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The aim of the project was to design a GSM based student’s Body Mass Index (BMI) monitoring system device. It was proposed to overcome the problem of obesity. The function of this device is to calculate the body mass index using two basic parameter that are weight and height. For weighting mechanism this device using the load cell while as for height it using ultrasonic sensor. Only student with Radio Frequency Indentification (RFID) card can used this machine since it provided with RFID sensor. BMI calculation will be displayed on LCD and parent will be notified via message by using GSM module.

The impact caused by microfinance on growth of the economy has always been a debatable issue. Ample researches have been conducted to determine whether it helps poor masses to get out of the poverty trap or it further deteriorates the financial position of the masses at individual level and the economy in aggregate. It is quite surprising that the results and findings of these researches vary. This study is aimed at excogitating whether microfinance actually proves to be a blessing or is an additional burden for the poor. It is a conceptual study based on meta-analysis. Existing literature based on studies conducted by researchers, analysts, scholars, institutions and policy makers around the world has been reviewed to determine the impact of microfinance and to conclude whether it is a burden or a blessing. Six different aspects through which the growth of the economy can be measured have been taken into consideration. These include women empowerment, SME/entrepreneurs, rural transportation, poverty alleviation, health and education. Findings indicate that overall microfinance proves to be a blessing for the users but it poses certain challenges that hamper its performance up to the desired optimal level. Policy makers in this regard should play a positive role in formulating a clear roadmap and designing strategies for microfinance.

The paper examined the technical efficiency of ofada rice production system in the prominent rice producing area of Obafemi –Owode Local Government Area in Ogun State, Nigeria. The data used for the study were elicited from 100 ofada rice farmers who were selected using two stage sampling technique. The first stage was the random selection of ten rice producing villages from two rice blocks of Someke and Obafemi in Obafemi Local Government Area, while the second stage was the random selection of ten ofada rice farmers each from the ten villages to make the sample of one hundred ofada rice farmers. The analytical techniques used were descriptive statistics of rice producers, the determination of the rate of return on capital invested (RORCI) on the enterprise after analyzing enterprise profitability and the stochastic production frontier model. The results revealed that an average rice farmer in the study area is a married male of 51 years of age, with farming experience of 19 years, cultivated 3.34 hectares of rice and had little access to credit, extension services and tractor services considered essential for hectarage expansion. The production cost per hectare of rice was estimated as N64,565 with a revenue of N119,222 per hectare. The rate of return on invested capital (RORCI) was 85 percent and this favourably exceeded the prevailing capital lending rate of 18.38 percent. This indicated that on every naira invested in ofada rice production, there was a return of N0.85. It thus buttressed the fact that ofada rice production is a profitable venture in the study area. There was low technical inefficiency in ofada rice production in the study area during the 2008 cropping season which was investigated. Technical efficiency of the farmers varied between 0.52 and 0.98 with a mean of 0.89 and about 85% of the sampled farmers had technical efficiency above 0.80. The finding suggested that there is room for improvement in the production system. The variables that influenced ofada rice output included farm size which was significant at the probability level of P? <0.01, pesticide P?<0.05 and seed at P?<0.01 level .The variables were all positively related to ofada rice output level. It was therefore recommended among others that the rice farmers are old and thus need a succession plan of new generation farmers which should be organized into rice farmers association for easy access to credit facilities, extension services and provided tractor services to increase their farm size which is essential for their economic improvement.

This article focuses upon the verbal voice in Kizombo (H.16h), also known in Bantu literature as verbal derivation. The voice is a grammatical category which allows speakers to elaborate strategies to connect the sets of themes roles and the grammatical relations. We discuss the extensions that decrease the valency: passive, reciprocal, reflexive, stative and the middle one. The goal is to understand and explain how Kizombo allows the opposition between the active and the passive; how reciprocal and reflexive are expressed in Kizombo by describing the participants in the event. In the grammatical theory, reciprocal and reflexive are discussed under the theory of bound anaphora, while Bantu languages studies claim that reflexivization was a process that reduces the structure of arguments and thus, deserves an independent treatment (Cf. Chomsky 1981, Nurse and Philippson 2006: 76; Mchombo 2004.:102 seq., Mchombo 2004:102 Apud Matsinde 1994) . What is the rationality of describing them together? Through description, we discuss the extensions one by one and the opposition between active and passive occurs by grammatical and semantic functions of participants. As for the reciprocal and reflexive, their extensions were distinctly well established. It was possible to see that these extensions reduces de valency.

Entrepreneurship is the professional application of knowledge, skills and competencies and/or of monetizing a new idea, by an individual or a set of people by launching an enterprise. Given the increasing significance and visible impact of Entrepreneurship in wealth-creation and employment-generation, entrepreneurship is considered as critical to India’s growth and development (NKC-2008). This study was undertaken to explore factors that have advanced Entrepreneurship in youth of India. The paper highlights the perception of youth towards entrepreneurship as a career. The paper also points out the realities of gap between students’ learning about entrepreneurship in B-schools and ending up being entrepreneurs.

The current situation has caused the consumers, a great deal of either self-restrained or government restrained spending situation. The paper is aimed at tapping the pulse of millennial consumer’s on spending. Around 150 millennials were surveyed and we found out that consumers are still unwilling to spend on purchase of non-essentials commodities despite the lockdown easing. They are buying essential goods at kirana stores. Forced savings have occurred and Revenge buying is expected in the current normal situation

External assistance is considered a significant factor in the economic development of Bangladesh in order to bridge the gap between savings and investments along with balance of payment situation. From the viewpoint of understanding vulnerability, there is analytical interest in the potential impact of contingent liabilities on an economy. Sustainable debt is the level of debt which allows a debtor country to meet its current and future debt service obligations in full, without recourse to further debt rescheduling, avoiding accumulation of arrears, while allowing an acceptable level of economic growth. Currently Bangladesh is spending a significant portion of its potential resources and revenue in terms of debt service. Although the country is solvent in external debt burden, there exist concerns for future stability of this sustainability without hampering the necessary expenditure in other important sectors. In Bangladesh the financial support from donor has tended to decline, reflecting more difficult budgetary conditions and a general disappointment with the results of external aid among development partners.

IELTS, International English Language Testing System, is designed to assess the language ability of candidates who intend to study, work, or live where English is used as the language of communication. Highly significant growth in candidature particularly in South Asia and the Middle East clearly illustrates how globally IELTS is recognized currently. Statistics demonstrate that Iran was among the top 25 locations in which candidates took IELTS in 2003 (IELTS Annual Review, 2003). Surprisingly, there seems to be a deviation from the communicative into prestigious purposes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the underlying hidden factor motivating Iranian IELTS candidates to prepare for the test. The target population of this study consisted of 300 IELTS candidates and 20 IELTS teachers. They were given a questionnaire and subsequently 30 of the participants underwent a semi-structured interview to elicit more information on what motivated them to go for IELTS. After the qualitative analysis of the data, the findings indicated that the hidden factor underlying all the motivating factors for the majority of Iranian IELTS candidates is prestige.

In the present study the level of S, Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Cr was estimated in samples of the common thalloid liverwort Riccia aravalliensis Pande et Udar, from Ranthambhore National park, Rajasthan (India). High metallic load was observed both in substrate as well as in plant tissue at locations adjacent to higher vehicular load, during winter the metallic content is highest, followed by summer and monsoon season. Elemental concentration in substrate for R. aravalliensis was in the order of Zn> S> Pb> Cu> Cd> Cr, while in plant tissue it showed S> Zn> Pb> Cu> Cd> Cr which is indicative of air borne trace elemental load. Quantitative analysis of these elements in vegetative thalli of R. aravalliensis and the substrate showed an increase in metallic content during winter, which reveals the significance of this liverwort as a biological sink of mineral elements present in the soil and air and may provide an important tool in estimation of both aerial pollution and mineral enrichment in soil.

In criminal law, cybercrimes, are very broad scope, and includes a variety of theft, fraud, deception, harassment, intimidation, extortion viruses and cyber terrorism are. The Iranian criminal law, criminal called extortion does not exist, but in Article 669 of the Penal Code, adopted in 1996, the sanctions decreed that, whenever someone else, in any way threatening to kill or harm breath, or honor, or financial , or disclosure of the secret, to his or her relatives, to those determined by the demand of funds or property, or demand it, or omission done, or not, to flogging up to 74 lashes, or imprisonment of two months to two years he will be sentenced. Material element of the crime of extortion by putting the publication of private photos in a virtual environment, action is threatened. The threat that, in fact, a kind of spiritual abuse, and psychological pressure, the announcement and expressed my intention, and behavior that is illegitimate and illegal, did not intend to do it. In other words, threats, intimidation, and fear on the other side, by creating fear in order to obtain money, or is immoral gratification. Rea required for this crime, including general and specific intent is bad faith, malice general, the determination wisely and deliberately in committing the crime. In other words, the perpetrator knows and is aware that the leaking privacy, criminal act, and against the law, with knowledge, bad intentions, will commit this action. In this study, after the introduction of the concept of cyber crime, the different types of cyber crime, offer suitable solutions for the prevention of computer crime will be addressed.

In the present paper, we have selected the sponge iron industry in Chhattisgarh which uses iron – ore as the main raw material for the purpose of analysis of the iron-ore suppliers, Six important criteria have been considered and four suppliers are taken into account. In this paper MCDM (MultiCriteria decision making) is used for determining order preference with the help of the parameter related to Supplier selection. MCDM refers to making decisions in the presence of multiple, usually conflicting criteria. These criteria are compared using AHP and their weights are found. Using these weights, Topsis is applied to find the ranking of the suppliers and to choose the best among them. Result shows supplier S3 is best alternative supplier.

This paper is directed at highlighting the funding pattern of the federal government of Nigeria in relation to public education. It involves a review of relevant policy documents and research reports. The purpose is to stress the importance of adequate funding in relation to pertinent issues that affect the quality of free education programmes in Nigeria. This paper reveals that the adequacy of government funding of education has been adversely affected by inaccurate projection of target population for free education programmes due to poor statistical base and insufficient demographic information; the security situation in the country that compels government to spend increasing amount of money on security issues; and the weakness of the national currency against major international currencies like the British pound, the US dollar and the Euro that reduces the purchasing power of the naira in the international market. It recommends timely collection, collation, analysis and documentation of all demographic and institutional data relating to the funding of free education programmes. Keywords: Funding, basic education, national budget, expenditure.

This paper examines some issues in the use of the social demand approach (SDA) in educational planning and development with a view of facilitating cost effectiveness in the provision of universal basic education. The paper adopts a descriptive approach that involves the review of statutory documents, research reports and other related literature. These various secondary sources of information show that basic education programme in Nigeria is negatively skewed in terms of addressing issues of unemployment and poverty as well as the resource wastage that results from youth restiveness. The paper concludes that achieving self-sufficiency in the production of middle and high level manpower that is relevant to the economy will be difficult if practical training in relevant vocational skills is not started at the basic school level, from primary one, in the course of developing literacy and numeracy skills. It calls for a de-emphasis of book learning with greater focus on the development of practical skills in the provision of education as a social service directed at addressing the issues of illiteracy, unemployment and poverty as well as youth restiveness. It recommends the use of educational toys, regular field trips and more funds to make the UBE programme more functional in arresting youth unemployment, poverty and restiveness. Key words: cost effectiveness, skill training, and economic relevance.

This discourse is directed at highlighting the importance of financial accountability in school management. Budgeting is a managerial function that enables every administrator to efficiently utilize all financial resources available to the organisation. Financial accountability will be difficult to achieve in the absence of good budgeting. The role of the school administrator in effective budgeting, as well as the challenges to effective budgeting in the face of a negatively skewed national budgetary allocations are also highlighted. It concludes that effective budgeting will be difficult to achieve in the existence of financial uncertainties, policy inconsistency in educational development and increasing pressure on education facilities arising from growing demand for formal education in the public school system. It recommends the development of an education policy that will have a minimum life span of twenty years; and the development of a body of school system personnel that is compliant to the digital system of information management. A reliable information base and efficient information management system will go a long way in facilitating good budgeting practice and effective accountability.

A significant increase of the electrical equipment in modern aircrafts is leading to an increase in the demand for electrical power. The usual electrical power distribution in aircraft applications is done via a three-phase 415 Vac grid. A new trend of DC distribution is emerging employing a 270 Vdc grid. With the advancement in the power semiconductor devices and power transformers, DC-DC converters are designed with frequency ranging up to MHZ range. Increase in the switching frequency along with the sudden change in the current di/dt or voltage dv/dt generates higher order harmonics which leads to Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI). EMI noise creates malfunctioning of the circuit and also leads to miscommunication within the system and sometimes leads to device failure. Which is an undesirable condition as far as airline is considered. Hence the reduction of EMI noise is of uttermost important. This paper focus on the reduction of EMI using passive filter along with modified PWM carrier modulation technique. A circuit model for the prediction of conducted emissions due to DC/DC converters in an aircraft black box system is proposed and corresponding attenuation method is been analyzed.

This research describes a mammographic lesions using wavelet based active contour model. The sensitivity of the breast cancer detection was analyzed by mammography. Wavelet based decomposition techniques are used and tested for decomposing the noise present in the mammographic lesions. Gabor filtering method is used to reduce the unwanted noise obtained in the mammographic lesions by automated segmentation. The experimental results are tested with the MATLAB and proved reliable and cost effective.

The aim of this article is to show the meaning of the chosen aspects of management, which is based on creativity synergy and innovation, understood as a process of communication determining vocational education. Stressing the substantial factors, from the point of view of organization development, it indicates the need of interdisciplinary treatment of this process, with a particular emphasis on the meaning of methods and ways of communicating.

This paper describes the process involved in data retrieval from heterogeneity distributed database environment which employ multiple agent system. When a user request in any environment the request is converted to a query using Natural language Processing and passed for search through specific domains which helps to reduce the computation time and further complexity. But the transfer of record to and fro between system and base station increases the network traffic, communication cost, and response time. In order to minimize the overall complexity mobile agents are used to fetch the data required from various domains. This will help to improve the performance by exploiting the sites in parallel process.

This study investigates the mechanical properties of Chrysophyllum albidum to determine its potential for utilization in Nigeria. The test samples were obtained from tree at breast height. Results of test on Chrysophyllum albidum showed that the mean impact bending was 1.08m which increased from the corewood to the outerwood and remained constant upward along the tree. The mean MOR was 155.18N/mm2, which ranged from 151.46 to 157.53N/mm2 radially. Also the axial values ranged from 158.77 to 152.58N/mm2. There was an increase in MOR from the corewood to the outerwood and there is a decrease in MOR from the top of the tree (25%) to the base (75%). The mean MOE was 39309.04N/mm2, and ranged from 36303.84 to 40409.65N/mm2 radially and from 40993.7 to 39547.57N/mm2 axially. There was an increase in MOE from corewood to the outerwood. Conversely, there was a decrease from the base to the top of the tree.The mean maximum compression strength parallel to the grain was 45.55N/mm2, the highest value was obtained at the middlewood and decrease from the base (25%, 46.91N/mm2) to the top (75%, 43.95N/mm2) of the wood. In conclusion, a comparison of the strength properties values obtained with economic tree species such as Milicia excelsa, Mansonia altissima, Khaya species e.t.c shows that Chrysophyllum albidum wood has almost the same values with these economic species.

Dredging of the BONNY OFFSHORE TERMINAL which crosses a bar of 20km long and if dredged will give access to big and modern vessels to enter Port-Harcourt wharf. This study is the analysis of the cost and benefits of carrying out this task. In addition, the problem of selecting a dredger was formulated as a linear programming problem subject to environmental cost and other constraints. Data on the type of equipment, cost, man power needs, environmental friendliness, economy and efficiency were obtained from literature and interviews. The suction dredger was the most suitable dredging machine to work in the area. Other machines such as cutter dredger and grab dredger were found to be expensive and unsafe in areas with a high tidal length. The results are important in decision making on the profitability or otherwise of carrying out similar projects in other areas.

A series of models were developed and analysed to determine the relative weight of local political, infrastructure, and economic gains to lake user as well as physical-natural characteristics of the lakes and their respective communities on allocation of dredging fund. The also estimated the benefits of dredging and performed cost-benefit analysis to compare the costs of dredging to benefits of dredging for Bonny channel. These estimates were then forecasted in order to view the benefit stream over time.

Rapid development of wind energy as an alternative source of power is providing rich environment for wind energy related research. Several mathematical models have been used to study wind data and the models are mainly physical and statistical models. In this study, a signal Modeling approach is developed to predict wind speed data in Nigeria. The signal modeling approach is based on the Markov property, which implies that given the present wind speed state, the future of the system is independent of its past. A Markov process is in a sense the probabilistic analog of causality and can be specified by defining the conditional distribution of the random process.

In this study, an extension of the class of state-dependent model (SDM) for which optimal forecasts may be computed using a recursive examination procedure referred to as the Kalman filter is developed for the analysis of Inflationary rates in Nigeria. The SDM formulation yields a practical means of estimation for the complex time varying dynamical process and provided a generic flexible framework for inflationary rate modelling and inference. A straight forward implementation was achieved in the study by the use of R software package.

The monitoring of toxic heavy metals in fish is essential for protecting public health against the hazards of metal toxicity. The concentrations of metals (Hg, Pb and Cd), in different fish species were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) procedures. The objective of this study was to look at the distribution of heavy metals in different species of fish on Ghanaian markets. Levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Mercury (Hg) content was analysed by the cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopic technique after Hg ions reduction with SnCl₂ (CV-AAS). Amongst the metals analysed, Lead (Pb; 0.1-0.49, average 0.24 mg/kg) showed the highest concentration, followed Mercury (Hg; 0.01-0.37, average 0.073mg/kg) and Cadmium (Cd; 0.06-0.11, average 0.084 mg/kg).  Amongst the species analysed, tuna had high lead concentrations with lobsters having the lowest concentration of lead. With respect to Hg contamination, shark specimen had the highest with cephalopods and octopus having the least Hg concentrations. Levels of cadmium in the examined species averaged from 0.06 mg/kg for octopus to 0.11 mg/kg for tuna. The study revealed that the studied metals concentrations were generally low in species of fish in the two study areas. Although the levels of these heavy metals are not high, a potential danger may emerge in the future depending on pollution sources and frequency of exposure.

Heavy metal (Cd, Sn, Hg and Pb) concentrations of canned fish sold on markets in Accra were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic (AAS) procedures. Levels of cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Mercury (Hg) content was analysed by the cold vapour atomic absorption spectroscopic technique after Hg ions reduction with SnCl₂ (CV-AAS). The accuracy of the method was determined by use of a certified reference material (DORM-2 (Dogfish muscle).The average contents of heavy metals in canned fish brands were found as 10.03 mg/kg for tin, 0.11 mg/ kg for cadmium, 0.203 mg/kg for lead, and 0.04 mg/kg for mercury. Although these products pose no risk with respect to the concentrations of tin and mercury, some of the samples had contents of lead and cadmium higher than the acceptable limits. Comprehensive and intermittent monitoring of heavy metals in canned fish is needed to assess the safety of these products with respect to human health.

The occurrence of pesticide residues in food matrices has become a necessity due to the toxicity and permanence of these xenobiotics. Translocation of pesticides in local and imported cabbage samples was investigated using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrophotometer (GC/MS) procedures. Cabbage samples were fractionated with respect to distance from the skin to the core and prepared for analysis. Results showed that organochlorine, organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid residues were translocated in cabbage samples analyzed. With respect to cabbage fractions, the outer pulp retained more of the residues than the pulp and the central core. On chemicals species, organochlorines were retained more in the outer pulp than the other fractions of the vegetable. Synthetic pyrethroid residues were restricted to the outer and inner pulp samples. All the chemical species identified were translocatable across the fractional parts of the vegetable with the exception of synthetic pyrethroid residues. There were significant differences in translocation and residue accumulation of pesticide among the fractional parts of the vegetable.

It is necessary to know the language and concepts of terms, because every science has the specific feature and Hafiz can be also considered in this way, therefore it is necessary to consider the titles and concepts such as faith and disbelief in his gazelles, because the concept of belief and disbelief refer to religion, hence it is necessary, they are considered in the field of knowing Hafiz, and this essay tries to search the meanings of belief, disbelief and love in his gazelles. I tried to concern the religious principles, my theism due to religion. There has been found a new approach in Hafiz’s poems other than the common a theism, as matter of fact, it is mystical atheism, in order to reach the love way which is higher than faith.

Gnosticism has been considered among human, in order to answer human’s needs. It is necessary to learn the secrets of Gnosticism, in order to step in the intellectual way. It is in the same way that some of great men. Such as Hafiz and Molana are well known for their literary, mystical approaches which should be differentiated, at first, we compare them, we come to the fact that their Gnosticism has been less considered.

Shahnameh is a comprehensive collection containing sixty thousand lines due to mystical, heroic, and historical careers. The mystical career includes the kingdom of Kaumars to Fereidun concerning with Kaveh’s revolution until Rustam’s death. The historical career is based upon the end of Kian’s kingdom and after mingling with heroic tales.One of the most important sources of Shahnameh is Aboomansuri’s Shahnameh. Furthermore, there are some tales about Rustam and Garshasb’s tribes, while the narrator is Azadsarr.Ferdusi has considered the ancestor’s plot very much, he said, he has made a big palace which was untouched by rain and wind, and it would not be disturbed by passing years.

Airspora constitutes fungal spores, pollen, bacteria, hyphal fragments, insect’s scales, etc. Some of them are toxic and causing serious health hazards in human being, as well due to their higher concentration in the air creates environmental pollution. Among them fungal forms were taken into consideration to find out the status of various types of allergic and pathogenic spores at various places and their role in causing health hazards to plants and human beings. In vegetables and fruit market, airspora contain mostly fungal spores which are known to cause the diseases to vegetables and fruits and various allergies to human beings. The present aerobiological investigation was carried out by using Rotorod air Sampler for the period of one year. Total 17 fungal forms were recorded during the study period. Aspergillus (12.2%), Rhizopus (8.3%), Exosporium (7.7%), Sporidesmium (6.8%) and Curvularia (5.7%) were recorded as the predominant forms whereas Alternaria, Bispora, Heterosporium, etc. were found with comparatively less concentration. It was observed the concentration of the spores in the air varies from season to season probably due to variation in meteorological parameters. The dominance of name of the fungi in the air of vegetables and fruit market indicates their possible role in the damage of vegetables and fruits. The vegetables and fruit market environment had higher population of Aspergillus and Penicillium indicating possible source of contamination. Fungal spores are one of the chief components of aeromycoflora known to induce various allergic disorders in human beings.

Traditional products of Iran were created based on cultural needs and people’s beliefs and customs as well as functional needs. This study aimed to guide designers in designing new product based on cultural factors for Iranian people. In this study, the researcher wanted to experience his perception about cultural factors that influenced creating a particular traditional product in Iran and to study how these can contribute to designer practices. This study involved with qualitative method where interview has been conducted to identify specific traditional products, which have strong influence of cultural factors. Fifteen “Cultural Factors” has been identified, which can be beneficial to the designers for future product development.

Considering to Importance of Food Industries related to generate employment, more so than many other manufacturing sector and also it’s vital role in Iran’s economy. This paper examines the determinants of labour productivity in food industries of Iran over the 1995-2006 period. The study applied the Cobb–Douglas production function of industry. The results showed that total factor productivity is 17.8 percent. The determinants like education, skilled, specialist, capital per worker and wages have affected on productivity’s differences in Iranian food industries. The most important factor was employee’s specialization in this industry.

The study was intended to investigate effects of pre-task and online task planning on IELTS Task 1 Academic Writing grammar. Forty five Iranian prospective IELTS candidates were randomly placed in three groups of Pre-task planning (PTP), Online-task planning (OTP), and Control group. In PTP, the required structures were given to the participants before the introduction of the task and then participants were asked to write the task. In OTP, as the instructor was presenting the different parts of the task, he introduced the relevant structures as well. For example, he explained the introduction and immediately he presented the types of structures candidates were supposed to write. In the control group, no planning of any sort was presented. The one-way ANOVA for the Grammatical Range and Accuracy (GRA) showed that there was a highly significant difference between the performance of both PTP and OTP participants compared with those of the control group. Comparing the performance of PTP and OTP participants, however, it was shown that the former got higher GRA scores than the latter. The results of the study indicate that presentation of grammatical structure prior to the presentation of the task can help IELTS Task 1 candidates get higher scores.

This study aims to identify the pedagogical practices of the teacher trainees of Design and Technology option in conducting lessons in mock teaching practice in order for the trainees to become excellent teachers. In addition, this study aims to see whether there is a relationship between the trainee teachers' perceptions to the mock teaching practices experienced during teaching in schools. The samples of this study are 81 teacher trainees taking Design and Technology option of Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Tun Hussein Onn, Batu Pahat, Johor January 2010 intake . The study was conducted through a quantitative approach using questionnaires. The results showed that the level of the teacher trainees’ pedagogical practices is medium in the teaching and learning process . The results also indicated positive perceptions of trainee teachers toward the third phase mock teaching practice gives a very good exposure.

Nowadays, education serves to provide guidance to students who lack in their values, courtesy and politeness. However, good values are still unsatisfactory amongst students in the workshop. There are students who do not adhere to the rules resulting in wastage of workshop materials, and thus causing problems in the workshop management. This research is undertaken to survey the extent of the practice of moral values in a workshop at a polytechnic during teaching and learning sessions. The main instruments used to support the research are questionnaires and observations. A total of 365 students were selected as respondents from two polytechnics, namely Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah and Sultan Zainal Abidin. Four aspects of moral values are measured: cooperation, crafts, physical and mental hygiene and respect. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 16.0 (SPSS 16.0) with the appropriate mean, standard deviation and minimum score t-test. The results revealed that the overall practice of values amongst polytechnic students is high and there were no differences in the practices between the two polytechnics. Therefore, researcher proposed several techniques to ensure students apply value as suggestion model.

Emotional intelligence is very important to everyone especially to educators. It can help them to controlling their emotional from stress, burnout, angry and others. It also educates the teacher the ways to become an outstanding and humanity teacher in their management. So the aims of, this study is to determine the level of the educational final year students and the relationship between the emotional intelligence with leadership style. The total of respondents are 26 students from Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). The researchers were using questionnaires as an instrument to collect the data from respondents. After that, it was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. The data gathered the level of students emotional intelligence in a moderate level based on self-awareness, self-management, social awareness and relationship management elements. There is also a relationship between an emotional intelligence with leadership styles of students.

Leadership is perceived as being masculine and as a result women are less likely to be seen as leaders regardless of their capability. The purpose of this research is to identify the perception of the respondent about the domain of women as a leader in the field of technical and vocational based on the six domain of leadership and the level of six domain of leadership. A total of 18 female students from section 3 were chosen as respondents. A set of questionnaire was used as an instrument. It consists of two parts. Part A is about the demography of the respondent and part B is about the items to measure respondent’s perception of women as leaders in technical and vocational fields. The question in this study is based on the six domain of leadership. Data collected was processed using Statistics Package for Social Science (SPSS version 16.0) and were analyzed based on descriptive such as mean score, frequency and percentage. The outcome of this research shows that perception of respondent if women want to be or be a leader, they need have domain ethical in the leadership and the level of six domain show the high level result but only the domain inspirational have the moderate level.

The mastery of soft skill is very important among students nowadays, however, the issue on the most effective ways to inculcate this skill has yet been identified. Thus, the purpose of the study is to identify the most dominant channel that is effective to inculcate the skill to help students to embrace it. The objective of the study is to identify settings that are convenient for inculcation of soft skill. There are three different settings identified and researched; the skill could be inculcated through co-curriculum, workshops or in the classroom. The experiment is design to be a descriptive study. Data for the experiment was collected through instruments such as survey forms and interviews. The respondents of the survey were 196 students semester 5 and 6 from ADTEC Malaysia. The outcome of the experiment showed that levels of soft skill development are varied through co-curricular activity, workshops and classroom. From a Paired Sample t-Test that has been carried out, it showed that there is a significant different in level of soft skill development between co-curricular activities and workshops, and between co-curricular and classroom. On the other hand, the outcome of the Paired Sample t-Test does not show any significant difference of soft skill between workshop and class. The findings conclude that the most relevant difference is through workshop and class.

Surface texturing by fabricating micro dimple on a surface have been proven to be very effective to improve tribological performances of sliding surfaces. Studies and research shown that micro-dimple reduced friction coefficient significantly and increase the service life of artificial hip replacement. This study aim to investigate and to compare the wear factor between four different micro-dimpled dimensions which comprise diameter, depth and pitch. The main objectives are firstly to determine parameter to fabricate micro-dimple surface, secondly to optimise surface micro-dimple pattern and finally to determine surface characterisation. Four samples have been chosen with different dimple parameter. In this experiment, pin-on-plate wear test machine was used. The result shown that wear factor at the pin for pattern 1 (1.53905 x 10-6 mm3/Nm), pattern 2 (1.50764 x 10-6 mm3/Nm) and pattern 3 (1.61234 x 10-6 mm3/Nm) were compatible with result done at the same test rig at Newcastle University, where else result for pattern 4 (3.66440 x 10-6 mm3/Nm) slightly off for varies reasons. On the other hand, there are no significant mass loss at the plates although the surface roughness of the plates have record changes. Conclusion from the experiment is wear factor from less dense micro-dimple is lower than wear factor in denser micro-dimple.

Two  appropriate post-tax petroleum exploration models were constructed and tested for three hypothetical field profiles (i.e low, medium and high volume fields) from a development economics perspective and the proposed tax regimes tested for both oil price and development cost ($/bbl). 40% government participation through the international oil company was considered in both cases. The resulted government takes for the first proposal are 76.89%, 83.07%, and 86.94% for low, medium and high volume fields respectively. Respective percentages for the second proposal are 76.20%, 80.03% and 85.43%. These values are above the average global take of 64% but within the range of 40% to 87% for most world oil producers. Analysis of the models indicates an increase in government take as the development costs ($/bbl) increases but a decrease when the oil price ($/bb) increases, which shows regressivity. However, the second regime shows more neutrality, efficiency and focused stability, though still maintaining high government take. This contributes to more attraction for investment from both government and investors perspective. Thus, the second fiscal proposal is recommended to the Nigerian government, considering its incentives.

Shifting to new energy as well as other low carbon solutions was conceived and viewed as serious challenge even to the most developed countries in the world. Hence, with the disadvantaged position of the least developing countries, whom, in most locations around the world are at the highest risk of climate change effect, the challenges will be even more higher. These are from the perspective of technology, finance and policies of ensuring smooth renewable energy transition in these countries. However, within this challenge, there is opportunity to start enjoying new energy particularly in areas where not much investment is done in the fossil technologies. The study highlights these challenges as they are posed by climate change and the opportunities by way of estimating the investment requirements and environmental vis economic benefits of leapfrogging in West African sub-region. Reasons for slow to non-adoption of RE in developing countries as well as arguments for the possibilities of leap-frogging to renewables are also reviewed, so also the challenges/barriers associated with the process of leap-frogging are highlighted. At the end, a simple Emission/Energy Demand Based Strategy depending on energy intensity and necessity is proposed and a very good case-study of leap-frogging to renewables in developing countries is discussed. It is established that, slowly developing countries can and should choose not to be only victims of, but take the opportunity presented by climate change.

Today, with the growing population in megalopolis around the world, particularly in developing countries followed by increasing problems caused by unbridled urbanization process within these countries in different aspects, the need to face these new challenges of urbanization have made a need for changes in urban management practices in megalopolis, therefore participatory urban development as a new approach and an efficient planning system can decrease and gradually eliminate many of today's problems in megalopolis if it is achieved accurately and expertly with taking into account all aspects and full understanding of the views and the wishes of the inhabitants of each city. The methodology of this study is functional based on the purpose and based on the nature, is descriptive - analytical. This study used library, documental, and field studies to gather data, In order to achieve the objectives of this study, a questionnaire with closed questions using Likert spectrum with convincing reliability and validity was developed and distributed within in district one of Shiraz on the basis of random sampling and then, obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and finally recommendations and solutions to achieve the optimal participation of the neighborhood residents. The result of this study has indicated that there is a significant relationship between the lack of proper planning and its role in the lower participation of citizens of district one of Shiraz , and also a significant relationship between the urban management practices and the degree of participatory of the neighborhood residents. It seems that it is essential for urban managers to do necessary planning to gain greater participation of local residents and also increase the degree of participatory of people in urban development programs by changing the traditional management practices.

Nowadays, literacy is one of the major challenges that society has been faced, especially in developing countries and on the other hand literacy and learning science are considered as important factors in social, economic, and cultural development of anyone. In this regard, the institution of education in the community can have an inevitable role in the education of the people. Teacher as an influential factor in education can play a unique role in the activities of the Literacy Movement. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the role of teachers in the education of illiterates in community and the reason of their lack of participation in this process. The methodology of this study is functional based on the purpose and based on the nature, is descriptive - analytical. This study used documental and field studies to gather data. In order to achieve the objectives of this study in field studies a questionnaire has been used to gather data. The population of this study are teachers of Shabankareh (385 people). 193 teachers was selected based on Cochran formula and the random sampling method, for example, then the questionnaire was distributed among the target teachers and collected data were analyzed based on SPSS software (Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the hypothesis of the test) and finally recommendations and solutions have been presented to achieve the optimal level of educating the illiterate in society. The results of this study have showed that there is a significant relationship between the lack of proper planning and the participation of teachers in Literacy Movement activities. Given the importance of reducing illiteracy in the society and its role in the comprehensive development of society, the need for proper planning by relevant authorities strongly has been felt.

Successful healthcare organizations emphasize attracting human resource assets and aggressively seek to resolve and prevent high employee turnover. Measuring employee turnover in a healthcare department is fundamental to the success of the organization and the quality of care it delivers. The most important impact of employee turnover may be the effect on patient care. Generally, all patients prefer to be cared for by the same members of a healthcare team each time they require treatment. This involves building relationships between the patients and their respective healthcare organizations. Determining why employees are leaving an organization is an important part of developing an effective strategy. This study trace the effects of manager leadership characteristics on staff retention in private hospitals of 2 distract in Punjab. Effects of manager characteristics were traced to retention through work characteristics, job stress, job satisfaction, commitment, and intent to stay. Our sample size is about 100 employees in the hospitals and we collected it from different hospitals in Sargodha and Lahore district. For estimation and result analysis we used SPSS software .Descriptive statistics, Frequency distribution are done to get results and Bar charts are made to interpret results. On the basis of result we conclude that to keeps the employees in hospital for a long period of time needs to announce bonus for them. So they motivate and perform their level best for increasing the performance of hospital. Further to retain employees in hospital for a long period of time requires to give each employee equal career opportunities. On the bases of result we can say that every job is required to give training to employees for their better performance.

This Study examines the effect of inflation targeting policy on inflation tax in selected countries of the world. For this purpose panel data model was used in 36 selected countries during 2003-2009. Also by using mean difference test, the inflation tax for three years before and after inflation targeting was examined. Results suggested an inverse relationship between inflation targeting and the inflation tax by Friedman method. In addition, results of mean difference test for all countries and for each country separately, unexpectedly suggested an increase in inflation tax in the most countries after implementation of inflation targeting policies. In addition results of mean difference test for all countries and for each country separately suggested after implementation of inflation targeting policies, inflation tax is rising. In other words we can say that inflation targeting policies has not been granted to reduce the inflation tax.

In recent decades, the rate of new product development increased due to the burst of competition between organizations in developing new products, services and new markets. In such a competitive condition, the main challenge of organizations is to develop new products according to the goals of the organization and needs of customers. Therefore, this study tries to propose success factors in new product development for food industry based on a model developed using a mixed method. The preliminary model is proposed by reviewing related literature in innovation management and product development and also using semi-structured interviews with executive managers of food industry. Then using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the validity of the model and final scales were analyzed. The results show that Strategic Thinking (ST), , Product Features (PF), Skills and Abilities (SA), Internal and External Team Involvement (TI), Supply Chain Ability(SC), Development Process(DP) have a correlation with the success of new product development in food industries of Iran. Among these dimensions, market characteristic (MC) has the highest importance and after that Skills and Abilities (SA), Internal and External Team Involvement (TI) got the other ranks respectively.

Moderated mediation has been proven to be one of the useful techniques in providing powerful analysis in many research areas such as social science, statistics, marketing, health science and others. By using secondary data obtained from Trends In Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), moderated mediation analysis is used to determine the significance difference of direct effect and total effect including indirect effect of exogenous latent constructs toward endogenous latent construct through mediator latent construct between moderator; male and female samples. From the Moderation Analysis, it is found that there is no significant difference between male and female samples in the direct effect of all exogenous latent constructs toward endogenous latent construct. The same result obtained in Moderated Mediation Analysis where there is no significant difference between male and female samples in the total effect including indirect effect from all exogenous latent constructs toward endogenous latent construct through mediator latent construct.

Intensity of competition necessitates many industries, especially the petrochemical industry, to adopt new marketing paradigm named as successful marketing. In this turbulent environment, petrochemical industries have to change their way of response to market; therefore, it is not unexpected that the implementation of successful marketing programs face with various factors. Thus, this study investigates and identifies successful marketing factors in Laleh petrochemical Company and specifies their importance. This study is an applied research in terms of objective which has gathered information from both interviewing with experts and distributing the questionnaires. The results of theoretical investigation was reached to six individual, organizational, product, price, promotion and distribution elements as key factors of successful marketing. After identifying, these factors were prioritized using Fuzzy TOPSIS technique and based on the comments received from the experts of petrochemical industry. The results showed that the product-related factors have the most importance, and organizational, personal, promotion, price, and distribution factors have the next ranks respectively. Finally, the components of each of these factors were also prioritized.

Data mining is a technique that utilizes a range of data to provide valuable information. Customer relationship management through data mining can be a powerful tool for attracting, retaining, and promoting customers in today businesses. Banks, financial institutions, and insurance institutions are of those business that collect and storage many data from their customers on a daily basis. This research on one of private banks in Khomein city was accomplished in September 2012 in which 5939 customers with 7199 transactions were studied. These transactions were modeled using four demographic characteristics including age, gender, education, and occupation. At first, data was preprocessed which was the most time-consuming part of the study. After that, using visualization technique, graphic display of customers' demography was obtained. And then, the customers' transactions were predicted based on their transaction volume and probability, and it was checked whether the customers accept the bank's new service (i. e. instant card issuance) by using decision tree algorithm. Finally, the customers were clustered by conducting the two step algorithm and the result was that the cluster of 2543 transactions (cluster 1) is comprised of target customers. The characteristics of customers in target cluster are the age of 25~40, often having a bachelor degree, and be self-employed.

The field of SLA is relatively new, but different classifications have been suggested for its development (Mitchell & Myles, 2004). Indeed, there is an anonymous agreement that the establishment of SLA as a field of enquiry goes back to 1950s- 1960s (Schachter, 1998). As for the classification proposed by Ellis (2009), one development dealt with the scope of the field of enquiry. While much of the earlier work had focused on the linguistic, and especially the grammatical properties of learner language, and was psycholinguistic in orientation, later work attended to the pragmatic aspects of learner language and increasingly, employed a sociolinguistic perspective. A second development concerned the increasing attention paid by SLA researchers to linguistic theory, in particular the theory of language associated with Chomsky's model of grammar: Universal Grammar. A third development was the marked increase in theory-led research. Whereas much of the earlier research was of the research-then-theory kind, typically consisting of the collection and analysis of samples of learner language, later research was increasingly theory-led and experimental in style.