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The aim of the study is to show the relationship between the stock market developments with gross domestic product (GDP). Framework is used to show the impact of stock market on GDP over the period of 2000 to 2011 quarterly. The methods applied in the research were correlation, regression and Augmented Dicky Fuller unit root test. The arguments are made on whether it is the stock market that leads to the economic growth or the other way around. Stock market plays a very significant role as a financial intermediary. Some researchers are in favor of the argument that stock market doesn’t lead to the economic growth and conclude that emerging stock markets have little positive impact on economic growth. Some analysts argue that, because most of the corporations don’t raise capital by issuance of equity only, so the role of stock market is weak in causing economic growth, (Mayer, 1988). In contrast, Levine (1991) show that stock markets provide liquidity and can cause economic growth substantially. And now the result of research explained that there is no significant impact or stock market development on gross domestic product. The Augmented Dicky Fuller unit root test explained that 1) D (logn_index_points) represents the 1st difference and the p value is less than 0.01 so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the data of index points is stationary at 1st difference. 2) D (LOGN_REAL_GDP) represents the 2nd difference of GDP of Pakistan and the p value is less than 0.01, so we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the data of GDP is stationary at 2nd difference. The regression result shown that D2 LOGN_REAL_GDP represents the 2nd difference of quarterly GDP of Pakistan and DLOGN_INDEX_POINTS represents the 1st difference of KSE-100 index which has been used as a proxy for stock market development for the purpose of this study. The P value against the t-statistic is insignificant, so we have to accept the null hypothesis.

The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of transformational leadership practices on student satisfaction in the academic setting in Malaysia. Approximately 450 full-time students took part in this study from three different universities in Perak from various faculties. A multi-factor leadership questionnaire (MLQ) with a Likert-Scale of 1-5 was used to collect the data to determine students’ perception of transformational leadership practiced by teaching staff at the three universities and to gauge the satisfaction level of students. To ensure reliability and validity of the respondents’ data set, the sample included only students who have studied for more than one semester at the particular university. Data was analyzed using descriptive analysis to describe demographic profile of students and Pearson Product Moment Correlation to test the relationship between independent variables [(Idealized Influence (II), Individual Consideration (IC), Intellectual Stimulation (IS) and Inspirational Motivation (IM)] and dependent variable (student satisfaction). The correlation analysis shows that all the transformational leadership behavior II, IC, IS and IM were significant and highly correlated with student satisfaction. However, Multiple Regression analysis showed that transformational leadership behavior of inspirational motivation; intellectual stimulations and individual consideration were significant and positively influence student satisfaction level while idealized influence was not significant. Academic institutions of higher learning should take this into consideration when dealing with student satisfaction. This research shows that transformational leadership is crucial in improving student satisfaction. Future study should be undertaken to include a wider sample size, increase the research context to ensure validity and reliability of the results and promote student satisfaction in order to enhance a learning culture.

The study aims to determine the reliability of the Learning Environment Preferences (LEP) inventory among counselor trainees. A total of 100 subjects consisting of final-year students from the Guidance and Counseling Program in local universities, participated in this study. Results from the study found a high validity value of .948 for all the inventory items. The results also showed high reliability for the entire sub-scale items, achieving Cronbach’s Alpha values of .755 to .889. Based on these results, the LEP is considered appropriate to be used in order to test counselor trainees’ cognitive complexity.

The purpose of this paper was to explore the link between student co-curricular activity and graduate employability. In an increasingly competitive graduate labor market, the potential benefits of students engaging in co-curricular activities to aid personal growth and development, build CVs and obtain a greater competitive advantage in the job market, appear increasingly attractive. This paper studies the relationship between co-curricular activities and graduate employability through literature review. However, there was a lack of evidence to demonstrate whether students’ participation in co-curricular activities increased their employment prospects.

Pattern Mining is the process of extracting or mining the patterns from very large amount of biological datasets. Utilization of Data mining algorithms can reveal biological relevant associations between different genes and gene based expression. In Data Mining, several techniques are available for predicting frequent patterns. One among the technique is association rule mining algorithm; which can be applied for solving the crucial problems faced in the field of biological science. From the literature, various algorithms have been employed in generating frequent patterns for distinct application. These algorithms have some limitations in predicting frequent patterns, such as space, time complexity and accuracy. In order to overcome these drawbacks, the study is made on existing algorithms for generating frequent patterns from the biological sequences. The literature survey gives a significant number of methods were generated for predicting associative patterns. The proposed system has to be developed for solving problems in archiving glucose samples of many patients. Biological sequence may be a collection of DNA sequence, Gene expression sequence or Protein sequence for a specific viral disease. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. And it will also satisfy some factors such as: time complexity, space and predict accurate solution to the required problem. With the help of these three factors into consideration and efficient algorithm can be identified for predicting the dominating amino acids for any kind of specific biological implication.

Humans are highly social in their behavior. They interact with members of their species in a wide variety of ways, ranging from just being together to most intimate forms of socializing. People seek company to avoid being alone, to confabulate, to ask for as well as to offer help, to accomplish common goals, to share joys and sorrows, to listen and to be listened to, to show or to be shown the way, to show off, compete or fight with one another, etc. These interactions are referred to as interpersonal (between persons) behavior. Interpersonal behavior, despite its most popular connotation of face-to-face interactions, is not confined to situations in which the interacting humans are physically present. One person's behavior towards another can occur in the physical absence of the other and yet be truly interpersonal: writing a letter of invitation, for example! Thus, while interpersonal behavior necessarily involves two or more persons, the presence of the interactants may be physical or psychological.

In this paper, a new 5×5 reversible parity preserving gate is proposed and employed to realize 1-bit reversible parity preserving full adder/subtractor. The proposed 1-bit full adder/subtractor is implemented using VHDL and compared to previously presented designs in the literature. The results show that the proposed design is more efficient in terms of number of DC inputs/outputs, delay and quantum cost. Also two reversible parity preserving four-bit parallel adder/subtractor and carry skip adder/subtractor are designed applying the proposed scheme and compared to the former designs.

A numerical model has been formulated to simulate the capillary tube in split air conditioners of 1 and 2 TR capacities under high outdoor air temperatures. The outdoor air temperature was varied from 35 to 55°C with 5 °C increments. Three environment friendly refrigerants were used as alternatives to R22. They are R290, R407C and R410A. Finite difference method has been adopted in conjunction with EES software. This model is capable of predicting pressure, temperature, quality, velocity and viscosity distributions through the capillary tube for all refrigerants. The geometrical parameters and input conditions to the capillary tube model are extracted from experimental data. These include inner diameter, mass flow rate, surface roughness, temperature and pressure of the subcooled liquid refrigerant.The results show that the capillary choking length increases with increasing outdoor air temperature. Results of the simulation show that R290 needs more capillary length than the other refrigerants investigated, whereas R410A needs less capillary tube length.

Children in middle-class India take important decisions in the home, thereby contributing majorly to household budget contours. From buying white goods and cars, to cell phones and grocery and even insurance policies, children under the age of 13 are deciding which brands their parents should or should not buy. On the other hand parents today are willing to buy more for their kids because trends such as smaller family size, dual incomes and postponing children until later in life mean that families have more disposable income. The aim of this paper is to study the role of T.V. advertisement targeted to the Children in the purchase decision of the family. Today our market is flooded with advertisements targeted to children specially FMCG, Automobiles, Electronic goods sectors where child artists are used to influence the children watching the advertisements on T.V. and ultimately tell their parents about the product to be purchased. This promotional strategy adopted by many companies today has its pros and cons and the authors will try to discuss the same with the help of a primary study to be conducted in Jalandhar District of Punjab. The authors prepared a Questionnaire and apply descriptive statistics and regression analysis to find the impact of T.V. advertisement targeted to children on family purchase decision.

This paper presents the comparison of hybrid multilevel inverters for different voltage and power applications. Hybrid multilevel inverters improve the number of the output voltage level based on a hybrid connection of power cells. Therefore, a given number of levels can be synthesized by several multilevel configurations, significantly increasing flexibility and complexity in the design of hybrid multilevel inverter. The purpose of the circuits presented here is to minimize the reverse voltage stress and the harmonic distortion of the voltage applied to the load. As a characteristic of the proposed cells, some of the switches operate at low frequency while others are switched at high frequency. Different topologies are discussed and reviewed in brief. Voltage sharing and low output-voltage distortion are achieved. This paper presents a survey of different topologies, control strategies and modulation techniques used by these inverters.