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The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in in-vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of plantain peel (PPL) after its biodegradation with Aspergillus niger and also to determine the effect of degraded PPL on the performance, nutrient digestibility, weights of internal organs , haematological and serum parameters of broiler finishers. A total of 165 unsexed broiler finishers were used. The design was Completely Randomized. Aspergillus niger was used for the biodegradation of PPL. There were five dietary treatments of 33 birds each. There were 0 % inclusion level of PPL, 7% inclusion level of undegraded PPL (UPPL) and 3,5 and 7% inclusion levels of degraded PPL (DPPL).Weight gained was significantly (P<0.05) higher with the birds fed degraded PPL. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) highest in birds placed on 7% UPPL (3.38). There were significant (P<0.05) differences in the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre. Crop, gizzard and abdominal fat were significantly (P<0.05) affected. The values of Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Total Protein, Cholesterol and Glucose were significantly (P<0.05) different in Haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Fungal biodegradation of PPL using A.niger has the potential of enhancing feed intake, nutrient digestibility and the body weight gain of broiler.

With the advancement in wireless communication technology, various networks exists simultaneously. The variation in wireless network parameters is imprecise in nature. To handle this imprecise data fuzzy logic can be used as an important tool for wireless network algorithms. Application of fuzzy logic/fuzzy controller in wireless communications is presented in this paper. The objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of use of fuzzy logic based algorithms in heterogeneous wireless environment. This paper will focus on application of fuzzy logic in cognitive radio, wireless sensor networks, decision making in heterogeneous wireless environment, routing in mobile Ad-hoc networks etc.

The Study examined gender-based labour contribution and decision making role among maize farming households in Lafia Local Government Area, North-central Nigeria. Data were collected using structured questionnaire from 60 households randomly selected and analyzed with descriptive statistics and decision making index (DMI). The results showed that Male members of maize farming households contributed 74% of the total household labour needed for maize production per hectare in the study area. However, labour contribution towards post-harvest farm operations by female farmers was 16% higher than that of male. Male farmers in maize farming households dominated decision making role for all activities (with DMI? l) except for processing (1.6) and consumption (1.6) of farm produce decision activities. Poor income, culturally gender-assigned responsibility, poor access to farm inputs, multiple domestic responsibility were ranked major constraints to women contribution to household farming decisions. In order to encourage greater participation of women in agricultural production and household farming decisions for increased food production and income, efforts should be made towards improving women access to farm inputs and credit facility. Literacy and sensitization progamme on gender issues should be embark upon for the purpose of promoting shared responsibilities.

In this paper, we introduce generalized semi generalized closed sets (gsg-closed sets) in bitopological spaces and basic properties of these sets are analyzed. As an application this closed set we investigate the notion of (i,j) -Tgsg space. Further we define and study (i,j)-gsg continuous mappings in bitopological spaces and some of their properties have been investigated. ?

Eighteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger configuration with a maximum current electrode separation varying from 200m to 650m were carried out at Umutu and environs in Delta State Nigeria. The aim of survey was to determine the underlying lithology, determination of area of corrosive groundwater as well as computing the transmissivity of the aquifer in the area to determine the best location for sitting borehole of high quality in terms of high output. The results have shown that VES 7 has the lowest corrosive groundwater and highest aquifer transmissivity value of 357.0m²/day. With the computation of aquifer transmissivity value resulting from the values obtained it becomes possible to demarcate regions of high groundwater in the area.

Uttermost of Internet traffic is coordinated of applications where users are engrossed in procuring the data from server, which they access from the host .In other words, today’s Internet architecture is host-centric. This paper elaborates the need of data-centric architecture over host-centric architecture. But there are no possibilities to deploy pure data-centric architecture practically in one night. This is an incrementally deployable network architecture that successfully supports both services that is host-centric and data-centric network. And withal being data-centric and incrementally deployable, DCNA additionally fortifies mobility and multi-homing features effectively [12]. Keywords—Ad-hoc network, Particle swarm optimization, Dynamic route guidance, future proof, incrementally deployable.

This Study examines the effect of inflation targeting policy on inflation tax in selected countries of the world. For this purpose panel data model was used in 36 selected countries during 2003-2009. Also by using mean difference test, the inflation tax for three years before and after inflation targeting was examined. Results suggested an inverse relationship between inflation targeting and the inflation tax by Friedman method. In addition, results of mean difference test for all countries and for each country separately, unexpectedly suggested an increase in inflation tax in the most countries after implementation of inflation targeting policies. In addition results of mean difference test for all countries and for each country separately suggested after implementation of inflation targeting policies, inflation tax is rising. In other words we can say that inflation targeting policies has not been granted to reduce the inflation tax.

From the beginning of creation, human being has always been hostile towards the ecosystem by changing the environment. Dams are one of the important structures in the systems of water transport and resources. The goal of these studies is to evaluate the environmental effects of the dams, obtaining a comprehensive recognition of the present situation of the environment in the location of dam and the span influencing it. These studies also aim at recognizing the design activities which are done in the considered environment. After gaining a dual recognition, the effects of design activities on all components of the environment (consisting of about 100 factors such as air, water, soil, plant, animal, biodiversity, population, culture, monuments, and etcetera) are determined. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of dams will be investigated from an environmental perspective. From this perspective, there are lots of advantages as well as disadvantages for dams. They provide reliable water resources, protect the surrounding areas from floods, and also provide a clean energy. Hydroelectric energy (generating electricity by the energy of water) has more advantages than the other two major sources of generating electricity i.e. fossil fuel and nuclear energy. However, dams and water resources also cause some problems. In arid and semi-arid areas, water is easily evaporated from the tanks and canals which transport water. This causes a waste of water and an increase in the density of the salt in water. Dams are a barrier to floods. The floods are important since they enrich the soil with the nutrients which are essential and significant for the ecosystems. Dams change the water flow, the temperature, the transparency of a river; change the water from a current state into a stagnant state. The changes in temperature may have an effect on the living creatures of the river because the life cycle of many invertebrates depend on the temperature. These effects may also have an effect on the situation and behavior of weather, biology, culture, monuments, and etcetera and make them change and more complicated. As a result, with regard to the significance of the positive effects of building dams, it is necessary to minimize the negative environmental effects for the sake of sustainable development. In this article, the negative effects and ways for decreasing these effects in the environment are more investigated.

Table of contents for the month of June 2011

Prime Minister for India recently on 63rd Independence day addressing the nation from Red Fort said we need a new culture of energy conservation, since our natural resources are limited. India spent Rs. 3,40,572 cr. Excess Energy (8% loss in GDP) in 2007 compared to U.K. & Denmark. There was a saving of Rs. 65,000 cr. in 2007 by improving energy efficiency and energy conservation methods. India is facing energy shortage 12%-14% and peak power shortage of about 16%. GOI programmed 78,000 mw edition in 11th Plan. Hence energy shortage may be low in future by 12th Planning Ending. Direct loss on this account has been assessed to Rs. 43,205 cr. (1% loss in GDP) in 2008-09. This has posited the opportunity cost of the power shortage to a hopping some of Rs. 2,89,000 cr. i.e., (6% loss in GDP)., thus 15% loss in our National GDP of around Rs. 42,00,000 cr. has to be reduced. Countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada, Indonesia, US., China, South Koria, have to improve energy conservation and energy affiances for better environment, since the energy intensity is from 0.419 to 0.194 kgoe for 1 US $ GDP in PPP Terms against UK at 0.115 kgoe.