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Soil and water contamination by endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide was experimented in lysimeters in 2010 and 2011. These lysimeters were filled in with alfisol brought from Korokoro watershed (60.6 km2, Mali), a small agricultural one where cotton and cereals are the main crops. In the present experimentation, cotton was grown in lysimeters and treated with endosulfan which is frequently used in cotton production by some farmers although its agriculture use has been banned worldwide. After rainfall events subsequent to endosulfan application on cotton, runoff and infiltration were always sampled. Similarly, after each rainy season, composite soil samples were also collected in each lysimeter box. In 2010, soil samples were collected in surface horizon (0-20 cm) and depth one (20-40 cm) but in 2011, they were sampled in the whole soil profile about 1 m. Soils were analyzed by gas chromatography associated to a mass spectrometer at UMR Metis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (France) but water ones were analyzed at University of Bamako (Mali). The results showed that soil and water are contaminated by endosufan residues. Water contamination was mostly explained by runoff events in 2010 than 2011 ones (6.5 ± 2.9% against 0.1± 0.09% of exported matters) but infiltration events in 2010 were low than those of 2011 (0.1 ± 0.09% against 0.2± 0.04% of exported matters). However, in 2010 and 2011, endosulfan residues were more stocked in soil surface horizons (22 ± 15% and 43.6 ± 12.6%) than depth ones (3 ± 1.4% and from 15.3 ± 17.5% to 28.5 ± 24.8%).

A discourse marker (henceforth DM) is defined as a word or phrase that does not change the meaning of the sentence and has a somehow zero meaning. DMs are a set of linguistic items which create cohesiveness, coherence and meaning in discourse. An extensive body of research has examined DMs and their functions in different languages. Having considered the significance of this area of language and the fact that few studies have focused on DMs in local languages of Iran, the present study intended to target the different functions of Freidanian variety of Azeri Turkish DMs – ?ey, yani, and da– in an interview situation to compare them with those of Istanbuli Turkish corresponding DMs as the standard variety. To this aim, 12 native speakers of Freidanian Turkish were selected and their speeches were recorded for further analysis. Detailed analysis of the data revealed that ?ey primarily functions to signal the speaker’s need for a pause to plan and organize his/her next message. yani mostly functions to illustrate the speaker’s elaboration of previous utterances, and da can serve a discourse connective function with an additive or adversative sense. A preliminary comparison revealed that the functions manifested by these DMs in Freidanian Turkish are not so far from their corresponding DMs in the Istanbuli Turkish. However, compared to the Istanbuli variety, ?ey in our variety marked an additional function of derogation. In the case of da, other functions aside, this DM can serve to emphasize the action of the verb which is absent in Istanbuli Turkish.

This study identified specific sexual behaviors and practices of the youth with regard to HIV/AIDS among secondary school students in Rift Valley, Nyanza and Western provinces of Kenya. The provinces were selected because of their high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative information was thematically summarized. Of the 3,650 students sampled from a population of 9,000, 3,645 participated in the survey. Boys accounted for 56.2%, while girls represented 43.8%. Their ages ranged between 12 and 22 years, with a mean of 16.4 years. Nearly all the students (98.9%) had heard of HIV/AIDS and were aware of how it is transmitted. Mass media was the most widely reported first source of information. Forty percent of the students had had sexual intercourse before the survey, with more boys (55.7%) than girls (21.6%) reporting ever having sex. The first sexual encounter took place mainly at home. Only 37.2% had used a condom. Peer pressure (43.0%) was reported to be the main reason for having the first sexual encounter. In conclusion, the results indicate high levels of knowledge on HIV and AIDS among the youth. However, this knowledge seems not to translate effectively into behavior change. It is recommended that appropriate communication programs be developed with precise messages on HIV and AIDS.

Effect of different salinity on body composition of shyrbot fish was investigated. Shyrbot fingerlings with an average weight of 3.96 grams were reared under different salinities (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15g). Analysis of body composition showed a significant effect of different levels of salinity on protein, fat, moisture and ash (p<0.01) of the fishes. The highest level of protein, ash and moisture and lowest amount of fat were obtained in 15ppt salinity followed by 12 and 9ppt salinity. The highest amount of fat was obtained in freshwater followed by 3 and 6ppt. In higher salinities (9, 12 & 15ppt) low fat and energy stored. The results suggest that Shyrbot fingerlings until 6ppt salinity can be easily developed.

Statistics show that the consumption of plastics has been increasing every year. To reduce environment waste plastic they must be recycled. Among the various types of recycling, pyrolysis in general, offers an environmentally attractive method to decompose wide spectrum of wastes, including waste plastics. Pyrolysis of plastic waste results in char, pyro oil and pyro gases. The derived oils may be used directly as fuel or added to petroleum refinery feed stock. The gases are also useful as fuel and solid char may be used as either smokeless and fuel or activated carbon or can be gasified for production of fuel gases. In this paper a detailed literature of pyrolysis of waste plastic materials is reviewed and the effect of process parameters on the yield of pyrolysis products was discussed.

Subject of this study the effect of exercise in the elderly depression Reduction of Iran. Topic of our method in this quasi-experimental research is descriptive. All statistics are elderly the community who live in the abode of the elderly are. This study, 300 samples were 300 elderly women and the elderly Iranian were selected randomly to test the pre-test and the test is. The choice of abode in the elderly has been chosen. Test tool in this study is that Beck is Standard Beck Depression Inventory test, and includes 124 questions based on 36 different aspects , In this study, we want to consider whether the exercise program in reducing depression tired and helpless these people will be effective. Statistical method used in this study, t-test method is for each time (pre-test and test) was performed separately.

Acetoacetanilide derivatives with heterocycles have versatile applications including making agrochemicals, dyes, pigments, pharmaceuticals including vitamins, and stabilizers for PVC and polyester. Among those, 4'- Chloroacetoacetanilide was used in recombinant androgen receptor competitive binding assay for analysis of natural, synthetic and environmental chemicals. Hence in this work, the vibrational spectra and structure of 4'- Chloroacetoacetanilide (4CAA) was studied using DFT. The calculated Infrared and Raman spectra of the 4CAA compound were stimulated using the scaled force fields and the computed dipole derivatives for IR intensities and polarisability derivatives for Raman intensities.

Rather than a unattended (guardian less) is a individual problem it's a social problem. Today we are facing with abnormal increase of unattended children in all over the world. this increase have many reasons such as poverty, war, corruption and prostitution increasing and addiction … .These children are victims of society coarseness that not only deprived having parents and the kindly gathering of family but don't accept them and look at them as parasite. Although these children haven't different with their peers in intelligence but rate of self – esteem social growth and academic progress didn't grow like the children who enjoy feasibility family. The main purpose of this study is investigated educational and social status of unattended children in boarding institutes until investigated the organizational and structural status the care institutes of unattended children investigated the different their needs. This study was doing as descriptive and comparative study to the researcher be able describe care institutes children status and also compare them to peers in terms of educational and social. Study population consisted of all the unattended boys and girls that according to welfare organization's statistics they are 22 thousand and five hundred children who keeping in 480 institutes, selected 360 children and 20 institutes among them randomly.

The prediction of long term mechanical properties of sandwich structures consisting of PU foam core and Vinyl Ester (VE) / Glass face sheet material under temperature, humidity and salt fog environment were performed by accelerated testing methodology based on the Time-Temperature superposition principle (TTSP). PU foam cored VE/ glass fibre reinforced sandwich structures with varied densities of PU foam were prepared and tested for degradation in flexurall properties at three different temperatures (30° C, 40° C, and 50° C) and RH 95% for a period of 120 days. The degradation in flexural properties such as Facing Bending Strength (FBS), Core Shear Strength (CSS) and compression properties (edgewise and flatwise strength) were studied. The master curves for FBS, CSS,ECS and FCS were constructed by using the test data obtained from the degradation studies at three different temperature conditions based on Time temperature super position principle and the acceleration factor has been determined. An effort has been made to develop methodologies for accelerated testing of sandwich structures for long term durability considering time, marine ambiance, temperature and humidity as major influencing parameters

A distributed adaptive opportunistic routing scheme for multihop wireless ad hoc networks is proposed. The proposed scheme utilizes a reinforcement learning framework to opportunis-tically route the packets even in the absence of reliable knowledge about channel statistics and network model. This scheme is shown to be optimal with respect to an expected average per-packet re-ward criterion. The proposed routing scheme jointly addresses the issues of learning and routing in an opportunistic context, where the network structure is characterized by the transmission success probabilities. In particular, this learning framework leads to a sto-chastic routing scheme that optimally “explores” and “exploits” the opportunities in the network.