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The notion of closed set plays a fundamental role in the study of topological spaces. Levine[8], in 1970 introduced the concept of generalized closed sets in a topological space by comparing the closure of a subset with its open supersets. This has been studied extensively in recent years by many topologists. The investigation of generalized closed sets has led to several new and interesting concepts. New and interesting applications have been found in the field of Economics, Biology and Robotics etc. Generalized closed sets remain as an active and fascinating field within mathematicians.

The term, "non-governmental organization" or NGO, came into use in 1945 because of the need for the UN to differentiate in its Charter between participation rights for intergovernmental specialized agencies and those for international private organizations. At the UN, virtually all types of private bodies can be recognized as NGOs. They only have to be independent from government control, not seeking to challenge governments either as a political party or by a narrow focus on human rights, non-profit-making and non-criminal. The structures of NGOs vary considerably. With the improvement in communications, more locally-based groups, referred to as grass-roots organizations or community based organizations, have become active at the national or even the global level. t is thus important for the NGO to have transparency in its operations and goals so that its relationship. Human Resources (HR) is the function that deals with managing an organization’s most important asset—the people who do its work. Ideally, HR policies and rules are designed to level the playing field; to help guide and protect staff and volunteers so they can contribute to the best of their abilities. Effective HR policies and procedures also help attract and retain the right people for each job and support the team who will accomplish the organization’s goals.

Regarding the important role of customers in banking industry, this article seeks. Explain "customer loyalty" process in the private banks by submitting a conceptual model and analyzing the effects of the variables of satisfaction trust, commitment and mental image of the bank. It also seeks to investigate the variables of demographic and their effect on customer loyalty. So, along with how the abovementioned variables from loyalty in a bank environment, the managers of the branches of private banks are given the chance to design and perform effective and proper strategies leading to customer loyalty. The statistical populations of the research are the customers of private banks and the data was collected using the questionnaire and also the data has been analyzed using SPSS software. The results of the research show the positive effect of the abovementioned variables on loyalty. Also in this research we came to this conclusion that there is no meaningful difference among customers’ loyalty based on the variables of demographic (gender, age, educational degree and job).

The objectives of this study were to determine the energy consumption and evaluation of relationship between inputs and output for wheat production in Shahrkord region, Iran. For this propose data were collected from 60 wheat farms using a face to face questionnaire. The results revealed that total energy input for wheat production was found to be 31188.25 MJ ha-1 that the share of non-renewable energy form (89%) was more than renewable energy form (11%).Electricity has the highest share by 38.25% followed by total fertilizers and diesel fuel. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and net energy were 3.03, 0.21 kg MJ-1, and 65012.08 MJ ha-1, respectively. The regression results revealed that the contribution of energy inputs on crop yield (except for diesel fuelenergies) was significant. Machinery energy was the most significant input (0.798) which affects the output level.It indicates that a 1% increase in the energy machinery input led to 0.798% increase in yield in these circumstances. The results also showed the impacts of indirect and renewable energy on yield are negative. It was concluded that additional use of machinery, and increasing mechanization level, would result more yield in the area.

In the recent years, Engineering Education had seen rapid changes which include transferring of traditional fixed credit system into Fully Flexible Credit System (FFCS). Recent day students like to make decisions on their own and like to plan their future by themselves. Employers expect students to have multi-disciplinary competency, leadership skills and be ICT ready. But student aspirations and demands of the workplace have become highly diverse. The present rigid, fixed-credit system of learning offers very little flexibility to students in choosing the courses of their liking and helps little in becoming a well-rounded person. As part of continuous improvement in providing quality education. the next step in this direction is by introducing the Fully Flexible Credit System into its academic curriculum. By this, students can register for courses according to their interests and academic ability in completing them. FFCS allows students to decide their academic plans and permits them to alter it as they progress in time. For this process; each batch shall be allotted with the year coordinator as the class coordinator does not work well. The idea is to make the year coordinator as the key person once the batch starts in the academic and to continue until the batch comes out after four years. This will ensure that the student makes the right decision at the right time like choosing of credits and the courses. Year Coordinator will also take up the role of the project coordinator what is followed in the earlier method. The efficiency and effectiveness of the final year project lies on the hand of year coordinator. In this paper, we present an effective method of managing student strength in specifically coordinating the final semester project work which shapes the student community to shine in the industry.

An examination of the orientalists' (1860-1977) opinions gives in four different views on the Qur’?n collection time: John Burton believes that the collection of the Qur’?n occurred in the prophet Mu?ammad's lifetime. Friedrich Schwally claims that the Qur’?n was collected during the ‘Uthm?n's time. In Paul Casanova and Alfones Mingana's viewpoint, the Qur’?n was collected during ‘Abd al-Malik's era following ?ajj?j b. Y?suf's order. Finally, John Wansbrough believes that the collection of the Qur’?n was carried out in the early third century AH. From among these opinions, Burton's view can been accepted, not on the basis of the reasons he has underscored in his research, but rather, due to the intellectual, historical, narrative, and qur’?nic principles that some Muslim scholars have put forth.

In order to get the knowledge easily and quickly for the new countryside to meet the requests on agriculture development by the advanced science and technology, emphasis on the regional agriculture. We put forward an integrated platform model that provide the demonstration and query on regional agriculture information. The solution is to set up the regional multimedia system based on the comprehensive agriculture information system, meanwhile, considering the current situations, including the network equipments and information system operations. After the analysis and design of the system function and structure, we introduce the operation and the realization of models in detail. It can achieve the general data by the demonstration system easily and the especially data by the query system, also the immediate data exchanging and sharing by the information exchange platform.

Since the inception of industrial revolution, a continuous attempt has been made to recover and minimize the waste heat. In the present research paper review on heat pipe is done. Through heat pipe the hot air is used to pre heat the inlet air of 4 stroke diesel engines. Further, the different performance parameter is calculated for the analyzing the effect of pre heat inlet air in comparison of normal air. Variation of Performance is discussed and salient conclusion is drawn which indicates that, a wide scope is available for further research on heat pipe and especially in the relation of IC engine exhaust heat recovery system to preheat the inlet air.

Totally 120 numbers of the fungal isolates includes dermatophytes, non dermatophyte molds and candida has been tested for their susceptibility pattern to eight different antifungal drugs. Disc diffusion method has been followed to study their susceptibility pattern. The fungal isolates varied in their antifungal susceptibility pattern to the tested anti-fungal drugs. Some of the antifungal drugs which were not acted against candida isolates, found to shown their antifungal activity to dermatophytes and non dermatophytic molds. From our study we can conclude, that the necessities of doing anti-fungal sensitivity test for each fungi isolated from the fungal infections. In view of effective treatment, we can suggest that the periodical surveillance of the antifungal sensitivity of the fungal isolates which are primarily isolated from the clinical specimens, since they vary with their sensitivity pattern to the commercially available antifungal drugs.

Copepods are the most abundant metazoans in marine ecosystems. They can be regarded as a keystone component of biogeochemical cycles and functioning of pelagic food webs. Their dynamic changes may affect the biomass of many fish stocks. Therefore, it’s critical to assess their distribution in this changing climate. The aim of this study was to assess the copepods distribution patterns in relation to environmental factors in the most productive upwelling ecosystem in the world: Canary Current Ecosystem (CCLME) between Cape Blanc (21°N) and Cape Bojador (26°N). Overall, we counted 19 mesozooplankton groups. Copepods constituted the highest fraction in all sampled layers during both investigated seasons (autumn and summer) since they represented at least 65% of the total mesozooplankton community. A cluster analysis allowed the definition of five main species assemblages during each season. The total copepods abundances projected on T/S, T/DO and T/chl-a diagrams showed no clear pattern in densities variation. However, when dominant species were individually projected on T/chl-a diagrams showed different distribution patterns according to their thermic and diet preferences. Multiple Analysis Factorial analysis performed between dominant species densities and major environmental factors revealed a clear positive correlation between most of species and chl-a concentration during both seasons; most of these species were phytophagous. Our finding shows that temperature and chl-a concentration seem to be the most important environmental factors and thus strongly influence the distribution of the copepod population in the CCLME. To further investigate the relationship between copepods and environmental factors we suggest adding upwelling index, which may be responsible for the major changes found in copepod distribution.