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The aims of this presentation are two folds, in initial stage, the presenter would like to shed light on the philosophy of second language learning, and how different philosophers have tried to explain the aim or purpose of second language acquisition, the second part includes the emergence of output hypothesis, and the reasons why this hypothesis emerged, and finally how this hypothesis has been modified during these two decades.

The purpose of the study was to predict the playing ability in Kabaddi from selected Anthropometrical, Physical, physiological and psychological variables among College level Players. One hundred and twenty six male inter collegiate Kabaddi players were randomly selected from various colleges in Tamilnadu state, India and their age ranged between 18 and 28 years. The subjects had past playing experience of at least three years in Kabaddi and only those who represented their respective college teams were taken as subjects. A series of anthropometrical measurements was carried out on each participant. These included Standing height measured by Stadiometer; Body weight measured by weighing machine, Two Length measurements - Arm length, Leg length, measured by Lufkin Anthropometric Tape. The data were collected by following standard testing protocol of International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry. Physical fitness components were measured by the following tests. Speed were assessed by 50 meter dash, Flexibility assessed by Sit and reach test, Leg explosive strength assessed by Standing broad jump, Muscular power assessed by Modified sit – ups and Muscular endurance assessed by 2.4 km run. The Physiological parameters namely Resting heart rate by Digitalized heart rate monitor, Peak expiratory flow rate was assessed by Peak flow meter and Breath holding time was assessed by Manual nose clip method.

As complexity of distribution network has grown [7], automation of substation has become a need of every utility company to increase its efficiency and to improve quality of power being delivered [5]. The proposed project which is GSM cellular network based controlling of substation [5][12] will help the utility companies, by ensuring that their local-substation faults [8][9][10] are immediately realized and reported to their concerned departments via GSM, to ensure that duration of power interruption is decreased. The measured parameters will be sending in the form of SMS messages. The microcontroller will interact with the sensors installed at the local substation and perform task as commanded [3]. Electrical parameters like current, voltage will be compared continuously to its rated value [13] will help protect the distribution and power transformer from burning due to overload, short circuit fault, over voltages and surges. Under such conditions, entire unit is shut down via the control section comprising of relays sensing it, and immediately turning the circuit breaker off. SMS alerts can also be generated to indicate this. The use of GSM makes the substation intelligent [4] in the sense that it is able to transmit alerts and information and receive commands. This enables to reduce labor cost at substation and saves time. Thus the monitoring and working efficiency of the sub-station will drastically increase.

This paper investigate the relationship between word of mouth dimensions volume, valance and source type with customer based brand equity dimensions brand awareness, brand image, perceived quality and brand loyalty. Study is conducted in Islamabad Pakistan on Five GSM companies working in Pakistan. Structural questioning model was used in methodology. Our study revealed that volume and valance has significant impact on CBBE while source type relation is not significant.

The research aims to determine the roles of school supervisors (SS) for improving teachers teaching and learning(TTL). Ministry of education (MOE) appreciates report from supervisors and recommendation submitted.Data collection was through questionnaires 16 out of 22 respondent's return.Data were analysed using descriptive and multiple regression. The findings revealed that Teachers prefer special supervision, supervisors check Teachers attendance register regularly, lesson notes and communicate teaching lapses. The findings will improve the Supervisors role and help them strengthen SS. Training and retraining of supervisors motivation, trustworthy and collaboration of MOE. The novelty of research focus on supervisors’ role and improvement of TTL.

Massawas and its surrounding beaches can support a diversity of marine birds along with the Red sea, for weather seasonal, annual, and spatial factors that affect bird richness and abundance on public beaches. To do so, we conducted two years of bird surveys on the beaches. These beaches are permanent natural water bodies, and are important for bird wildlife because they are stable resources for food, water and also good ground for mating purpose. The permanent water bodies are constant and limited for its geographical areas under natural conditions. We studied the marine water birds which are both migrant and resident; its species richness and diversity were studied in Massawa and its surrounding beaches in the Red sea region. It is a good for marine food source and also near by areas for marine birds there was natural vegetation in the seasons and are less important for agricultural resources. These areas were supposed to be earlier in rich resource for different marine bird’s species and may be sometimes disturbed by the seasonal sea tides and also by tourists. The study reveals that there are different species of birds as discussed below. We conclude our study that reductions in the rate of population decline of the observed species of marine bird biodiversity. To protect such species great care must be exercised either by governmental or by non-governmental agencies. Across all species we found that there are 10 marine bird species of this region and calculated there values the bird species and abundance and obtained low values indicating low bird richness and abundance, it may be due to strongly affected by seasons, natural habitat and the availability of food and are the basis for conducive environment for breeding for maintaining next generation.

This study was aimed to evaluate the synergistic antibacterial activity of the mangrove species Avicina marina and Rhyzophora apiculata leaf extracts tested with the non mangrove South Indian medicinal plants, Terminalia chebula, Punica granatum, and Vitis vinifera seed extracts against the multi drug resistant (MDR) bacterial isolates of clinical origine. The antibacerial synergistic activity of the chosen plant extracts were studied by agar well diffustion method. Compared to the single plant extracts, the antibacterial activity expressed by the combination of the Mangrove leaf extracts with the non mangrove medicinal plants seed extracts found to be greater due to the synergism . We recomond the T.chebula seed extract , which can be given / taken along with the mangrove plant leaf material to treat the ailments / drug resistant bacterial infections. We also suggest that the traditional medicine system can adapt the practice of giving the combination of the discrete plant materials / extracts to treat the bacterial infections especially to treat the drug resistant infections to achieve the success in their system of medical practice.

While the philosophy behind tax incentives and corporate financial performance is appealing, its analytical content and utility remains somewhat controversial and of empirical interest. This study assesses the causal influence of tax incentives and corporate financial performance on a sample of 50 listed companies in the NSE, covering the period of 2006-2010. The postulated hypotheses were tested, using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. With r values of .996, .984, and .948 very basic aprori reasoning established is the existence of a robust dimension and the three measures of corporate financial performance, namely return on equity, return on sales and profit after tax. The significance of this attempt can be seen in the ability of the models to permit inter-sector; inter-industry, inter-institutional, as well as inter-country comparative analysis relating to the specified variables. Further empirical research is however recommended to verify the validity of these submissions and the overall explanatory power of the models constructed, using data drawn from developing countries. Keywords: Corporate Financial Performance, Profit After Tax, Return on Equity, Return on Sales, Nigeria.

As companies hand over most of their profits in the form of tax payments, there is likely to be little left over for shareholders. This study examines empirically the effect of tax planning strategies on board size of companies in Nigeria. The study adopts a combination of survey and causal – comparative research design. This was augmented with primary data on 15 selected tax mitigation strategies obtained from 140 respondents using researcher – designed questionnaire validated by experts and shown to have reliability co-efficient of .93%. Descriptive and multiple regression analysis were used in analyzing the data with the aid of special package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. With an r .813, r2 of 0.463 and f-ratio of 18.243 significant at 1% level, the investigation reveals a positive and significant influence of tax planning strategies on board size of companies in Nigeria. The study concludes that the tax planning strategies exerts a positive and significant influence on board size of companies in Nigeria. We recommend that corporate executive and tax planner should posses sound knowledge of tax laws and apply tax mitigation strategies endorsed by law to existing alternatives in every business transactions with the view to choosing the options that produce the highest tax savings. Keywords: Tax Planning Strategies, Tax evasion and avoidance, Tax mitigation, Bard size, Nigeria.

The purpose of this paper reviews the role of brand personality on consumer behavior and branding challenges in Asia are listed. A utility customer in choosing a product brand is authentic. A brand value of "name, term, design, symbol or combination of these elements are Which determines the identity of a service organization and distinguishing it from other competitors are. And by reason, logic, senses and emotions are judged by customers. Brand is a mental and spiritual movement in the minds of consumers, customers, shareholders, employees and users are. Brands are social in nature and it is a successful brand Sense of belonging and ownership to the community that people have And they know it them selves.In many markets, a product creates a brand identity for the mandatory and They will link to a particular group of society, Update the information in today's world and with every move and decision the It is being evaluated by the organization.