Archives-August 2016

The aim of this study was to optimise the biogas generation from anaerobic digestion process and to investigate the biogas as secondary fuel for the CI engine. The parameters studied were total solid concentration (TS), initial pH and co digestion of slurry. The effectiveness of animal and industrial waste was investigated using 1 m3 bio digester working in a continuous process. Anaerobic digestion seemed feasible with loading rate of 8%,10% and 12% ( TS)and biogas yield reported as 82.3m3,110.9m3 and 74.4 m3 respectively. The data obtained establish the importance of pre-treatment and total solids for achieving higher cumulative biogas yield. The volume of generated biogas was effectively used as secondary fuel for an engine by modifying the engine inlet manifold to operate with dual fuel mode.

Hiding the information is a vital issue in the 21st century in the field of Data Communication security .It is an important issue because the virtual and digital information transmission faces critical setbacks due to hacking and hackers threats. The transmission of information via the Internet may expose it to detect and theft. So data embedding technologies are developed to provide personal privacy, commercial and national security interests. In this work we consider the problem of extracting blindly data embedded over a wide band in a spectrum (transform) domain of a digital medium (image, audio, video).We develop a novel multicarrier/signature iterative generalized least-squares (M-IGLS) core procedure to seek unknown data hidden in hosts via multicarrier spread-spectrum embedding. Here the original host and the embedding carriers both are assumed as not available. Experimental results shows that the proposed algorithm can achieve recovery probability of error close to what may be attained with known embedding carriers and host autocorrelation matrix.

Cognitive radio (CR) can successfully deal with the growing demand and scarcity of the wireless spectrum. To exploit limited spectrum efficiently, CR technology allows unlicensed users to access licensed spectrum bands. Since licensed users have priorities to use the bands, the unlicensed users need to continuously monitor the licensed user’s activities to avoid interference and collisions. How to obtain reliable results of the licensed user’s activities is the main task for spectrum sensing. This work will mainly focus on the spectrum sensing based on energy detection algorithm.

Studies were undertaken on the zooplankton communities of the Androth Island. Major planktonic groups were copepods, decapods, amphipods, chaetognaths, mysids, fish eggs and larvae. Besides these foraminiferans, ciliates, cladocerans, ostracods, polychaete larvae, gastopod larvae, crustacean larvae and echinoderm larvae were also encountered during the present study. Copepoda was found to be the most abundant group. The study provides baseline information on the Zooplankton community structure, which could give new insight to the future ecological assessment of Androth waters.

In India, residential sector represents the largest single source of black carbon (BC) emissions from the use of cow dung cake, wood or coal, in heating stoves, Chullah’s and Kerosene lamp and its radiative forcing is a significant source of uncertainty for health and climate impact. A descriptive assessment was carried out through regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic variables, fuel use, leading causes of biomass fuel use, possible impact of BC, mitigation Measures and barriers to implementing clean fuel initiatives in 900 Households during April to June, 2015. It also looks at changes in this fuel use before and after clean energy program was introduced in India. Per household/month consumption of firewood in rural areas was 154.4 kg. Monthly per household consumption of LPG is 10.3 kg, and a household with access to LPG spends Rs. 218.54 per month on an average. LPG was the primary source of fuel for cooking in 65% of urban households. Firewood and kerosene are reported as primary sources of cooking fuel in 17% and 6% of the households, has been reported in urban households. The results of the model suggest that there is both room optimism and pessimism. One perspective on the data results suggests that there is a good chance that India will grow its way out of the cookstove conundrum; that is there is reasonably good evidence to suggest that fuelwood use may initially increase but the fall at still low NSDP levels.

Graphene zinc oxide composites have been successfully synthesized via a hydrothermal reaction using graphite zinc chloride as starting materials. These prepared composites with different ratios of graphene and zinc oxides were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and solid UV-Vis spectroscopies, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA analysis reveals that the intercalation of ZnO into graphene layer expands the d – spacing between graphene sheets and reduces the oxidation temperature. The results from XRD, Raman spectroscopy show that composites possess both characteristics of graphene and ZnO, and there is existence of interaction between ZnO and oxygenated functionalities on graphene sheets. In the photocatalytic reaction, the composite containing 10% in mass of ZnO exhibits the highest photocatalytic efficiency of 97.13% after 13 hours exposing to sun light

The IRM strategy was devised for pest management in Bt and non-Bt cotton was implemented and evaluated in cotton growing villages of Warangal district in a Telangana state of India during the year 2015-16. The application of insecticides was moderate in IRM villages i.e, Kannaipally & Kanchanpally and the insecticide consumption was high in non IRM village i.e. Gabbeta. The whole crop season was divided into “4” window periods. The chemicals like Monocrotophos was given to the plants by stem application method in IRM villages. Stem application is employed as only less amount of insecticide is utilized, it doesn’t have any effect on the non target and other useful insects, and also there will be no spilling of the insecticide here and there. The number of insects per 3 leaves per plant reduced to a great extent in IRM villages. This eventually leads to more productivity and less cost of production in IRM villages than that of the non-IRM village. The Aphid, Jassid, Thrips and Whitefly population ranged 13.35, 0.82, 10.04 and 0.31/ 3 leaves in IRM villages while, it was 17.24, 1.04, 10.32 and 0.32/ 3 leaves in non –IRM village. The mean cost of sprayings was higher in non-IRM villages (Rs.3968) as compared to IRM villages (Rs.2301). Cotton yield was higher in IRM adopted villages (17.7 q/ha) as compared to non-IRM village (17.1 q/ha) and net profit per/ha was more in IRM villages (Rs.18, 910) than non-IRM villages (Rs.8,860). Farmers, by adopting IRM strategies realized higher net returns by saving in plant protection cost due to less number of insecticidal sprays and increased seed cotton yield.

Like almost every other writer, Virginia Woolf and Hélène Cixous were also products of their respective times and cultures, and had their own ideologies as to how to ‘liberate’ women through writing. Writing apart by about fifty years, both of these European writers have felt for and contributed to the cause of women upliftment. This submission evaluates their stances in terms of their commonalities as well as differences. Though, their prime concern, fight and hopes remain the same – emancipation of women and her writing, both standing free against the shackles of patriarchy. A Room of One’s Own, often called the ‘Feminist Bible’ stresses largely on economic independence and privacy as crucial pre-requisites for a woman-artist to be able to write fiction of any merit, rising beyond psychological obstacles. Cixous in “The Laugh of the Medusa” employs a more revolutionary tone, asking for women to bring their bodies, hearts and minds into speech and writing. Women must shatter the framework of institutions, blow up the law and re-define truth. Only then, the dreaded Medusa, on closer inspection, will appear both, beautiful as well as laughing.

A method of constructing equireplicate Variance Balanced (VB) and Efficiency Balanced (EB) design with unequal block sizes is proposed using 2n-symmetrical factorial design by deleting the control treatment and merging all the main effects with highest order interaction separately. Further optimality of the constructed design has been checked and found it to be universally optimal.

In this paper, we introduced Samarandache-2-algebraic structure of Soft Neutrosophic Near-ring namely Smarandache –Soft Neutrosophic Near-ring. A Samarandache-2-algebraic structure on a set N means a weak algebraic structure S1 on N such that there exist a proper subset M of N, Which is embedded with a stronger algebraic structure S2 ,stronger algebraic structure means satisfying more axioms, that is S1 << S2 ,by proper subset one can understand a subset different from the empty set, from the unit element if any , from the Whole set. We define Smarandache - Soft Neutrosophic Near-ring and construct its algorithms through soft neutrosophic (H,A) – subgroup,soft neutrosophic ideal,soft neutrosophic bi-ideal,soft neutrosophic quasi-ideal.For basic concept of near-ring we refer to G.Pilz and for soft neutrosophic algebraic structure we refer to Muhammed Shabir ,Mumtaz Ali,Munazza Naz, and Florentin Smarandache.