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We are very happy to announce that from 8th April 2011, Prof.Mohammad Reza Iravani has joined the team of Elixir Editorial Advisory Board. He will carry a special responsibility for dealing with manuscripts based on the Social work. Prof.Mohammad Reza Iravani is currently at Department of Social work, Islamic Azad University of Khomeinishahr, Manzarieh Blvd, Khomeinishahr, Isfahan, Iran. The appointment of Prof.Mohammad Reza Iravani as member Editorial Advisory Board strengthens the links and will make it easier for prospective authors to establish contact with the journal. Please send any expressions of interest to chiefeditor@elixirjournal.org. Sincerely Editor-in-Chief

Soil samples were collected from charnockitic soils of Ekiti state, Nigeria by random sampling using the soil map of Ekiti state as a guide. Surface samples and sub surface samples were dug covering about 100ha. The soils were sandy to loamy sand on the surface to sandy clay in the sub-soil. All the pedons, show consistently increasing clay with depth, pointing to argillic horizon development. Chemical analysis shows that the soil are characterized by high base saturation (>35% by NH4 OAc). The CEC, organic carbon, available phosphorus (Bray1) and total nitrogen were generally low. Most of the nutrient elements decreased with increase in depth.

There are some important factors that affect the use of computer technology in the classroom such as computer technology training, teachers’ attitudes and knowledge and experience. These factors have been unfortunately overlooked in many EFL classrooms. This paper examines the relationship between computer technology and the above factors. This paper discusses computer technology training, explains teachers’ attitudes and elaborates knowledge and experience. The review of literature indicates that if teachers want to use computer technology well they should be trained, have positive attitudes towards technology and knowledge and experience.

This investigation deals with the reliability of utensils processing unit. Utensils processing unit consists of six subsystems, viz., hot rolling machine, cold rolling machine, cutting machine, pressing machine, polishing machine and packaging machine, connected in 1-out-of-6: F arrangement system. Mathematical formulation of the model is carried out by employing Boolean Function Technique. Various measures of system effectiveness such as reliability and mean time to failure are obtained. Numerical results are also presented to demonstrate the validity of analyzed results. The failure rate is exponentially distributed.

Pre-trial detention of people on remand is against the very fundamental human rights of an individual as those peoples are presumed innocent until proven guilty. Under the criminal procedure code of Ethiopia and other laws an individual appearing before the court to face charges is entitled to a presumption in favor of bail unless he is charged with an offence which falls in the scope of article 63 and 64 of the code. Detained persons do have also the right to be brought before the court of law within 48 hours and have a fair and public trial. However, the courts have used their stretched discretion to manage people via custodial remand before testing the evidence produced against them. The standard of the evidence that can be relied up on to justify remand to custody is vague and apparently uncontrolled by the principle of presumption of innocence which goes against the spirit of the FDRE constitution and other international human rights instruments. Hence, this article concludes that remand is the battered right.

Ecological industry is to realize the harmonious development between economy and environment by planning industrial systems according to material cycle as in the natural ecological system. This paper first discusses the properties of ecological industries, such as industrial ecology is operating and managing traditional industries based on the principles of ecological economics, the core of industrial ecology is the construction and integration of industrial ecosystem. The eco-industry coordinates discrete enterprises and industries and integrates them into optimized industrial ecology chains which establish the “resources - products - renewable resources” of the circular economy mode, industrial ecology helps companies become more competitive by improving their environmental performance and strategic planning; it minimizes energy and materials usage, conserves and restores ecosystem health and maintaining biodiversity. The application of industrial ecology is the practice of eco-industry parks, which are communities of manufacturing and service businesses located together on a common property. The paper further does investigation on strategies for industry ecology system (IES) construction, which include establishing and improving the legal system and industrial policies to promote industrial ecology, collecting more comprehensive information on waste stream from all users, as well as the government should play a key role in coordinating and maintaining the security and stability for the industrial symbiosis network.

One of the most challenging problems encountered by a fluidized-bed designer is assessing how changes in bed geometry and operating conditions affect the gasifier performance while scaling up to demonstration / commercial size. Typically, commercial gasifier designs are based on operating experience from small pilot plants. A cold model of a gasifier represents an inexpensive and convenient platform for conducting detailed hydrodynamic studies that would otherwise be impossible in the hostile high pressure and temperature environment of fluidized bed gasifier. A perspex three dimensional semicircular cold model test rig of ID 940mm which is hydro dynamically scale down model of a demonstration plant of 168 TPD pressurized fluidized bed gasification (PFBG) plant is established and hydro dynamic parameters viz Froude no., bubble rise velocity, and bubble diameter are presented which are used for further scale up. Besides performance of the gasification process involves knowledge of dynamics of two phases viz. solid (coal) and gaseous for scale-up of the gasifier. The measurement of mean residence time (MRT) and degree of axial mixing of solid phase is required for evaluation of PFBG .The paper presents the residence time distribution (RTD) studies carried out in a pilot scale hot model of PFBG of 200 mm dia and verified in a hydro dynamically similar cold model .The coal particles labeled by radio tracer Lanthanum -140 was used to measure RTD by collimated scintillating detectors located at ash extraction points at the bottom and gas outlet at the top of the gasifier .The measured RTD data of coal / ash particles were treated and normalized for arriving at the mean residence time (MRT). The treated RTD data were simulated using gamma distribution model and found that model predicated MRTs of cold and hot model tests were in good agreement. The paper suggest the parameters which assist to minimize the bypassing of the coal particles in the gasifier thus improving the carbon conversion efficiency and hence enable scale-up of the PFBG.

The digital image processing has been proved to be an effective tool for analysis in various fields and applications in engineering. Among the segmentation methods, image thresholding technique is one of the most well known methods due to its simplicity, robustness, and high precision. In this paper an attempt is made for an efficient segmentation of Natural calamity images by Healthy Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm.

The current paper is a helping attempt to facilitate those students who are interested in the field of research especially for the partial fulfillment of the degree requirement. In most of the universities of different countries degrees are awarded after conducting a research thesis, but mostly student face problems in the selection and preparation of research proposals. Most of the time supervisors show the negligence for helping the students that, from which area they can select the topic of the research due to which the students who don’t have mastery in the field of research they get confuse and tense. The objectives of this paper were: to highlight the sources for the selection of the topic from different areas, to highlight the steps of the preparation of the research proposal, to give the general steps for preparing the research proposal. The nature of this paper is theoretical for which relevant literature is explored. This paper will help out the researchers for selecting an appropriate way for the selection and preparation of research proposal.

Carbon dioxide is thought to be one of the contributing factors in the rise of global warming. Consequently the discovery for an efficient and economically valuable gas capturing system is highly in demand. Therefore there have been various recent developments in creating new, efficient and adaptable gas capturing materials. Microporous organic based materials received great research efforts in the field of environmental related applications such as gas storage and separations due to their permanent porosity, low density (i.e. composed of light weight elements) and remarkable physicochemical stability. Three anthracene microporous polymers (AMPs)1,2 bridged by imide links were successfully prepared by conventional nucleophilic substitution reaction between different 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracenes and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophalonitrile (instead of fluoro-monomer)2. AMPs display a BET surface area in the range of 711-796 m2 g–1, and adsorb reach to 1.70 wt. % H2 at 1.09 bar/77 K. The enhanced microporosity, in comparison to other organic microporous polymers originates from the macromolecular shape of framework, as dictated by the anthracene units, which helps to reduce intermolecular contact between the extended planar struts of the rigid framework. The impressive hydrogen adsorption capture of these materials verified by Horvath?Kawazoe (HK) and NLDFT analyses of low-pressure nitrogen adsorption data, which expected to be use in transportation as a source of green chemistry. A novel synthesis method for AMPs was done by Flow Injection System (FIS). This method has the advantage over conventional synthesis method as saving time-solvent and lowering synthesis cost of. Optimizing conditions (sample & reagent volumes, 0.1 ml/min flow rate, with 0.5 m coil length and 0.5 mm i.d) were used for increasing percentage yield of the product.