Electrical and Electronics

Steganography is skill of hiding secret messages or hiding secret images so that only the writer and the intended recipient are aware from hidden information .Steganography is an powerful technique in terms of any type of carrier which is hiding technique that develops stimulating structures to fruitfully & successfully hide information (may be a text or an image ) in color images. Digital steganography is basically about hiding a file in, or adding a file to, another file, called the carrier file, such that the carrier file is not changed enough to raise suspicion that something may be concealed within it or appended to it. The steganography scheme on hardware platform shows huge potential by means of various advantages such as high speed implanting, specific hardware dependency, and low power consumption etc. Current developments favor using digital images, carrier files as the cover file to hide another file that contains the secret information in the form of either text or image that means carrier file. Hardware stenographic modules applied in a processor platform like FPGA which offer some essential additions to the existing benefits of software based stego systems. It also offers the Embedding rate which is very high when compared to the systems in software domain. LSB method representing a high imbedding capacity.

A three notch multilayer antenna for C-Band applications is presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is composed of a FR-4 and air gap Dielectric material, By introducing the two parts, the impedance bandwidth of the antenna can be significantly enhanced. Analysis done with ground plan. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna can operate from 3.2GHz to 4.8 GHz with low VSWRs ? 2. Stable antenna gain (dB) is also achieved over the entire operating frequency band. Furthermore, the size of the proposed antenna is very compact, which is only at the centre of the operating frequency band.

Constant Instantaneous Power Control technique for extracting reference currents for shunt active power filters has been assessed for 400Hz aircraft electric power system. Thereafter, its performance has been compared when optimized using fuzzy logic control. Critical analysis of Comparisons of the compensation ability of these two techniques based on THD and compensation time will be done and suggestions will be given for the selection of best technique to be used. The simulated results using MATLAB model are presented. That will prove the importance of the proposed control method of aircraft shunt SAF in aviation industry.

In this paper output force controlling for three degree freedom (DOF) surgical robotic arm by using genetic algorithm with PID controller. The aim of the controller is to improve and adjust the output force of the arm and optimization parameters such as kp, ki and kd by Genetic Algorithm without hid and trail method is taken. The optimization design methods often consider the system requirements for quickness, reliability, and accuracy. This robot is used in the field of surgery. So surgical robotic arm require don’t oscillate and no max. Overshoot. This paper performs to reduce the oscillation, max. Overshoot, settling time and improves stability of system.

This paper provides the designing of mosfet with different materials and compare which material is better for the designing. In previous time the mosfet is design by the combination of silicon and silicon oxide now we are using gallium arsenide and silicon dioxide as one combination and gallium arsenide and silicon nitride as another combination.

The need for renewable energy sources is on the rise because of the acute energy crisis in the world today. India plans to produce 20 Gigawatts of Solar power by the year 2020, whereas we have only realized less than half a Gigawatt of our potential as of March 2010. Solar energy is a vital untapped resource in a tropical country like ours. The main hindrance for the penetration and reach of solar PV systems is their low efficiency and high capital cost. To maximize a photovoltaic (PV) system's output power, continuously tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of the system is necessary. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that grid tie inverters, solar battery chargers and similar devices use to get the maximum possible power from one or more solar panels. Solar cells have a complex relationship between solar irradiation, temperature and total resistance that produces a non-linear output efficiency known as the I-V curve. It is the purpose of the MPPT system to sample the output of the cells and apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power for any given environmental conditions. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms provide the theoretical means to achieve the MPP of solar panels; these algorithms can be realized in many different forms of hardware and software.

Maximum power point trackers (MPPTs) play a vital role in photovoltaic (PV) systems because they increase the efficiency of the solar photovoltaic system by increasing the power output. MPPT algorithms are necessary because PV arrays have a non linear voltage-current characteristic with a unique point where the power produced is maximum. The output power from the solar panel varies with solar irradiance, temperature and so on. To increase the power extracted from the solar panel, it is necessary to operate the photovoltaic (PV) system at the maximum power point (MPP). This paper presents the Matlab/simulink arrangement of perturb & observe (P&O) and incremental conductance (INC) MPPT algorithm which is responsible for driving the dc-dc boost converter to track maximum power point (MPP). This paper also presents the theoretical analysis of variable step size (VSS) of INC MPPT which can effectively improve the tracking speed and accuracy of maximum power.

Differential Evolutionary Algorithm is a simple but powerful computing tool for real parameter optimization. This article describes the application of this technique for designing a PID controller for Electromagnetic levitation system (EMLS).EMLS is inherently unstable and strongly non-linear in nature. Classical controllers designed for this system give no satisfactory performance. Little change in the operating air gap position deteriorates the controller performance making the system unstable. Therefore a need arises to make one controller such that it will give the optimum performance in the sense of changing gap positions .To that end Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DEA) is used to fulfil this goal. The analysis is performed within the mathematical programming environment of MATLAB using both DEA and Conventional Genetic Algorithm (CGA) and a detailed comparative study is presented.

Nowadays traffic are very high near the signals to overcome long time IR sensors are used. These IR sensors are placed near the junction it senses the heavy traffic in that signals switches to green to make move on that heavy traffic vehicles. By implementing this the wastage of time can be reduced on the roads.

The power dissipation in a system-level attributes to buses is increasing in VLSI circuits. Therefore reduce of power consumption in switching activity at the I/O ports can save significant save of power. Change of voltage level on the wires significant power consumptions. As the technology scaled down, the increased wire aspect ratio (height/width) reduce the spacing between individual bus wires. This resulted in the domination of coupling capacitance. There are so many techniques have been proposed to reduce the coupling activity along with the self-switching activity. Initially, Bus invert method can be applied to encode buses without prior knowledge of data statistics. Another encoding technique called “Sequence Switch Coding for low-power data transmission” (SSC) was proposed by Myungchul Yoon to minimize Self Transition activity in buses. Among the Bus Invert method and Sequence Switch Coding, the Bus Invert method has gained popularity because of its better energy reduction (upto25.45%). However, both Bus Inver and SSC bus encoding techniques reduce only self transitions and do not consider the effect of coupling transitions. Therefore, it is important to minimize the power dissipation and cross talk delay by minimizing the both self transitions and coupling transitions on bus for the fast and safe VLSI circuits. A new technique isintroduced by doing some modifications to existing SSC technique given by Myungchul Yoon et.al, to reduce the energy dissipation and delay on DSM bus through encoding the data on the bus.