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The experiment was carried out in Kahramanmaras University Field Crops Department Experiment Area (37°35'38.2"N, 36°48'51.2"E) and Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) was used according to factorial arrangement with 3 replications. The application of mulch was done immediately after seeding and the treatment was completed after 7 months. As a result of wheat straw mulch application, the change in the levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) of the soil had a statistically insignificant effect on the grain yield. On the other hand straw mulch had a significant statistical effect on phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels in terms of grain yield. Depending on the increase in the mulch level, it was determined that the grain yield increased, the highest grain yield was obtained from 900 kg da-1 mulch application (700 kg da-1) and the lowest grain yield was obtained from the control application (510 kg da-1). Mulch application ensured the preservation of soil moisture; accordingly it had a positive effect on the yield by increasing the exchangeable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). According to correlation coefficient analysis positive and important relationships were found between grain yield and K (r=0.969), grain yield and P (r=0.986), K and P (r=0.983), Ca and Mg (r=0.968), Cu and Fe (r=0.980)

The purpose of this research study is to explore the characteristics of expatriates before they are posted on overseas assignments, and to assess the impacts of characteristics on the performance of expatriates. Multinational organizations need expatriates who can be representatives, ambassadors and have knowledge of coordination, integration of operations, knowledge transfer, and global managerial skills as they are investing in foreign markets to establish some subsidiaries in foreign countries. During this process, many of expatriates are not able to complete their overseas assignments. The rate of failure sometimes can reach to 85 percent. The main reasons of this high rate are culture shock, difficulties in adjustment, and so on. A questionnaire was developed based on the theoretical framework. The samples comprising 100 expatriates were taken from different organizations; education, construction, telecommunication, and press and media were focused in particular. The conclusion of the study has revealed that there are multi-faceted benefits of cross cultural training for expatriates working abroad. Cross cultural training can minimize culture shock, and premature return. Moreover, it can facilitate cultural adjustment, high productivity, and expatriates’ performance. The study has been delimited to the global companies operating in Pakistan. However, the majority of the organizations are established in Islamabad.

The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture is the currency of the day. This has many aspects and expatriates play several crucial roles in this process of change. There are a number of vital determinants that affect this change. This study examines some of the determinants of expatriate performance in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: The extant literature has been studied to explore the theoretical base for the research. And on the basis of the previous research theoretical scope was designed. To analyze the determinants, views of 109 expatriates from four different sectors; education, construction, telecommunication, and press and media were collected through a survey. Multiple regression analysis was employed. Findings: The empirical evidence revealed that 67.3% variation in performance is explained by factors like expatriate selection, cross-culture training, language skills, family related issues, personality characteristics, expatriate motivations. However, the role of personality characteristics is very significant compared to the rest. The results of the correlation and regression analysis supported the hypothesis is supported by the empirical data. Research limitations/implications: The study has some limitations like comparatively small sample size and limited number (sectors) of international organizations in Pakistan. Apart from such limitations the study has all the positives of expatriate research. One notable aspect of the study is that it is one of the first to study expatriation in Pakistan. Practical implications: The research has practical implications for international organizations in providing in-depth understanding regarding the role of these factors in affecting the behavior of their employees and thereby the performance of the organizations and would help them in taking into account these determinants while making reasoned decisions about expatriation in Pakistan. Originality/value: Though the amount of research on expatriation is abundant, contextual studies in Pakistan are in the nascent stages. Such studies (new and replications both) will be of greater value in advancing the cause of good HR practices and encouraging future research in this field.

It is well known that a dynamical system is a concept in mathematics where a fixed rule describes how a point in a geometrical space depends on time. A mathematical models is a precise representation of a system's dynamics used to answer questions via analysis and simulation. Mathematica models allow us to reason about a system and make predictions about who a system will behave. Contact geometry is the odd-dimensional analogue of symplectic geometry. It is close to symplectic geometry and like the latter it originated in questions of classical and analytical mechanics. If contact geometry is considered as a symplectic geometry, it has broad applications in mathematical physics, geometrical optics, classical mechanics, analytical mechanics, mechanical systems, thermodynamics, geometric quantization and applied mathematics such as control theory. It is well known fact that one way of solving problems in classical mechanics occur with the help of the Hamilton equations. Hamiltonian method is particularly important because of its utility in formulating quantum mechanics. In this study, Hamilton equations as representive the object motion were found on a contact 5-manifolds. Also, implicit solutions of the differential equations found in this study are solved by Maple computation program.

Platelets rich plasma (PRP) is reported to facilitate muscle regeneration both in vitro and animal studies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the intramuscular of PRP on growth factors and the regeneration of exercise induced muscle damaged (EIMD).Volunteers were assigned to a control (n=6) or PRP (n=6), and performed exhaustive exercise with one repetition maximum (1RM-80%) maximal voluntary contraction of the elbow. The arms were treated with saline or PRP post-24h exercise and blood samples were obtained in the morning to establish a baseline value and also 1-4 days post-exercise. The baseline levels of plasma insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were different whilst growth hormone (GH) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) levels were similar in both groups. However, 24 h following exercise increased levels of IGF-1, GH and IGFBP-3 in control were observed. PRP up-regulated PDGF-BB and VEDF, it also inhibited GH, IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels post-exercise.

This article shows that right to vote is a recognized human right, under many international human rights instruments, that should be respected and ensured to citizens without any discrimination. It, after scrutinizing the election laws of Ethiopia via the mirror of the constitution and international human rights instruments, determines that the election laws of Ethiopia, which prohibit prisoners’ right to vote, are unconstitutional and recommends the Ethiopian government to reconcile it again.

This paper analyzes and investigates decision making process of equity investors for trading in stock exchanges of Pakistan. Survey research technique has been used to analyze the investors’ attitude about the market’s efficiency and to test different theories of traditional finance like efficient market hypotheses (EMH), rational investors and random walk hypothesis (RWH). The survey questionnaire forms were sent to 510 individuals identified as equity investors in stock exchanges of Pakistan, out of which 248 survey questionnaire forms have been received back. The results of descriptive statistics have indicated that investors are not completely rational individuals as supposed by theories of traditional finance.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between growth in agricultural sector and poverty in Pakistan. It explores that how much the poor people have gained from growth in agricultural sector of Pakistan by considering growth magnitude and benefits obtained by the poor people resulting from growth for the period of 1985 to 2005 through applying OLS Regression Technique. The results indicate that the variable of growth in agricultural sector is significantly and negatively associated with the variable of poverty, i.e., the growth in agricultural sector of Pakistan will result in reducing the level of poverty in Pakistan.

Over the past years, malaria was a major public health problem in Eritrea. But since 1998, it has experienced a dramatic decline in malaria incidence. In 2013, the MoH launched a massive expansion of the malaria prevention and control program. The program was aimed mainly at the reduction of malaria in populations living in all zobas of the country in general and in the malarious areas in particular. Since Endagergis is one of the malarious areas in Eritrea, the Government put much effort to reduce morbidity and mortality rates in this area. However, there is still a need to generate new information on the prevalence of malaria at the villages of Endagergis locality at the moment. A total of 30 blood slides were examined. Out of these 6 (20%) (95% CI; 5% - 34.9%) were found to be infected. The malaria parasite prevalence differed markedly among villages from 0 to 2.2%, with 40% of the five villages having no positive cases. Four (13.3%) of positive slides had P. falciparum and two (6.7%) had P. vivax. Among the total tested, 4 (28.6%) of the males and 2 (12.5%) of the females had malaria infection and infection was occurred in all age groups, with a slightly higher prevalence (66.7%) of the parasite observed in age groups of below 15 years old. This study reports a significant drop in the prevalence of malaria infection in the inhabitants of Endagergis locality, due to an appropriate implementation of many preventive strategies. However, malaria prevalence still exists in some areas of the locality and is strongly associated with presence of mosquito breeding sites. The prevalence varies according to location of villages with Endagergis, AdiGuor and AdiSeyabo showing statistically higher prevalence. Malaria prevalence was higher in August 2012 than in other months of the surveillance periods.

“Intertextuality” means “the relationship between texts with its previous or contemporary texts”. The theory was artily presented by “Julia Kristeva” in the early 60s of 20th century which is welcomed by many writers and poets. Poets of intifada are such poets who arise for this important thing with expressing the excellent human goals and to present the oppression of the Palestinian people.this new skill has been used in the peoms of Intifada variously. Fadva Touqan is one of the peots who used this skill in his poems .this article is going to study some samples of various types of intertexuality in Fadva Touqan’s peopms then to (explain) his poems and religious point of veiw through the intertexual function.

In order to save the energy and provide the humanized hint and operation of vending machine, we design the function and application combing with solar energy and light emitting diode (LED) screen, the vending machine updated the intelligent device system to data query and the alarm hints to sound. The theoretical analysis and practical results implies that it is feasible to provide better service for client by the intelligent device system.

The algorithm of the JPEG image compression based on DCT and IDCT was developed and implemented . The proposed algorithm can cope with the problem of impairing dependency of noised digital image. The result indicates that the algorithm is an effective way for grayscale image compression and the image rebuilt is acceptable. The practical experiments were done with MATLAB7.0. The algorithm doing experiments with MATLAB is simple and with little error, and it can improve the efficiency and precision of the image compression greatly.

Early morning urine, stool and blood samples were collected from 1000 randomized persons at four different sites within the period of six months and screened for presence of Salmonella entericatyphi. Attention was given to clinical patients as well as healthy persons, particularly student community. Bori General Hospital and Sita-Esther Diagnostic Laboratories, Bori, were considered to access the clinical patients. Birabi Memorial Grammar School and Ken SaroWiwa Polytechnic, Bori, were considered for the healthy persons. Analysis were conducted on seven hundred samples from clinical patients, five hundred from Bori General Hospital and two hundred from Sita-Esther Diagnostic Laboratories, Bori, whereas three hundred samples from healthy people were also screened, one hundred from Birabi Memorial Grammar School and two hundred from Ken SaroWiwa Polytechnic, Bori. Comparative analysis of results indicated 60% Positive for blood, 30% Positive for Urine and 40% Positive for Stool. Evaluation of results show that 60% of the total population tested positive for Salmenella enterica typhi by serologicalfebrile antigen, but only 40% had evident visible growth of bacterial colonies, identified as salmonella typhi, in stool. The differences in results from blood, stool and urine from the various samples are likely due to patients being on a recent or current antibiotic treatment in general, or not being able to properly collect the Early morning Urine as directed, in case of Urine samples. High level of antibiotic potential(300mm), were seen in Augmentin, Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol.

The Einstein generalized general relativity Lagrangian dependent on the second derivatives of the field, when use together with poison equation causes the mass term in the Lagrangian disappear. This means that Higgs field which was proposed to generate mass need to be revised. The work also aimed to see how Einstein generalized general relativity Lagrangian can affect Higgs field.

This study argues for a third wave feminist interpretation of Daughter of Fortune and The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende as two significant texts that take multiple feminist perspectives into consideration and oppose certain patriarchal systems. As will be argued, the problems faced by the female characters that relate to their personal feminism cannot be explored sufficiently by assuming that they are tossing aside their liberties. Rather, the characters and their stories are best examined by exploring how each woman can work through her problems in ways that allow her to maintain her feminist position.

The astonishing research on the nature of students’ and teachers’ beliefs about language learning in the 1980s by Horwitz paved the way for a multitude of investigations into this topic. There have been different studies focusing on the beliefs of EFL learners but the focus on students who learn English for their major field of study is lacking. This study aimed to address this gap and examined beliefs about learning a foreign language held by 90 Iranian female university students majoring in Theology and Islamic sciences. The present inquiry addressed beliefs held by the beginners and intermediate learners in order to assess which areas of beliefs were commonly shared by the two groups of learners and which areas contained considerable differences in beliefs hence finding the cause for their weakness in English. This study employed a questionnaire based on Horwitz’s (1988) Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) as a research instrument, with some modifications to be appropriate to Iranian context. Statistical analysis detected three items where opinions of these two groups of students were significantly different and a pattern derived from the beliefs of both groups in Iranian context and in relation to English for Specific Purposes (ESP).

This study aims to investigate the similarities and differences of some anger metaphors in English and Mongolian. The study is done within the cognitive semantics framework along with the principle of CMT (Layoff and Johnson 1980, 1987; Kövecses 1986, 1988, 2000) framework in English and Mongolian. To compare the results of the study in both languages, the author selected the three parameters proposed by Barcelona (2001) and Kövecses (2001) including (1) the existence and nonexistence of language-specific mappings, (2) degrees of linguistic elaboration, (3) degrees of linguistic conventionalization. The source domains chosen for the analysis are rooted in the most fundamental human experiences in the sedentary and nomadic cultures.This current study highlights the importance of culture in understanding the relationship between metaphor, culture and cognition, and it provides comparative generalizations for the four basic emotion concept of anger and gives the fundamental explanations in English and Mongolian. This systematic comparative analysis of emotion metaphors in English and Mongolian contributes importantly to the major claims of the Contemporary Metaphor Theory, which states that metaphors are grounded on both universal embodiment and social-cultural experiences. Even though English and Mongolian belong to very different language families representing totally different sedentary and nomadic cultures, they share some universal conceptual metaphors for particular emotions with each other.

Any unaccustomed activity especially eccentric exercises leads to features like pain, oedema lack of strength and range of motion in corresponding joints and muscles. These features typically start 8-12 hrs following activity, peaking between 24-48 hrs and lasting 96 hrs or beyond 96 hrs post activity. This phenomenon is called Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and is also known as muscle fever. It was first explained by Theodre Hough(1905) and since then new theories have been postulated to understand it. Physiotherapy is one of the major main stays of its management. Even though pharmacological agents have been researched on efficacy is not well established .Physiotherapy management includes many interventions like cryotherapy, thermotherapy, stretching, exercises, electrical currents, Soft tissue massage. This review is humble attempt to understand the basic mechanisms underlying delayed onset muscle soreness and its management with special emphasis on physiotherapy management.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disorder which is characterised by pain and decreased Range of motion. OA is a disease process of axial and peripheral joints. It is characterized by progressive deterioration and loss of articular cartilage and by reactive bone changes at the margins of the joints and in the sub-chondral bone. It is a progressive disorder of the joints. Knee is the most commonly affected joints. Its management can be pharmacological, non pharmacological or surgical. Amongst the nonpharmacological and surgical management a very important goal of management is correction of the malalignment of the joint. This malalignment is because of improper loading of the knee joint and is responsible for a lot of symptoms and disease progression. This can be done conservatively by bracing, taping and shoe modifications. The purpose of this article is to review the existing conservative methods and techniques available to correct and manage biomechanical malalignments evident in knee osteoarthritis

Leadership is a very important factor in determining organisations’ effectiveness. The values uphold by leaders will influence their conduct as ethical leaders or not. What are ethical behaviours? Why are they important? What are the values and behaviours that are being inculcate among public sectors workers? How is it done? What are the strategies employed to enhance ethical behaviours? Analysis shows that despite numerous efforts done by the top managements, the result are not very encouraging because there is no comprehensive plan to educate public sector employees about ethics.

The study was designed to investigate the perceptions of university teachers for feasibility of problem based learning at university level. Being a descriptive study a questionnaire was used as a tool to acquire perceptions of university teachers regarding feasibility of problem based learning at university level. A purposive sample of 23 university teachers from two departments i.e. Education & Mass communication at university was selected including some senior faculty members. Participants were with different qualifications which ranged from masters to MS/PhDs. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and by calculating a t-test to determine the difference of perceptions among university teachers in view of their gender. Results indicated a strong perception of university teachers about effectiveness of problem based learning on student. It was also found that university teachers were having strong perceptions about initiation of problem based learning at university level. There was no significant difference about perceptions of teachers in view of their gender. Necessary changes in curriculum, assessment procedures, training of staff, administrative needs and raising of financial resources were recommended for initiation of problem based learning at university campus.

Radiation that coming from the natural radionuclides such as 226Ra (238U), 228Ra (232Th) and 40K can cause health risks if exposed for longer terms. The activity and radiological effect parameters of these natural radionuclides were determined in rock samples from Bukit Bunuh. The results of measurements showed that the average activity concentration of 226Ra varied from 22.5 to 42.3 Bq kg-1, for 228Ra, it varied from 1.2 to 3.5 Bq kg-1 and for 40K, it varied from 274.3 to 438.2 Bq kg-1. Based on the available data, the radiation hazard parameter is calculated. The external gamma dose rate calculated from the concentration of the three radionuclides ranged from 29.8 to 38.7 nGy h-1. Three calculated parameters from the activity concentration values, i.e. the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) range between 59.3 and 78.6 Bq kg-1 (mean 68.1 Bq kg-1), the representative level index (I?r) range between 0.46 and 0.59 (mean 0.50) and the external hazard index (Hex) range between 0.17 and 0.21 (mean 0.20). This is well below the recommended value of 370 Bq kg-1 (for Raeq) and unity (for Hex). The annual effective dose rate of the areas was determined to be between 0.037 and 0.048 mSv y-1. The results show that there are no significant health hazards to humans.

The objective of this paper is to propose a framework on the Customer RelationshipManagement (CRM) practices among banks. The conceptual framework is design based on two marketing theories: (i) Relationship Marketing Theory; and (ii) Customer Relationship Management Theory. In this study, the concept of CRM is based on six important dimensions. These dimensions are (i) customer acquisition, (ii) customer response, (iii) customer knowledge, (iv) customer information system, (v) customer value evaluation and (vi) customer information process. Review of the past literatures will be done to enable us to establish the theory and finally propose the conceptual framework to be used in this study.

The aim of study was to screen out rice (Oryzae sativa L.) genotypes with better drought tolerance, to explore observable responses of rice plants towards drought stress and multivariate statistics were used to compare the relationships among the responses as well as their effects on yield and yield reduction under drought stress. Genotypes responded differently under same level of stress. Results revealed that as a response to drought, all the genotypes showed 42 % average increase in seedling root length; 39 % average decrease in seedling shoot length; 21 % average reduction in 1000 grain weight; delay in heading time of 13 days in average; average yield per plant reduction of 47 %; reduction in grains per panicle of 52% in average, when subjected to simulated drought stress. It was concluded that in addition to correlation and path analysis of yield components, cluster analysis, factor analysis and principal component analysis are also very important methods for screening drought tolerant cultivars of rice in large populations and give better understandings of associations and helps better to choose important variables and genotypes. Factor analysis and Principal component analysis revealed the importance of drought response index, as a best measurement for yield under stress condition. Seedling root length to shoot length ratio, followed by seedling root length ratio contrubute majorly in yield per plant under drought stress. Reduction in plant height and delay in heading time were main causes of yield reduction under stress. It was further concluded that selecting the genotypes showing higher drought response index, higher increase in s ling root length, seedling root to shoot length ratio and less reduction in plant height and delay in heading time, are important criteria in screening for drought tolerance. Also these characters showed high heritability and genetic advance, signifying their values in selection breeding, and higher phenotypic correlation values indicating their polygenic behavior and high influence of environment.

Grain shape quality traits of twenty (20) rice genotypes were studied in order to understand the effects of drought stress on quality traits of rice. The result of Analysis of Variance clearly indicates that genotypes significantly differ for studied grain quality traits under both for normal as well as drought prone environments, except grain breadth /thickness without bran under stress condition. Higher heritability estimates for all quality traits under both environments indicate that these characters are controlled by multiple genes. Results showed that grain length was positively correlated with length to width ratio (0.863* and 0.668*) and negatively correlated with grain width (-0.614** and -0.313**) and grain breadth (-0.321**and -0.030ns) under both normal and stress conditions respectively. Grain width was positively correlated with grain breadth (0.711** and 0.486**) and negatively correlated with length to width ratio (-0.926* and -0.910*) under both conditions respectively. Grain width was highly correlated with yield per plant (0.386** and 0.315**) under both, normal and drought stress respectively. It shows that reduction in grain width has direct effect on grain yield. Under normal condition, yield was positively correlated with grain width (0.386**) and grain breadth (0.552*) indicating that grain width and grain breadth should be considered while screening high yielding genotypes under normal condition and grain width should be considered for drought stres

This study presents the impact of board governance mechanism on share repurchase for Malaysian listed companies by using the pooled panel data analysis for a period of six years (2005 to 2010). The result shows that foreign board member, board independent and total remuneration play a significant role in influencing Malaysian companies toward share repurchase.

This study presents the impact of type of ownership structure on share repurchase for Malaysian listed companies by using the pooled panel data analysis for a period of six years (2005 to 2010). Findings from this study indicate that companies with government, foreign and managerial ownership have significant influence on share repurchase. It is concluded that the higher the government ownership, the higher the value of share repurchases transaction and vice versa. Meanwhile, there is an inverse relationship between foreign and managerial ownership; and share repurchase in Malaysia.

Labor rights, in most cases, based on public order, public order in work law, including minimum and maximum that, in law and government regulations have been introduced, and the employer cannot, even with the consent of workers, through individual contracts, or agreements mass, at least reduce, the maximum increase. Review of the legal system, in the face of a situation that, freedom of contract is used to justify the imposition of systematic, widespread and unfair clauses in contracts has become. Public order and good morality, by limiting freedom of contract, may be in the process of labor contracts in the Iranian legal system, are effective. Study on the law applicable to the employment contract, taking into account the public order and good morals, using descriptive-analytic method and library study has been done, and the results, including that one of the consequences of the increasing the use of standard contracts, the inclusion of the conditions unfair contracts, particularly contracts of labor, corporations and businesses a strong economy, using the bargaining power of its superior design contracts unilaterally, and to win writing, these plans are full the covenants contained, the workers, or the weak contractual party, harmful and It is unfair, in law, worker protection entails certain rules, not dealing with unfair terms.

Paper is aimed to present information about the relationship of all three concepts namely corporate governance, business ethics and corporate social responsibility will be analyzed in an effort to identify and discuss their linkages to modern management implications.