Archives-January 2016

Corrosion from long time ago was one of the biggest problems of gas and oil industry. Corrosion not only cause to high costs of repairs ,but stopping production during repairing and safety matters cause to enormous loss .The importance of covering of underground pipes with plastic material in decade of 1970 continuously has been increased .So that in many cases ,replaced to traditional protector on the base of natural pitch and coal tar .In 1980 more progress was in the field of covering pipes with plastic materials that cause to decisively stabilization of polyethylene and molten connected epoxy as new protector for underground and sea pipe lines .So the aim of continuous extension of plastic materials and covering systems was in direction of making protection tools that are flexible for transferring and resting on extension slope from environment temperature and even preserve their integration in extension range of applied temperature .In this paper we try to study the act of corrosion in external metal pipe lines and even different ways of protection and ways of contrast against mechanical injury and chemical corrosion under soil , by attention to the type of soil.

Bacteriocin production and activities potentials of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from traditional fermented foods (“Ugba”, pap, fermented cassava and ‘Kunu zaki’) were studied. Serial dilution of each of the samples was performed and 0.1ml of appropriate dilution was streaked on De Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar containing 50mg of nystatin for the isolation of LAB. Forty five LAB isolates were recovered from samples and were screened for bacteriocin production by the Agar Well Diffusion assay and two best bacteriocin producers characterized by molecular method as Lactobacillus tucceti CECT 5920 and Lactobacillus mindensis TMW were tested for their biotechnological potentials. Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325 and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 cultures were used as test pathogens. L. tucceti CECT 5920 and L. mindensis had the same level of bacteriocin production and antimicrobial activity (P<0.05). Temperature had more effect on bacteriocin activity on L. tucceti CECT 5920 against S. aureus NCTC 8325 and E. coli 0157:H7 while pH had same effects on both LAB isolates and pathogens. Both LAB isolates had highest effect from NaCl against E. coli 0157:H7 at 0.2% concentration. Crude bacteriocin samples treated with pepsin had no sensitivity against the test pathogens. Storage had decreasing effect on bacteriocin activity from both LAB isolates. L. tucceti CECT 5920 was sensitive to Cotrimoxazole while L mindensis TMW was resistant to all the antibiotics tested. L. tucceti CECT 5920 gave better results in all the biotechnological potentials tested, thus, the two LAB isolates may perform well in industrial processes. Key words: Activity, bacteriocin, fermented foods, lactic acid bacteria, pathogens.

A simple, reliable and selective square wave cathodic Adsorptive stripping (SWCAS) voltammetric method at modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for determination of Cobalt(II) has been developed and evaluated. Square wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric (SWCASV) mechanism is proposed to interpret the amplified sensitivity. The procedure is based on the interfacial preconcentration of Cobalt (II) ion on magneson through a surface coordination effect. Different parameters such as medium, pH, accumulation potential, scan rate, accumulation time and ionic strength were tested to optimize the conditions for the determination of Cobalt(II) ion. The adsorbed form is reduced irreversible at optimal conditions viz; 0.15M Britton–Robinson universal buffer (pH~9.5). Linear concentration range 2×10-12 - 6×10-11 M (0.00012 – 0.00354 ng/mL (at 60s, can be determined successfully. The interferences of some common interfering species and some metal ions were studied. The application of the procedure in Lab tap water sample demonstrates that it is possible to determine Co(II) ion at a level as low as 5.13×10-10 mol/L (0.03 ng/mL) in real sample with a recovery of 103%, a standard deviation (triplicate measurements) of 3.08%, and a confidence level of 95%. The concentration of Co(II) in lab tap water sample was confirmed by analysis the sample by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer.

People with disability such as visual impaired and also elderly for whom it's very hard to identify the screen text and area where the keyboard and mouse may not be an appropriate means of communication between systems, it would be a helpful to use voices to navigate and control the computer systems. Microsoft has designed an interface called SAPI (Speech Application Programming Interface) which supports dynamic speech input and output, and is integrated in our current operating systems. In this paper we have described a model which is developed for conversion of multilingual audio into multilingual editable text for continuous speech in offline mode. Automatic Speech Recognition, (ASR) is used that works with Dynamic Time Wrapping (DTW) algorithm. This text will be transmitted and displayed on computer or LCD. Software used is Microsoft Visual Studio. Coding language used is c sharp. Keywords - SAPI, ASR, DTW, Microsoft Visual Studio, C sharp.

Various new technologies and aiding instruments are always being introduced for the betterment of the challenged. This project focuses on aiding the mute in expressing their views and ideas in a much efficient and effective manner thereby creating their own place in this world. The proposed system focuses on using various gestures traced into texts which could in turn be transformed into speech. The gesture identification and mapping is performed by the Kinect device, which is found to cost effective and reliable. A suitable text to speech convertor is used to translate the texts generated from Kinect into a speech. The proposed system though cannot be applied to man-to-man conversation owing to the hardware complexities, but could find itself very much of use under addressing environments such as auditoriums, classrooms, etc

In this paper we have explored the problem for generalized temperature functions considered over positive and negative time. We have established representation theorems and their applications.

This paper provides the simulation of 3 state inverter with different materials and compare the Leakage Current. Material which has the less Leakage Current is considered as better material for the designing of inverter. In previous time the mosfet is design by the combination of silicon and silicon oxide now we are using gallium arsenide and silicon dioxide as one combination and gallium arsenide and silicon nitride as another combination.

The present study was designed to investigate the school teachers’ awareness towards Individual differences at primary level, study also intends to compare the awareness of individual differences among government and private teachers at primary level. Due to limited time available for study, only 24 primary schools were randomly selected for the purpose of collecting data. 120 teachers from these schools were randomly selected a sample for study. A questionnaire was constructed for teachers which included 30 items, data was collected through personal visits of the schools. Data was analyzed in the light of objectives through two-way chi-square. Private school teachers are aware of the concept of individual differences as compared to government school teachers. In private sector school teachers respect individual differences in their classes as compared to government sector school teachers.

Present study was designed to investigate the role of demographic variables in determining the study skills and academic achievement among the university students. Study was descriptive correlational in nature in which scientific method was used to achieve the research objectives. The first objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of effective study skills and academic achievement, second objective was to investigate the role of demographic variation such as gender, discipline, family income, birth order, parents’ qualification and profession in determining the levels and dimensions of effective study skills and academic achievement. In this study a stratified random sample of 250 male (104) and female (146) university students were collected from 4 selected private and public sector universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Family income of Students ranged from 50,000 to 150,000. The study was delimited to Master level students studying in the fourth semester only. In this research for the measurement of effective study skills an inventory named as,” Study Skills” based on 51 items developed by Congos was used. The students’ academic achievement was measured through their results of first three semesters (students result was taken as measure their academic achievement). After data collection it was analyzed with the help of SPSS 16 by applying various statistical tests such as, Percentile Analysis, Mean, SD, Linear Regression, and Pearson Correlation. On the basis of findings, it was found that there is positive relationship between study skills and academic achievement in the context of Master level university students. The students of private sector universities possessed more effective study skills and higher score on the academic achievement as compared to the students of public sector universities. Present research is significant due to its uniqueness it can bring new avenues in the teaching learning process. University management can provide creative competitive environment to exercise study skill in their course of studies.

In a mobile ad hoc network, the mobility and resource constraints of mobile nodes may lead to network partitioning or performance degradation. Several data replication techniques have been proposed to minimize performance degradation. Most of them assume that all mobile nodes collaborate fully in terms of sharing their memory space. In reality, however, some nodes may selfishly decide only to cooperate partially, or not at all, with other nodes. These selfish nodes could then reduce the overall data accessibility in the network. In this paper, the impact of selfish nodes in a mobile ad hoc network from the perspective of replica allocation is examined. A selfish node detection algorithm was developed that considers partial selfishness and novel replica allocation techniques to properly cope with selfish replica allocation. The conducted simulations demonstrate the proposed approach outperforms traditional cooperative replica allocation techniques in terms of data accessibility, communication cost and average query delay.