in academic scholarship. Some of the factors that are attributed to this decline include; lack of ideological backing, the growing sense of insecurity among political leaders, the transformation of ruling parties and the influence of financial donors, just to mention some.

This paper discusses public policy making in Tanzania. Using documentary analysis, it attempts to find out whether the problems that were observed by Goran Hyden in1984 have so far been solved by policy makers. A point of reference is made to the fact that Hyden’s observation was made during the time in which Tanzania was under state controlled economy. With the country’s adoption of liberalization policies which Ndumbaro (1994) describes as the era of power shift in policy making from the state to donors, it is imperative to see whether this has affected policy making in the country. The paper concludes that although donors’ influence in policy making has continued to increase, there is no significant improvement in addressing policy-making problems that were noted by Hyden. Most of the policies continue to be made without adequate information, in which also the past does not seem to be of great use in shaping new policies. As a result, policy makers continue to be driven by a desire to do everything at the same time, which in turn increases the burden to policy implementers.

This paper is an account to politicization of bureaucracy and its impact on organization development and change in Tanzania. Through a historical approach, it examines the country’s political terrain and the way this has affected the ability of managers of public corporations to be the chief architects in managing changes in the organizations. The theoretical postulate of this paper is that the effectiveness and prosperity of public organizations largely depends on limited political influences and interferences in daily operations of these entities. The general observation that is noted, after a documentary analysis of the then public parastatals, privatized entities and other organizations that continue to be under the control of the government is that soon after independence to the era of the introduction of liberal policies in the country there was excessive politicization of bureaucracy which negatively deprived the managers of their presumed decision making autonomy thereby leading to poor performance of these organizations. It is however noted that since the adoption of liberalization policies positive developments that suggest relative managerial autonomy have taken place. It can however not be asserted that politicization tendencies are over as there are some organizations still suffering from this problem.

A comparative study of the phytoplankton and epiphyton biomass in relation to environmental characteristics at the Iragbo part of Yewa Lagoon were undertaken for six months (December, 2012- May, 2013). Water temperature (?32.20C), air temperature (? 48.50C), transparency (? 48.5cm), pH (? 8.16), were higher in dry months while in the wet months total suspended solids (? 1.3mg/L) and total dissolved solids (? 49.0mg/L) values were higher. Dissolved oxygen values (? 2.8mg/L ? 7.6mg/L) were moderate in the Lagoon while biochemical oxygen demand varied between 7.0mg/L and 16.0mg/L, chemical oxygen demand also varied between 21.0mg/L and 40.0mg/L. Reactive silicates ranged between 0.002mg/L and 0.004mg/L throughout the sampling months. The heavy metal values; Copper (?0.03mg/L), Lead (? 0.017mg/L), Zinc (? 0.62mg/L) and Iron (? 0.34mg/L) remained low throughout the sampling period.. Both the phytoplankton and epiphyton biomass were higher in the dry months. Phytoplankton chlorophyll-a values were highest in January while epiphyton chlorophyll-a value was highest in February. The pinnate diatoms dominated the epiphyton community while the centrales diatoms dominated the phytpplankton community. A total of 4885 individuals of 76 phytoplankton species belonging to 6 divisions were identified while a total of 2505 individuals of 39 epiphyton species belonging to 4 divisions were identified. For the phytoplankton community, a total of 1565 individuals (31.80%) represent bacillariophyta division while 635 (12.90%), 2535 (51.52%), 115 (2.33%), 15 (0.5%), and 20 (0.85%) represent chlorophyta, euglenophyta, chrysophyta and pyrophyta respectively. For the epiphyton community, a total of 2525 individuals (87.37%) represents bacillariophyta division while 105 (3.69%), 195(6.74%), and 65(2.24%) individuals represent chlorophyta, cyanophyta and euglenophyta respectively. Species used elsewhere for biomonitoring were observed in the lagoon, they include (Euglenoid) Euglena and Phacus species, Trachelomonas hispida, (Diatoms) Gomphonema parvulum, Synedra ovate, Pinnularia major and (Green algae) Chlorella sp.

The study examined the economic impact of Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone on economic diversification in Calabar, Cross River State. The study looks at the importance of Tinapa Business Resort and Export Processing Zone in economic diversification of the State economy within Calabar. The study adopted the survey research design and data was collected through the use of questionnaires administered on the staff of Tinapa Business Resort, the Export Processing Zone and members of the host communities. The study used descriptive statistics in analysing the data and the chi-square test was used to test the hypothesis formulated. The findings from the study show that Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone have contributed to the economic diversification of Cross River State through generation of foreign exchange earnings, attracting of Foreign Direct Investment and tourism into the state. Furthermore, the study reveals that Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone have affected the lives of the host communities through employment and the provision of basic infrastructure. Based on the findings, the study recommends the dredging of the Calabar Sea Port in order to attract more economic activities into the State and the proper funding Tinapa Business Resort to enable it fulfilled its vision of being Africa’s Business hub in global trading and exportation of goods.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of nitrite in urine, protein concentration and nitrite level in the microsomal plus soluble fraction of liver in wistar rats administered with sodium nitrite and dimethylamine hydrochloride. Wistar rats were divided into three groups, the first group was given a single concurrent dose of 50mg/kg of dimethylamine hydrochloride and 62.05mg/kg of sodium nitrite, the second group was given 62.05mg/kg of sodium nitrite and control group was given water and food only ad libitum. The methods used were cell fractionation, homogenization, centrifugation and spectrophotometry. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of nitrite in urine of rat, in the protein concentration and nitrite level in the microsomal plus soluble fraction of liver in all the experimental groups compared to the control. After exposure to UV-light there was a decrease in the level of nitrite in all the groups, which indicates that nitrite may form nitroso compounds by reacting with a nitrosatable compound. This study shows the level of nitrite in urine of wistar rat, the level of protein and nitrite in microsomal plus soluble fraction of rats and the UV degradation of precursors of N-nitrosamine.

Understanding the response of the rocket crop to different source and salinity levels allows determining the type and level of salt that can be tolerable even where this factor is limiting. We evaluated the effect of different sources and levels of salinity sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl) in rocket. The trial was conducted in a greenhouse, throughout completely randomized design in a 2x6x11 factorial scheme, two salt sources (NaCl and KCl), six salinity levels (0, 0.5; 2.0, 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 dS m-1) and eleven replications. KCl exceeded the NaCl and both did not affect the leaves immersion.

This study examines to analyze and compare errors of concord students often conflict when speaking or writing essay. The comparison was made after 4 month of first term, examination in the case of the SS1 and SS3 classes respectively. The respondents were made up of Senior Secondary one (SS1) and Senior Secondary three (SS3) classes of Ogbemudein Mixed Senior Secondary School, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Both respondents were asked to write an essay twice with four months interval on the same topic. In each writing sessions, there were 60 essays written by respondents, giving a grand total of 120 essays being analyzed. The results showed an increase in errors resulting to 3.40% among students in the senior secondary one (SS1) but with drastic reduction of 10.48% among the Senior Secondary three (SS3) which of course performed below expectation.

This study examines a survey and analysis of the wrong use of the past perfect tenses by students in essay writing. The survey became necessary because of the in-depth deficiency students exhibited in essay writing in West African Senior Certificate Examination (WASSCE) and National Examination Council (NECO). The respondents of the study consisted of final year senior secondary student for the WASSCE and NECO classes and respondents from High Impact Capacity Teacher Building Workshop. They were required to write an essay or composition titled ‘My Best Teacher’ on page I of High Impact Capacity Teacher Building Workshop. It was discovered that there were some similarities in the type of errors, especially in the area of past perfect tenses in the second composition: ‘My First Day in the School (page 48-50). (Taken from Countdown for WASSCE/SSCE, NECO, JME English Language (Ogunsanwo et al 2005).

This study examines the rhetorical survey structure analysis of George Orwell’s Animal Farm. In this study, definition and historical survey are specified. This study also aims to highlights the consolidation of the gains of the revolution together with the reverses suffered in the execution of the various programmes initiated by the ruling oligarchy.

This study sets out to examine the stylistic strategies in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. It set out also to look at the concept of ‘style’ as it is employed by George Orwell to drive home his message. This study set out also to examine using the approaches found relevant by the researchers, especially those that found favour within the systemic functional linguistic circle. This study examines as well, style as linguistic choice as employed by George Orwell in the text Animal Farm by making the different characters in the story behaving like human beings who happen to have the same nature as animals. All these will be examined by the researchers

This study sets out to analyze the syntactic analysis of George Orwell’s Animal Farm as a way of providing an alternative reading of the text. The studies examine the syntactic functions of some sentence types, cohesion in relation to the text and reference function. All these are investigated. Thus, the principal aim of this study is to show how some syntactic features contribute to the elucidation of the message of the text and thereby enhancing its readability.

A characterization and volumetric analysis of Olomoro field was carried out using data provided by Shell Petroleum Development Corporation in order to determine the reservoir lithology, structure properties and hydrocarbon in-place. The data provided were well logs, structural map and the seismic section of Olomoro field. The well logs utilized included gamma ray, resistivity, caliper, density, neutron and sonic logs. Through the gamma ray log, it was discovered that the interval under investigation had four porous and permeable zones or reservoir interval. The resistivity log revealed with exception of the first to the third reservoir layer of well 1, presence of hydrocarbon which was used to calculate resistivity of the formation and water. The water saturation was calculated which in turn was used to calculate the hydrocarbon saturation. The values derived were used to estimate the hydrocarbon in place within the depth of 3,429m and 4,053.84m for an area of 100km². These gave a total of 4.012 x 10⁹m³ or 2.5234 x 10¹⁰ barrel as the hydrocarbon in-place. It was observed through the structural map and the seismic section that the hydrocarbon trap is a structural trap created by two fault plains and a folded anticline.

This study is focus on the conversion and optimization of cassava peel to bioethanol. Classical optimization technique was employed in studying the process variables effect of temperature, acid concentration, cassava peel concentration and time of hydrolysis of cassava peel to glucose. Optimum glucose yield of 78mg/ml was obtained at the temperature of 100oC, acid concentration of 0.40mole, cassava peel concentration of 2g/L and hydrolysis time of 45 minutes. After which the glucose obtained from hydrolysis of cassava peel was fermented to produce bioethanol using a classical optimization technique for the effects of pH, temperature, yeast concentration, glucose concentration and fermentation time on bioethanol yield. Results obtained revealed that the optimum yield of 45.50% of bioethanol was obtained at the pH of 5, fermentation temperature of 35oC, yeast concentration of 10%, glucose concentration of 100g/L and fermentation time of 6 days. The bioethanol produced from cassava peel was characterized to determine the kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, refractive index, distillation property, sulphur content, octane number and water content. Results obtained on the properties of the bioethanol produced revealed that that the bioethanol produced shows corresponding fuel properties recommended by ASTM, thus providing a good alternative fuel of clean and renewable resource and establishing the potential for bioethanol commercialisation.

Maize stover consists of the leaves and stalks of maize plants left in a field after harvest and it makes up about half of the yield and is similar to straw. Ensiling maize stover with urea makes it a urea treated maize stover. Centrosema pubescens is a legume in the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae and tribe Phaseolae. It is native to Central and South America and cultivated in other tropical areas as forage for livestock. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of urea treatment on chemical composition; feed intake, blood urea and ammonia of maize stover. The potential of such a stover for growth performance of calves were investigated using 8 N’dama calves of 5 to 8 months of age and an average initial live weight of 92.5 kg. The animals were divided into two groups each of which were individually fed to appetite on basal diets of either untreated maize stover and Centrosema pubescens (Diet T1) or 5 % urea treated maize stover and Centrosema pubescens (Diet T2) for 90 days. In addition all the calves were allowed free access to mineral/vitamin blocks and ample drinking water ad libitum. Urea treatment increased the crude protein (CP) content of maize stover in Diet T2 by 22.12% and also a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in the crude fibre (CF) content over the untreated stover in Diet T1. Besides, compared with the untreated stover, urea treatment brought an improvement of 28% in daily feed intake. These improvements in terms of chemical composition, daily feed intake and dry matter intake led to a highly significant (p<0.01) live weight gain of animals fed on the urea treated stover diet compared with those fed on the untreated stover diet. However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in blood urea levels but significant existed in feed cost/kg gain and linear body measurements between the animals fed on Diet T1 and those fed on Diet T2. Generally, with the added advantage of Diet T2 being more cost effective than Diet T1, feeding urea treated maize stover may be considered as one of the strategies that bring about an efficient utilization of crop residues for livestock feeding in Eastern part of Nigeria. However, its economic advantage over other alternatives must carefully be examined under the prevailing price conditions before it is implemented in an area.

The ligand, 4-butanoyl-3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one (HBPy) and its complexes with Mn (II), La (III), Zr (III), V (V) and W (VI) were tested for antibacterial activity relative to streptomycin and penicillin antibiotics. The filter paper scraps diffusion method was used. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against G(+) Staphylococcus aureus, G(+) Hay bacillus and G(-) Eschericha coli. It could be observed from the results that the antibacterial effect of the Mn(BPy)2.2H2O and the VO2(BPy).HBPy complexes were similar to that of penicillin against the two G(+) strains. The other three complexes also had such antibacterial activity, but a little weaker than that of penicillin. The test data also indicated that streptomycin was intermediately effective against G(+) Hay bacillus. The five complexes at a concentration of 2 ?g/disc, showed antibacterial activity against G(+) Hay bacillus comparable to that of streptomycin with a concentration of 10 ?g/disc. The ligand and its complexes showed none or much weaker antibacterial activity compared to penicillin and streptomycin against G(-) Eschericha coli. It is therefore concluded that the metal complexes studied are potent against the Gram-positive bacteria studied; hence the compounds have great potentials in the exploration of new chemotherapy agents.

Solvent extraction of lanthanum(III) and vanadium(V) from their aqueous solutions with chloroform solution of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-butanoylpyrazol-5-one (the ligand) was studied. The effects of ligand (extractant) concentrations and the pH of the metal aqueous solutions on the solvent extraction were evaluated in terms of their distribution coefficients (D) and the equilibrium constants (Kex) were determined. The values of the slopes of the plots of log D versus log [HBPy(org)] and that of log D versus pH showed that approximately 3 moles of the HBPy ligand reacted with one mole of La3+ while 2 moles of the same ligand reacted with VO2+ during the extraction process. The average logarithms of the equilibrium constant (Kex) values obtained for the metals at the different HBPy concentrations and buffer 4 are -7.40 (La) and -5.14 (V); while those obtained at the different pH and a constant extractant concentration of 0.02 M are La(BPy)3 = -0.49; and VO2(BPy)2 = -1.39; showing that the ligand is an efficient extractant for V(V) and La(III) ions from their aqueous solutions. The study has shown that separation of the La(III) and V(V) ions in their mixture is possible by the adjustment of the extractant concentrations and the pH of the aqueous solution of such mixture.

The extent of departure of a set of data from the fundamental assumptions required by a test is often very important in the determination of the appropriate statistical test to be applied. Some test statistics are more robust to the departure from certain underlying assumptions than others. Hence, the study was aimed at examining the robustness or non-robustness of the F-test statistic in the two-way Interactive Balanced Design. The data used for the study were tested against the three basic assumptions of analysis of variance which include normality, independence and homogeneity of variance assumptions. The results show that even when the normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions were violated, the F-test still yields good results. Hence, it was concluded that the F-test is robust to the normality and homogeneity of variance assumptions. Based on the results of the study, it was recommended that large sample size should always be used in carrying out any experiment involving the applications of analysis of variance. It was also recommended that the rank transformation is a step in the right direction whenever our data fail to conform with the assumptions of ANOVA prior to the conventional ANOVA test since it yields result in test which are more robust to the non-normal and resistance to outliers and non-homogeneity of variance.

In today's heightened ethical awareness and increased competitive pressure, the implications of ethical behavior for financial institutions have become a vital determinant of customer loyalty. Ethics and management have long been viewed, if not as being incompatible, at least as being at odds with each other. This has often translated in the field of environmental policy and Management into radical opposition between supporters of economic performance and Environmental lists. It has seemed that the ethics of economics and that of environmental Preservation was themselves at odds. Ethical decisions are not made in isolation and situational factors such as job context, organizational culture, and characteristics of the work itself have been shown to impact the ethical decision making process Ethical behavior is an important aspect for the success of a company, as it influences its relations with various stakeholders. Financial managers are responsible for the difficulty in interpreting sensitive and Exchanges presenting them in the form of financial reports that can be used to evaluate corporate performance is Month interest groups are responsible. Whatever the financial impact (positive or negative) which may be involved by applying a particular ethical policy, it would be possible to reduce those effects by weakening the ethical criteria used or applying them in different ways. For example, by allowing companies into the portfolio which derive only small amounts of turnover from an activity of concern, or by achieving a market sector weighting for the portfolio by applying a best of sector approach? In this paper an attempt has been made to the research vacuum in the corner of the financial manager explained the moral perspective on the quality of financial reporting to be filled. Field research companies in Tehran Stock Exchange are accepted. In this study, the ethical perspective of financial management as the independent variable is the moral status was assessed with a questionnaire. Quality and usefulness of financial reporting used to be correct financial reporting as dependent variables were examined. The aims of the present study include applied research, in terms of how to collect the required data from the standpoint of descriptive and correlation research is considered. For data analysis software (SPSS) was used. Based on the results obtained from the ethical perspective of financial management and financial reporting, there is a significant relationship; It is recommended that companies choose their money managers not only scientific and practical aspects of management should be considered But the ethical aspect of the study is important for managers should pay special attention to ethics and corporate managers have a choice.

The association between economic growth and financial development has been a wide-ranging subject of experiential research. The practical evidence suggests that there is a significant positive relationship between financial development and economic growth. The endogenous growth literature provides copious evidence that financial development is a key determinant of economic growth. Theory interconnects these two factors based on the logic that by reducing information, transaction, and monitoring costs, a well-developed financial system performs several critical functions to augment intermediation efficiency. The impact of financial development on economic growth is a controversial issue on both empirical and theoretical framework. Aegis et al (2007) classified this matter into four schools of thought. The first one is denoted as supply-leading view which was first analyzed by Schumpeter (1912) and John Hicks (1969). They noticed that the prosperity and evolution of the economies in certain countries were backed up by the capacity of financial systems to activate the productivity of the financial capital. Later on, Levine (1997) pointed out that the development of the financial sector, with its two components stock markets and institutions, plays a remarkable role in the economic growth. Cline (2010) argues that the improvement in the financial sector will lead to an enhancement of the various sectors of the economy. Besides, the endogenous growth literature is in line with this point of view and assumes that the government intervention in the financial system (such as high reserve requirement, interest rate ceilings, etc) has a negative impact on the economic growth. Financial market development is estimated by the effect of credit market development and stock market development on economic growth. The relationship between economic growth and financial development has been an Extensive subject of empirical research. The question is whether financial development Causes economic growth or reversely. The main objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationship between economic growth and financial development taking into Account the positive effect of industrial production index. This paper reviews, appraises, and critiques theoretical and empirical research on the connections between the operation of the financial system and economic growth. It describes the role of financial system development in economic growth at the macro level, both theoretically and empirically. It also describes briefly the relationship of corporate finance and firm performance. It finally concludes the review and presents some policy implications in view of the reviewed literature. Furthermore, theory and evidence imply that better developed financial systems ease external financing constraints facing firms, which illuminates one mechanism through which financial development influences economic growth. The paper highlights many areas needing additional research.

In this paper we synthesis various thickness of nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructure films deposited on si substrate. by using RF. Reactive magnetron sputtering technique rotating by 5 cycle/min with both Argon and Oxygen mixture gases .argon and oxygen partial pressure was(7.0×10-3torr)and(1.89×10-2torr) respectively. The gas sensing application and electrical properties investigated as a function to the thickness variation the dramatic change in the electrical properties shows strong dependence on the thickness variation. Conductivity, resistivity, gas sensitivity of hydrogen and nitrogen dioxide gases was (95 %) and (90 %) for 50 nm respectively, gas sensitivity for NiO films increasing as film thickness increasing.

Dexmedetomidine is an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist with sedative, anxiolytic and analgesic properties.1 This article reviews the use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients and its use in critical care. We will focus on the clinical experience of the drug in children and its role in sedation in Pediatric intensive care unit and for procedural sedation. 

Wheat is the most important crops in Iran and study to reduce losses and costs related to this product are essential. Wheat like any other crop, have losses during harvest and trying to reduce losses in all the time is justifiable. Yet Combine John Deere 955 for harvesting operations is most used combines in Iran and study in order to reduce losses this combine is important. The aims of this study are assess these factors: combine forward speed, Grain moisture content (%, w.b.) and yield per hectare on combine losses John Deere 955 in Ahvaz city (Khuzestan province). One of the ways that reduces losses of combines is mathematical models based on survey and measurement of factors affecting on different combine losses. In order to perform this research was surveyed 28 combines in at different points of Ahvaz city and was calculated cutting platform, back combine, plots and natural losses. In this study, parameters such as combine forward speed, Grain moisture content (%, w.b.) and yield per hectare were considered as independent variables and cutting platform and back combine losses as dependent variables. To express the mathematical relationship between the dependent and independent variables was used multivariate regression test. Results of regression analysis of variance showed there is significant relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables. Finally was estimated most appropriate models to cutting platform losses (CPL) and back combine losses (BCL).

One hundred (100) mature black-skinned ectotype of giant African land snails (Archachatina marginata) were managed intensively in wooden cages to generate eggs used to investigate the developmental stages of eggs. The eggs laid by the black-skinned ectotype of snails were partial cracked by the side and a small portion of the shell using pin opened up for microscopic examination at two days interval. The microscopic examination and photographs of the internal structures of the eggs revealed that embryo and shell formation took place between the eighth and fourteenth days. From days eighteen to twenty, the snails were found to be completely formed. The baby snail or hatchling crawled out of the egg’s shell on the twenty-four day, marking the incubation period for the eggs of black-skinned ectotype of A. marginata to be 24 days.

Genotoxic potentials of three commonly used medicinal plants (Cola nitida, Ocimum gratissimum and Monodora myristica) were assessed on D. melanogaster. Eight generations of D. melanogaster were cultured on over-ripe banana paste with inclusion levels of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% (w/w) of the medicinal plants. Mutation rates both on the wing structure and body colouration were dose-dependent and generation-specific; as increase in the dose of treatment, increases the mutation rates as well as the higher the generations. The degree of effects on these structures was also plant-specific, with followed the trend; C. nitida > O. gratissimum > M. myristica. The result revealed that the medicinal plants have genotoxic potentials with C. nitida having the greatest effects; hence they should be consumed with caution.

This paper is aimed at evaluating the activities of cocoa on male rats. Sixty healthy matured rats weighing 130±20g were divided into four experimental groups of 15 rats each. The rats were treated with cocoa seed powder at 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300mg/kg body weight, respectively for 65 days. Blood samples were collected for hormonal, biochemical and haematological indices while semen was obtained for semen analysis. Results showed that cocoa powder elevated prolactin, testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels; red blood cell, and white blood cell counts significantly reduced follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol; platelets, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration (Hb); alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin. There was also a reducing effect of cocoa powder on total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL- cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, especially at the dose of 300mg/kg as well as sperm count, sperm viability and sperm motility. However, sperm head abnormality increased in a dose-dependent manner. These results imply implicitly that cocoa powder at higher doses might be detrimental to animal health, its beneficial effects notwithstanding.

The adsorption and inhibition of Aluminium corrosion in 1.0 M HCl using different concentrations of extracts of Baissea axillaris was investigated at 303 and 323K using weight loss technique. Weight loss and corrosion rate increased with increase in temperature both for the free acid and inhibited solutions, with marked reluctance to increase in both observable in for the presence of the extracts, varying with the extract concentration. Inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of the extract. The maximum inhibition efficiency of 86.3% was obtained for 10 µg/L extract but decreased to 68.4 % on increasing the temperature from 303 K to 323 K. The adsorption was best described by the Temkin and Langmuir adsorption isotherm from where negative Gibbs free energy change was obtained indicating spontaneous adsorption while negative heat of adsorption was obtained indicating exothermicity. Activation Energy was deduced from the Arrhenius equation while thermodynamic approach yielded the heat of adsorption.

Annatto extract was investigated as a cheap and ecologically friendly alternative corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion process was monitored with mild steel coupons in 1.0 M hydrochloric acid at temperatures between 30oC to 90oC by weight loss and spectroscopic techniques. The extract effectively inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in the acid at temperatures studied. Inhibition efficiency obtained varied with temperature and extract concentration. Adsorption models were used to predict the nature of the extract-steel surface interaction. Thermodynamic models provide evidence of spontaneous physical and chemical adsorption mechanism with the evolution of heat. Kinetic studies reveal deepening effect on the activation potential well in the presence of the extract. The effects of solvent and synergistic intensifiers on the effectiveness of the dye extract were also assessed. Heavy metal ion composition in the formulation was within acceptable limit of environmental and health safety.

The inhibition of the corrosion of mild steel in 0.1 M HCl solution by Pyridine from 303 K to 333 K at concentrations of 5 x 10-4 M, 1 x 10-4 M, 5 x 10-5, 2 x 10-5 M and 1 x 10-5 M was studied using gravimetric technique. The maximum inhibition efficiency 70 % at 5 x 10-4 M for 333 K was observed. The compound acted as corrosion inhibitors in 0.1 M HCl solution through adsorption on the mild steel surface. The maximum heat of adsorption (Q) was 1.0297 KJ/mol whereas the average kinetic energy (Ea) was 20.0 KJ/mol. The weight loss data treated kinetically gave a first order type of mechanism. The results elucidated the effects of inhibitor concentration, temperature, d? – P? interaction between the metal surface, the heteroatom of the inhibitor, and the electron charge densities on the heteroatoms of the Pyridine molecule. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface obeyed Temkin adsorption isotherm. Quantum chemical calculations using Hartree-fock density functional theory by Hamiltonian method was employed with PM3 (NDDO) basic set of minimal valence basis as STO3G Program.

The corrosion inhibition and adsorption processes of L - METHIONINE SULFONE (LMS) on mild steel in 2 HCl was studied by means of chemical (weight loss), electrochemical and quantum chemical techniques. The inhibition efficiency increases with decreasing temperature and increasing concentration of inhibitor. It has been determined that the adsorption of LMS on mild steel obeys the Temkin adsorption isotherm at all studied temperatures with negative values of ?Goads, suggesting a stable and a spontaneous inhibition process. In potentiodynamic polarization, the curves shifted towards lower current density in the presence of LMS with well-defined Tafel regions suggesting that the inhibitor retard the corrosion process without changing the mechanism of the corrosion process; and exhibit cathodic and anodic polarization (mixed type inhibitors) because the change in Ecorr is less than 85 vM/SCE with respect to the blank. Corrosion current density was calculated by extrapolation of the linear parts of these curves to the corresponding corrosion potential; and corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current densities (icorr), anodic Tafel slope (?a), cathodic Tafel slope (?b) were determined with maximum value of inhibition efficiency for 5 x 10-4 M concentration of the inhibitor at 303 K is 75.1%. From Nyquist plots of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, value of polarization resistance (Rp) increased with increasing inhibitor concentration whereas double layer capacitance (Cdl) decreased indicating a decrease in local dielectric constant or an increase in thickness of electric double layer suggesting that the inhibitors function by forming a protective layer at the metal surface. Inhibition efficiency value (? %) is 55.9%. Quantum chemical calculations were performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the help of complete geometry optimization for theoretical calculations of EHOMO, ELUMO, and energy gap (?E). Inhibition efficiency increases with increasing EHOMO indicating that the molecule has tendency to donate electrons to the appropriate acceptor molecule with low energy empty molecular orbital; whereas low value of ELUMO suggests that the molecule easily accepts electrons from donor molecules.

The corrosion inhibition and adsorption process of D - Tryptophan (DT)on mild steel in 2 HCl was studied by means of chemical (weight loss), electrochemical and quantum chemical techniques. The inhibition efficiency increases with decreasing temperature and increasing concentration of inhibitor. It has been determined that the adsorption of DT on mild steel obeys the Temkin adsorption isotherm at all studied temperatures with negative values of ?Goads, suggesting a stable and a spontaneous inhibition process. In potentiodynamic polarization, the curves shifted towards lower current density in the presence of the DT with well-defined Tafel regions suggesting that the inhibitor retard the corrosion process without changing the mechanism of the corrosion process; and exhibit cathodic and anodic polarization (mixed type inhibitor) because the change in Ecorr is less than 85 vM/SCE with respect to the blank. Corrosion current density was calculated by extrapolation of the linear parts of these curves to the corresponding corrosion potential; and corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current densities (icorr), anodic Tafel slope (?a), cathodicTafel slope (?b) were determined with maximum value of inhibition efficiency for 5 x 10-4 M concentration of the inhibitor at 303 K was 78.4%. From Nyquist plot of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, values of polarization resistance (Rp) increased with increasing inhibitor concentration whereas double layer capacitance (Cdl) decreased indicating a decrease in local dielectric constant or an increase in thickness of electric double layer suggesting that the inhibitor function by forming a protective layer at the metal surface. Quantum chemical calculations were performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the help of complete geometry optimization for theoretical calculations of EHOMO, ELUMO, and energy gap (?E). Inhibition efficiency increases with increasing EHOMO indicating that the molecule has tendency to donate electrons to the mild steel with low energy empty molecular orbital; whereas low value of ELUMO suggests that the molecule easily accepts electrons from mild steel.

Abstract The corrosion inhibition and adsorption process of D - Tryptophan (DT) on mild steel in 2 HCl was studied by means of chemical (weight loss), electrochemical and quantum chemical techniques. The inhibition efficiency increases with decreasing temperature and increasing concentration of inhibitor. It has been determined that the adsorption of DT on mild steel obeys the Temkin adsorption isotherm at all studied temperatures with negative values of ?Goads, suggesting a stable and a spontaneous inhibition process. In potentiodynamic polarization, the curves shifted towards lower current density in the presence of the DT with well-defined Tafel regions suggesting that the inhibitor retard the corrosion process without changing the mechanism of the corrosion process; and exhibit cathodic and anodic polarization (mixed type inhibitor) because the change in Ecorr is less than 85 vM/SCE with respect to the blank. Corrosion current density was calculated by extrapolation of the linear parts of these curves to the corresponding corrosion potential; and corrosion potential (Ecorr), corrosion current densities (icorr), anodic Tafel slope (?a), cathodic Tafel slope (?b) were determined with maximum value of inhibition efficiency for 5 x 10-4 M concentration of the inhibitor at 303 K was 78.4%. Quantum chemical calculations were performed using Density Functional Theory (DFT) with the help of complete geometry optimization for theoretical calculations of EHOMO, ELUMO, and energy gap (?E). Inhibition efficiency increases with increasing EHOMO indicating that the molecule has tendency to donate electrons to the mild steel with low energy empty molecular orbital; whereas low value of ELUMO suggests that the molecule easily accepts electrons from mild steel.

Following the large reserve of untapped natural gas in the world, the utilisation of gas reserve is a possible solution to increasing energy demand and a possible reduction in pollution and crude oil dependency. Due to its (Natural gas) lower hydrocarbon fraction it can be converted to higher petroleum products such as petrol (synthetic fuel), diesel, naphtha and aviation kerosene which are products on high demand. Emission performances of hydrocarbon products produce from gas are better than those from conventional crude oil cracking process. A process known as Fischer Tropsch (F-T) process, requiring an F-T plant is used for the conversion of natural gas into higher derivatives. The process involves three basic stages; Syngas Generation, Catalytic Synthesis to form petroleum products and Hydro-processing to convert into finished product. In an attempt to ensure a major step in utilising the large gas reserve in Nigeria, the setup of F-T plant in the Niger-Delta region is proposed. The choice of establishing the F-T plant in the Niger-Delta region is not political but an economic one; this is so because the feedstock (natural gas) is available in large quantity and transportation is less, thereby cutting cost. Investors will require reasonable model variables which includes a suitable depreciation evaluation, a profitable risk portfolio and a project fixed cost, which are the responsibilities of a petroleum economist. This paper addressed a comparative study of Gas to liquid fuel as an alternative to refined crude oil. Various parameters were evaluated: physical and chemical properties of the product, emission discharge, pollutants. The results obtained showed that gas to liquid products has environmental and efficient benefits over petroleum derived products (crude oil).

The rate at which oil is moved from the reservoir to the wellbore is directly proportional to the pressure draw down with other parameters kept constant, hence inflow performance relationship provides a direct relationship between the flowing bottom hole pressure and flow rate. Since the reservoir fluids are usually not single phase but are often accompanied by bottom water aquifers, oil well drilled in such reservoir may produce some water depending on the production practice, hence determining the flow rate of the individual fluids is often difficult, and in this work we have determined the real flow rate of oil in the presence of other fluids for real case in Niger Delta and also determining its IPR using IHS WellTest Simulator 2014 V2 which made use of multirate test data from a Niger Delta well. From this research it can be clearly said that if other constraints in the production tubing are kept constant, the higher the difference between the static reservoir pressure and the flowing bottom hole pressure, the higher the production rate. The idea of this pressure rate behavior will enable the Production Engineers to evaluate various operating scenarios to ascertain the optimum production. Understanding and measuring the variables that control the relationship that exist between oil and other fluids and their effect on inflow rate is the focus of this work. These issues is looked into by modeling the present conditions with the use of a simulator called FAST WELL TEST using production data from a Niger Delta well in Nigeria.

This research was aimed at investigating solid particles settling in drilling fluid - Power law fluid in relation to rheological properties of the fluid. Fluid of various densities and rheologies were prepared in the laboratory. Hydroxyl methyl cellulose (HEC) was used in this proportion 5.0, 2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 g/liter to change the rheology of the fluid with a fluid density range from 1.003 to 1.513 g/cm3. The results show that larger particles diameter enhance the particle settling behaviour and increases settling velocities. Also increased fluid density reduces particle settling velocity and increases fluid viscosity. The largest effect on the particle settling is achieved at high fluid viscosity. Therefore, it is recommended that fluids for cutting removal should be designed with a higher consistency index K in order to increase the fluid viscosity and thereby overcome the settling behaviour.

Pressure monitoring and control using digital gauge as a tool, is one of the economical sources of obtaining valuable information about periodic production tests. It is actually a test to determine relative quantities of oil, gas and water produced under normal producing conditions. They facilitate well and reserves operations and also comply with legal and regulatory requirements. Every individual, in oil and gas well pressure and temperature monitoring and controlling team, require the knowledge of pressure and temperature(PT) behaviours in the annulus and tubing and at the wellhead, periodically, either during or after an operation. One of the most reliable ways through which these parameters (PT) can be monitored and controlled is through the use of one of the digital gauge known as “Keller (LoggerDCX4.11) Gauge”, which is capable of recording and storing PT data. Every operation carried out with this gauge is meant to achieve a specific goal, either to know the pressure build-up or the pressure drawdown, during and after annulus and tubing pressure bleed-off. When this purpose is achieved, effective well development and production is assured.PT, well development and production are closely related in the sense that, they are mutually dependent. For well development and production to succeed, pressure data, among other parameters must be known. This tool is one of the most advantageous gauges for PT well testing data. Its unique features make it easier to monitor and control oil and gas wells’ PT during development, production and maintenance.

Indigenous knowledge in community based early warning systems is essential for drought monitoring and management. In remote areas, modern technologies for early warning are rare thus indigenous knowledge based hazard monitoring systems are commonly used. This promotes a more effective methodology of disaster management in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Northern Kenya. Communities living in the northern part of Kenya have a wealth of indigenous knowledge passed down from generations and is internalised by the communities through a process of socialisation as part of their lifestyles. Most of this knowledge is not documented and is overlooked whereas this community based practices exhibit a deep understanding and ability to cope with disasters through local actions. This creates a firm basis for assessing indigenous Knowledge (IK) for early warning for Turkana nation and adaptive strategies therein. Descriptive survey research design was used in the study. A population sample size of 902 persons was chosen using the simple random sampling technique. A study sample size was taken at 95% level of confidence. More emphasis was placed in people over the age of 60 years who were able to recall trends of drought occurrences over the study period. The data collection instruments applied included questionnaires, observation checklists and interview guides. The findings of the study showed that indigenous knowledge was invaluable if accurate and reliable drought prediction was to be achieved, hence the need for adoption of this indigenous method for early warning system. Cooperation among the local people in drought forecast improve ownership of findings hence ability to forge sustainable drought mitigation and prevention efforts. The study recommends that there is an urgent need to recognize indigenous knowledge in planning and decision making in relation to matters of drought prediction.

For many decades conflict resolution between Turkana and Pokot communities in Northern Kenya has been very elusive. Understanding the local politics and their influence towards continuous cross border conflicts informs this study. The study examined major political factor influencing cross border conflict between Turkana and Pokot with the aim of determining the extent to which local politics influence conflict and potential interventions for durable conflict resolution. Cross border conflict has been evolving taking many forms currently manifested through regular cattle raids, highway banditry, and conflict over resources such as land, pasture and water. The study was conducted in two divisions; Kainuk in Turkana County and Sigor in West Pokot County. Data collection instruments used was questionnaires and focus group discussions. Data analysis was done with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences tool. Correlation and regression techniques were used in data analysis and based on the results of the data analysis, the study findings show that local politics influence conflict at the cross border. Respondents pointed out to local leaders’ interference with peace building by incitements, disregard of the traditional governance systems, and lack of local communities to participate in development activities and implementation thus cross border conflict. The study concludes that tribal politics and unethical politician and entrepreneur are the main influencers of cross border conflict in Northern Kenya. Bad politics affects growth and development thus the study recommends that the Government should enforce laws that prohibit tribal politics and local politicians from interfering in peace building efforts.

The study centred on lecturers’ involvement in decision making and job enhancement in Colleges of Education in Cross River State, Nigeria. Two research questions and hypotheses were developed to guide the study with ex-post facto research design and the population of the study comprised all lecturers in Colleges of education in Cross River State, Nigeria. Data obtained from the registrar units of these colleges showed that there were one thousand six hundred and forty five (1,645) male and female lecturers in these Zones. Applying Tara-Yamene’s formula for a sample size of 503 from a finite population of lecturers’. The study adopted stratified random sampling technique to determine the sample for the study and the instrument for data collection was a questionnaire tagged Lecturers’ Involvement in Decision Making and Job Enhancement in Colleges of Education in Cross River State, Nigeria (LIDMJEQ) was constructed by the researcher to elicit data from the respondents. The drafts of the instruments were given to three experts - one from the Department of Educational Foundations and Administration, and two from Measurement and Evaluation, all from the Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. A trial test was carried out using forty (40) lecturers’ who were comparable groups outside the study area. The data obtained were analyzed using the Cronbach Alpha reliability method to determine the internal consistency reliability of the instruments. The data was analysed using one way ANOVA. The findings revealed that there is no significant influence of lecturers’ involvement in major decision-making and their job enhancement. Also, Lecturers’ involvement in minor decision-making does significantly influence their job enhancement. It was recommended among others that School leadership should involving their lecturers’ in the school major decision-making processes.

The study was conducted to examine secondary school teachers’ perception of personnel management functions and their job performance in Ikom Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. The study utilised two objective, research questions and hypotheses and the ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. The study population comprised all public secondary school teachers in Ikom Education Zone of Cross River State. Data obtained from the Ministry of Education, Calabar which stood at 15, 972 and a sample of 529 teachers were used and the study with stratified random sampling technique a well validated researcher’s developed instrument titled School Teachers’ Perception of Personnel Management Functions and their Job Performance Questionnaire (STPPMFJPQ) was adopted for data collection. The instrument was scrutinized for correction by expert validation the Department of Educational Foundations and Administration, and two from Measurement and Evaluation, all from the Cross River University of Technology, Calabar. The face validity was also determined using the split half reliability method to determine the internal consistency which ranged from .76 to .84 accordingly and the data was analysed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation), and inferential statistical analysis (One-Way Analysis of Variance). The major findings revealed that there is a significant influence of staff recruitment on secondary school teachers’ job performance. Also, staff development programmes do significantly influence secondary school teachers’ job performance. It was recommended among others that the government should endeavor to recruit competent teachers in schools, so as to promote quality and standard in the teaching profession this will further enhanced teachers’ job performance in Ikom Education Zone.